2.0 2012-05-31 10:23:25 -0600 2015-09-13 12:56:06 -0600 ECMDB00191 M2MDB000080 L-Aspartic acid Aspartic acid (Asp, D), also known as aspartate (the name of its anion), is one of the 20 natural proteinogenic amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins. Aspartic acid has 2 enantiomeric forms: D and L. L-aspartic acid is the isomer with more biological roles and is the form used in constructing proteins. (Wikipedia) In E. coli, L-aspartate can be produced from L-glutamate, and interconversion can occur between L-asparagine and L-aspartate. L-aspartate is also involved in the biosynthesis pathways of many compounds, including adenosine nucleotides, beta-alanine, and homoserine. (EcoCyc) (+)-Aspartate (+)-Aspartic acid (2S)-Aspartate (2S)-Aspartic acid (L)-Aspartate (L)-Aspartic acid (R)-2-aminosuccinate (R)-2-aminosuccinic acid (S)-(+)-Aspartate (S)-(+)-Aspartic acid (S)-2-aminosuccinate (S)-2-aminosuccinic acid (S)-amino-Butanedioate (S)-amino-Butanedioic acid (S)-Aminobutanedioate (S)-Aminobutanedioic acid (S)-Aspartate (S)-Aspartic acid 2-Amino-3-methylsuccinate 2-Amino-3-methylsuccinic acid 2-Aminosuccinate 2-Aminosuccinic acid a-Aminosuccinate a-Aminosuccinic acid Alpha-Aminosuccinate Alpha-Aminosuccinic acid Aminosuccinate Aminosuccinic acid Asp Asparagate Asparagic acid Asparaginate Asparaginic acid Asparatate Asparatic acid Aspartate Aspartic acid D H-Asp-OH L-(+)-Aspartate L-(+)-Aspartic acid L-Aminosuccinate L-Aminosuccinic acid L-Asparagate L-Asparagic acid L-Asparaginate L-Asparaginic acid L-Aspartate L-aspartic acid α-Aminosuccinate α-Aminosuccinic acid C4H7NO4 133.1027 133.037507717 (2S)-2-aminobutanedioic acid L-aspartic acid 56-84-8 N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1 CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N Solid Cytosol Extra-organism Periplasm logp -3.52 ALOGPS logs 0.03 ALOGPS solubility 1.42e+02 g/l ALOGPS melting_point 270 oC logp -3.5 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 1.7 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 9.61 ChemAxon iupac (2S)-2-aminobutanedioic acid ChemAxon average_mass 133.1027 ChemAxon mono_mass 133.037507717 ChemAxon smiles N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O ChemAxon formula C4H7NO4 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C4H7NO4/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h2H,1,5H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t2-/m0/s1 ChemAxon inchikey CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 100.62 ChemAxon refractivity 26.53 ChemAxon polarizability 11.28 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 3 ChemAxon acceptor_count 5 ChemAxon donor_count 3 ChemAxon physiological_charge -1 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism ec00250 Arginine and proline metabolism ec00330 Nitrogen metabolism The biological process of the nitrogen cycle is a complex interplay among many microorganisms catalyzing different reactions, where nitrogen is found in various oxidation states ranging from +5 in nitrate to -3 in ammonia. The ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by the nitrogenase enzyme complex is present in restricted prokaryotes (diazotrophs). The other reduction pathways are assimilatory nitrate reduction and dissimilatory nitrate reduction both for conversion to ammonia, and denitrification. Denitrification is a respiration in which nitrate or nitrite is reduced as a terminal electron acceptor under low oxygen or anoxic conditions, producing gaseous nitrogen compounds (N2, NO and N2O) to the atmosphere. Nitrate can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a nitrate:nitrite antiporter NarK or a nitrate / nitrite transporter NarU. Nitrate is then reduced by a Nitrate Reductase resulting in the release of water, an acceptor and a Nitrite. Nitrite can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a nitrate:nitrite antiporter NarK Nitrite can be reduced a NADPH dependent nitrite reductase resulting in water and NAD and Ammonia. Nitrite can interact with hydrogen ion, ferrocytochrome c through a cytochrome c-552 ferricytochrome resulting in the release of ferricytochrome c, water and ammonia Another process by which ammonia is produced is by a reversible reaction of hydroxylamine with a reduced acceptor through a hydroxylamine reductase resulting in an acceptor, water and ammonia. Water and carbon dioxide react through a carbonate dehydratase resulting in carbamic acid. This compound reacts spontaneously with hydrogen ion resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and ammonia. Carbon dioxide can interact with water through a carbonic anhydrase resulting in hydrogen carbonate. This compound interacts with cyanate and hydrogen ion through a cyanate hydratase resulting in a carbamic acid. Ammonia can be metabolized by reacting with L-glutamine and ATP driven glutamine synthetase resulting in ADP, phosphate and L-glutamine. The latter compound reacts with oxoglutaric acid and hydrogen ion through a NADPH dependent glutamate synthase resulting in the release of NADP and L-glutamic acid. L-glutamic acid reacts with water through a NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of oxoglutaric acid, NADPH, hydrogen ion and ammonia. PW000755 ec00910 Metabolic Purine metabolism ec00230 Pyrimidine metabolism The metabolism of pyrimidines begins with L-glutamine interacting with water molecule and a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven carbamoyl phosphate synthetase resulting in a hydrogen ion, an ADP, a phosphate, an L-glutamic acid and a carbamoyl phosphate. The latter compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through a aspartate transcarbamylase resulting in a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a dihydroorotase resulting in the release of a water molecule and a 4,5-dihydroorotic acid. This compound interacts with an ubiquinone-1 through a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, type 2 resulting in a release of an ubiquinol-1 and an orotic acid. The orotic acid then interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through a orotate phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and an orotidylic acid. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through an orotidine-5 '-phosphate decarboxylase, resulting in an release of carbon dioxide and an Uridine 5' monophosphate. The Uridine 5' monophosphate process to get phosphorylated by an ATP driven UMP kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and an Uridine 5--diphosphate. Uridine 5-diphosphate can be metabolized in multiple ways in order to produce a Deoxyuridine triphosphate. 1.-Uridine 5-diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in the release of a water molecule and an oxidized thioredoxin and an dUDP. The dUDP is then phosphorylated by an ATP through a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and a DeoxyUridine triphosphate. 2.-Uridine 5-diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein and a dUDP. The dUDP is then phosphorylated by an ATP through a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and a DeoxyUridine triphosphate. 3.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate. The latter compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in the release of an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate 4.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate The uridine triphosphate interacts with a L-glutamine and a water molecule through an ATP driven CTP synthase resulting in an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion, an L-glutamic acid and a cytidine triphosphate. The cytidine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in the release of a water molecule, an oxidized flavodoxin and a dCTP. The dCTP interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a dCTP deaminase resulting in a release of an ammonium molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate. 5.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate The uridine triphosphate interacts with a L-glutamine and a water molecule through an ATP driven CTP synthase resulting in an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion, an L-glutamic acid and a cytidine triphosphate. The cytidine triphosphate then interacts spontaneously with a water molecule resulting in the release of a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a CDP. The CDP then interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of a water molecule, an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein and a dCDP. The dCDP is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a dCTP. The dCTP interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a dCTP deaminase resulting in a release of an ammonium molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate. 6.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate The uridine triphosphate interacts with a L-glutamine and a water molecule through an ATP driven CTP synthase resulting in an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion, an L-glutamic acid and a cytidine triphosphate. The cytidine triphosphate then interacts spontaneously with a water molecule resulting in the release of a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a CDP. The CDP interacts with a reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dCDP. The dCDP is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a dCTP. The dCTP interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a dCTP deaminase resulting in a release of an ammonium molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate. The deoxyuridine triphosphate then interacts with a water molecule through a nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase resulting in a release of a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and a dUMP. The dUMP then interacts with a methenyltetrahydrofolate through a thymidylate synthase resulting in a dihydrofolic acid and a 5-thymidylic acid. Then 5-thymidylic acid is then phosphorylated through a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and thymidine 5'-triphosphate. PW000942 ec00240 Metabolic Cysteine and methionine metabolism ec00270 Tyrosine metabolism ec00350 Phenylalanine metabolism The pathways of the metabolism of phenylalaline begins with the conversion of chorismate to prephenate through a P-protein (chorismate mutase:pheA). Prephenate then interacts with a hydrogen ion through the same previous enzyme resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, water and a phenolpyruvic acid. Three enzymes those enconde by tyrB, aspC and ilvE are involved in catalyzing the third step of these pathways, all three can contribute to the synthesis of phenylalanine: only tyrB and aspC contribute to biosynthesis of tyrosine. Phenolpyruvic acid can also be obtained from a reversivle reaction with ammonia, a reduced acceptor and a D-amino acid dehydrogenase, resulting in a water, an acceptor and a D-phenylalanine, which can be then transported into the periplasmic space by aromatic amino acid exporter. L-phenylalanine also interacts in two reversible reactions, one involved with oxygen through a catalase peroxidase resulting in a carbon dioxide and 2-phenylacetamide. The other reaction involved an interaction with oxygen through a phenylalanine aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and phenylpyruvic acid. L-phenylalanine can be imported into the cytoplasm through an aromatic amino acid:H+ symporter AroP. The compound can also be imported into the periplasmic space through a transporter: L-amino acid efflux transporter. PW000921 ec00360 Metabolic Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis ec00400 Novobiocin biosynthesis ec00401 Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms ec00710 Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis ec00950 Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis ec00960 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism ec00260 Lysine biosynthesis Lysine is biosynthesized from L-aspartic acid. L-aspartic acid can be incorporated into the cell through various methods: C4 dicarboxylate / orotate:H+ symporter , glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP, dicarboxylate transporter , C4 dicarboxylate / C4 monocarboxylate transporter DauA, glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter L-aspartic acid is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven Aspartate kinase resulting in ADP and L-aspartyl-4-phosphate. L-aspartyl-4-phosphate is then dehydrogenated through an NADPH driven aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase resulting in a release of phosphate, NADP and L-aspartic 4-semialdehyde (involved in methionine biosynthesis). L-aspartic 4-semialdehyde interacts with a pyruvic acid through a 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase resulting in a release of hydrogen ion, water and (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate. The latter compound is then reduced by an NADPH driven 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase resulting in a release of water, NADP and (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate, This compound interacts with succinyl-CoA and water through a tetrahydrodipicolinate succinylase resulting in a release of coenzyme A and N-Succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate. This compound interacts with L-glutamic acid through a N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase resulting in oxoglutaric acid, N-succinyl-L,L-2,6-diaminopimelate. The latter compound is then desuccinylated by reacting with water through a N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelate desuccinylase resulting in a succinic acid and L,L-diaminopimelate. This compound is then isomerized through a diaminopimelate epimerase resulting in a meso-diaminopimelate (involved in peptidoglyccan biosynthesis I). This compound is then decarboxylated by a diaminopimelate decarboxylase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and L-lysine. L-lysine is then incorporated into lysine degradation pathway. Lysine also regulate its own biosynthesis by repressing dihydrodipicolinate synthase and also repressing lysine-sensitive aspartokinase 3. A metabolic connection joins synthesis of an amino acid, lysine, to synthesis of cell wall material. Diaminopimelate is a precursor both for lysine and for cell wall components. The synthesis of lysine, methionine and threonine share two reactions at the start of the three pathways, the reactions converting L-aspartate to L-aspartate semialdehyde. The reaction involving aspartate kinase is carried out by three isozymes, one specific for synthesis of each end product amino acid. Each of the three aspartate kinase isozymes is regulated by its corresponding end product amino acid. PW000771 ec00300 Metabolic Cyanoamino acid metabolism ec00460 Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis The CoA biosynthesis requires compounds from two other pathways: aspartate metabolism and valine biosynthesis. It requires a Beta-Alanine and R-pantoate. The compound (R)-pantoate is generated in two reactions, as shown by the interaction of alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, 5,10 methylene-THF and water through a 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a tetrahydrofolic acid and a 2-dehydropantoate. This compound interacts with hydrogen through a NADPH driven acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase resulting in the release of NADP and R-pantoate. On the other hand L-aspartic acid interacts with a hydrogen ion and gets decarboxylated through an Aspartate 1- decarboxylase resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Beta-alanine. Beta-alanine and R-pantoate interact with an ATP driven pantothenate synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, hydrogen ion and pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid is phosphorylated through a ATP-driven pantothenate kinase resulting in a ADP, a hydrogen ion and D-4'-Phosphopantothenate. This compound interacts with a CTP and a L-cysteine resulting in a fused 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase and phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a pyrophosphate, a CMP and 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a fused 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase and phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase resulting in a carbon dioxide release and a 4-phosphopantetheine. This compound interacts with an ATP, hydrogen ion and an phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase resulting in a release of pyrophosphate, and dephospho-CoA. Dephospho-CoA reacts with an ATP driven dephospho-CoA kinase resulting in a ADP , a hydrogen ion and a Coenzyme A. . The latter is converted into (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate is two steps, involving a β-alanine ligase and a kinase. In most organsims the ligase acts before the kinase (EC 6.3.2.1, pantoate—β-alanine ligase (AMP-forming) followed by EC 2.7.1.33, pantothenate kinase, as described in phosphopantothenate biosynthesis I and phosphopantothenate biosynthesis II. However, in archaea the order is reversed, and EC 2.7.1.169, pantoate kinase acts before EC 6.3.2.36, 4-phosphopantoate—β-alanine ligase, as described in phosphopantothenate biosynthesis III. The kinases are feedback inhibited by CoA itself, accounting for the primary regulatory mechanism of CoA biosynthesis. The addition of L-cysteine to (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate, resulting in the formation of R-4'-phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine (PPC), is followed by decarboxylation of PPC to 4'-phosphopantetheine. The ultimate reaction is catalyzed by EC 2.7.1.24, dephospho-CoA kinase, which converts 4'-phosphopantetheine to CoA. All enzymes of this pathway are essential for growth. The reactions in the biosynthetic route towards CoA are identical in most organisms, although there are differences in the functionality of the involved enzymes. In plants every step is catalyzed by single monofunctional enzymes, whereas in bacteria and mammals bifunctional enzymes are often employed [Rubio06]. PW000828 ec00770 Metabolic Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis ec00970 Histidine metabolism ec00340 Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism ec00760 beta-Alanine metabolism The Beta-Alanine Metabolism starts with a product of Aspartate metabolism. Aspartate is decarboxylated by aspartate 1-decarboxylase, releasing carbon dioxide and Beta-alanine. Beta alanine is then metabolized through a pantothenate synthetase resulting in Pantothenic acid undergoes phosphorylation through a ATP driven pantothenate kinase, resulting in D-4-phosphopantothenate. Pantothenate (vitamin B5) is the universal precursor for the synthesis of the 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety of coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein. Only plants and microorganismscan synthesize pantothenate de novo - animals require a dietary supplement. The enzymes of this pathway are therefore considered to be antimicrobial drug targets. PW000896 ec00410 Metabolic Microbial metabolism in diverse environments ec01120 ABC transporters ec02010 Two-component system ec02020 Bacterial chemotaxis ec02030 Monobactam biosynthesis eco00261 Metabolic pathways eco01100 Asparagine biosynthesis L-asparagine is synthesized in E. coli from L-aspartate by either of two reactions, utilizing either L-glutamine or ammonia as the amino group donor. Both reactions are ATP driven and yield AMP and pyrophosphate. The first reaction is catalyzed only by asparagine synthetase B, while the second reaction is catalyzed by both asparagine synthetase A and asparagine synthetase B, The only known role of asparagine in the metabolism of E. coli is as a constituent of protein. PW000813 Metabolic Aspartate metabolism Aspartate (seen in the center) is synthesized from and degraded to oxaloacetate , an intermediate of the TCA cycle, by a reversible transamination reaction with glutamate. As shown here, AspC is the principal transaminase that catalyzes this reaction, but TyrB also catalyzes it. Null mutations in aspC do not confer aspartate auxotrophy; null mutations in both aspC and tyrB do. Aspartate is a constituent of proteins and participates in several other biosyntheses as shown here( NAD biosynthesis and Beta-Alanine Metabolism . Approximately 27 percent of the cell's nitrogen flows through aspartate Aspartate can be synthesized from fumaric acid through a aspartate ammonia lyase. Aspartate also participates in the synthesis of L-asparagine through two different methods, either through aspartate ammonia ligase or asparagine synthetase B. Aspartate is also a precursor of fumaric acid. Again it has two possible ways of synthesizing it. First set of reactions follows an adenylo succinate synthetase that yields adenylsuccinic acid and then adenylosuccinate lyase in turns leads to fumaric acid. The second way is through argininosuccinate synthase that yields argininosuccinic acid and then argininosuccinate lyase in turns leads to fumaric acid PW000787 Metabolic L-glutamate metabolism There are various ways by which glutamate enters the cytoplasm in E.coli. through a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. There are various ways by which E. coli synthesizes glutamate from L-glutamine or oxoglutaric acid. L-glutamine, introduced into the cytoplasm by glutamine ABC transporter, can either interact with glutaminase resulting in ammonia and L-glutamic acid, or react with oxoglutaric acid, and hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven glutamate synthase resulting in L-glutamic acid. L-glutamic acid is metabolized into L-glutamine by reacting with ammonium through a ATP driven glutamine synthase. L-glutamic acid can also be metabolized into L-aspartic acid by reacting with oxalacetic acid through an aspartate transaminase resulting in n oxoglutaric acid and L-aspartic acid. L-aspartic acid is metabolized into fumaric acid through an aspartate ammonia-lyase. Fumaric acid can be introduced into the cytoplasm through 3 methods: dicarboxylate transporter , C4 dicarboxylate / C4 monocarboxylate transporter DauA, and C4 dicarboxylate / orotate:H+ symporter PW000789 Metabolic NAD biosynthesis Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) can be biosynthesized from L-aspartic acid.This amino acid reacts with oxygen through an L-aspartate oxidase resulting in a hydrogen ion, hydrogen peroxide and an iminoaspartic acid. The latter compound interacts with dihydroxyacetone phosphate through a quinolinate synthase A, resulting in a phosphate, water, and a quinolic acid. Quinolic acid interacts with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate and hydrogen ion through a quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in pyrophosphate, carbon dioxide and nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide. This last compound is adenylated through an ATP driven nicotinate-mononucleotide adenylyltransferase releasing a pyrophosphate and resulting in a nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide is processed through an NAD synthetase, NH3-dependent in two different manners. In the first case, Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide interacts with ATP, L-glutamine and water through the enzyme and results in hydrogen ion, AMP, pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid and NAD. In the second case, Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide interacts with ATP and ammonium through the enzyme resulting in a pyrophosphate, AMP, hydrogen ion and NAD. NAD then proceeds to regulate its own pathway by repressing L-aspartate oxidase. As a general rule, most prokaryotes utilize the aspartate de novo pathway, in which the nicotinate moiety of NAD is synthesized from aspartate , while in eukaryotes, the de novo pathway starts with tryptophan. PW000829 Metabolic Secondary Metabolites: threonine biosynthesis from aspartate The biosynthesis of threonine starts with L-aspartic acid being phosphorylated by an ATP driven Aspartate kinase resulting in an a release of an ADP and an L-aspartyl-4-phosphate. This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a phosphate, an NADP and a L-aspartate-semialdehyde.The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven aspartate kinase / homoserine dehydrogenase resulting in the release of an NADP and a L-homoserine. L-homoserine is phosphorylated through an ATP driven homoserine kinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a O-phosphohomoserine. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule threonine synthase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an L-threonine. PW000976 Metabolic arginine metabolism The metabolism of L-arginine starts with the acetylation of L-glutamic acid resulting in a N-acetylglutamic acid while releasing a coenzyme A and a hydrogen ion. N-acetylglutamic acid is then phosphorylated via an ATP driven acetylglutamate kinase which yields a N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate. This compound undergoes a NDPH dependent reduction resulting in N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde. This compound reacts with L-glutamic acid through a acetylornithine aminotransferase / N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase to produce a N-acetylornithine which is then deacetylated through a acetylornithine deacetylase which yield an ornithine. L-glutamine is used to synthesize carbamoyl phosphate through the interaction of L-glutamine, water, ATP, and hydrogen carbonate. This reaction yields ADP, L-glutamic acid, phosphate, and hydrogen ion. Carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine are used to catalyze the production of citrulline through an ornithine carbamoyltransferase. Citrulline reacts with L-aspartic acid through an ATP dependent enzyme, argininosuccinate synthase to produce pyrophosphate, AMP and argininosuccinic acid. Argininosussinic acid is then lyase to produce L-arginine and fumaric acid. L-arginine can be metabolized into succinic acid by two different sets of reactions: 1. Arginine reacts with succinyl-CoA through a arginine N-succinyltransferase resulting in N2-succinyl-L-arginine while releasing CoA and Hydrogen Ion. N2-succinyl-L-arginine is then dihydrolase to produce a N2-succinyl-L-ornithine through a N-succinylarginine dihydrolase. This compound in turn reacts with oxoglutaric acid through succinylornithine transaminase resulting in L-glutamic acid and N2-succinyl-L-glutamic acid 5-semialdehyde. This compoud in turn reacts with a NAD dependent dehydrogenase resulting in N2-succinylglutamate while releasing NADH and hydrogen ion. N2-succinylglutamate reacts with water through a succinylglutamate desuccinylase resulting in L-glutamic acid and a succinic acid. The succinic acid is then incorporated in the TCA cycle 2.Argine reacts with carbon dioxide and a hydrogen ion through a biodegradative arginine decarboxylase, resulting in Agmatine. This compound is then transformed into putrescine by reacting with water and an agmatinase, and releasing urea. Putrescine can be metabolized by reaction with either l-glutamic acid or oxoglutaric acid. If putrescine reacts with L-glutamic acid, it reacts through an ATP mediated gamma-glutamylputrescine producing a hydrogen ion, ADP, phosphate and gamma-glutamyl-L-putrescine. This compound is reduced by interacting with oxygen, water and a gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidoreductase resulting in ammonium, hydrogen peroxide and 4-gamma-glutamylamino butanal. This compound is dehydrogenated through a NADP mediated reaction lead by gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutaryaldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in hydrogen ion, NADPH and 4-glutamylamino butanoate. In turn, the latter compound reacts with water through a gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase resulting in L-glutamic acid and Gamma aminobutyric acid. On the other hand, if putrescine reacts with oxoglutaric acid through a putrescine aminotransferase, it results in L-glutamic acid, and a 4-aminobutyraldehyde. This compound reacts with water through a NAD dependent gamma aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in hydrogen ion, NADH and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Gamma Aaminobutyric acid reacts with oxoglutaric acid through 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase resulting in L-glutamic acid and succinic acid semialdehyde. This compound in turn can react with with either NADP or NAD to result in the production of succinic acid through succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase or aldehyde dehydrogenase-like protein yneI respectively. Succinic acid can then be integrated in the TCA cycle. L-arginine is eventua lly metabolized into succinic acid which then goes to the TCA cycle PW000790 Metabolic purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis The biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is a complex process that begins with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. This compound interacts with water and L-glutamine through a amidophosphoribosyl transferase resulting in a pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid and a 5-phosphoribosylamine. The latter compound proceeds to interact with a glycine through an ATP driven phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase resulting in the addition of glycine to the compound. This reaction releases an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)glycinamide. The latter compound interacts with formic acid, through an ATP driven phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 5-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP-driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion, a L-glutamic acid and a 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine. The latter compound interacts with an ATP driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide cyclo-ligase resulting in a release of ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide.The latter compound then interacts with a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase resulting in a 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate. This compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through an ATP driven phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a SAICAR. SAICAR interacts with an adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an AICAR. AICAR interacts with a formyltetrahydrofolate through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of a tetrahydropterol mono-l-glutamate and a FAICAR. The latter compound, FAICAR, interacts in a reversible reaction through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of water and Inosinic acid. Inosinic acid can be metabolized to produce dGTP and dATP three different methods each. dGTP: Inosinic acid, water and NAD are processed by IMP dehydrogenase resulting in a release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and Xanthylic acid. Xanthylic acid interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP driven GMP synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, L-glutamic acid, a hydrogen ion and Guanosine monophosphate. The latter compound is the phosphorylated by reacting with an ATP driven guanylate kinase resulting in a release of ADP and a Gaunosine diphosphate. Guanosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Guanosine diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a Guanosine triphosphate. This compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin protein through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in a oxidized flavodoxin a water moleculer and a dGTP 2.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like proteins through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein, a water molecule and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. 3.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. dATP: Inosinic acid interacts with L-aspartic acid through an GTP driven adenylosuccinate synthase results in the release of GDP, a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP. The latter compound is then cleaved by a adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an Adenosine monophosphate. This compound is then phosphorylated by an adenylate kinase resulting in the release of ATP and an adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Adenosine diphosphate is involved in a reversible reaction by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a phosphate through a ATP synthase / thiamin triphosphate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and an Adenosine triphosphate. The adenosine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a dATP 2.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized thioredoxin and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP 3.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized glutaredoxin-like protein and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP PW000910 Metabolic purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis 1435709748 PW000960 Metabolic tRNA Charging 2 This pathway groups together all E. coli tRNA charging reactions. PW000803 Metabolic tRNA charging This pathway groups together all E. coli tRNA charging reactions. PW000799 Metabolic threonine biosynthesis The biosynthesis of threonine starts with oxalacetic acid interacting with an L-glutamic acid through an aspartate aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and an L-aspartic acid. The latter compound is then phosphorylated by an ATP driven Aspartate kinase resulting in an a release of an ADP and an L-aspartyl-4-phosphate. This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a phosphate, an NADP and a L-aspartate-semialdehyde.The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven aspartate kinase / homoserine dehydrogenase resulting in the release of an NADP and a L-homoserine. L-homoserine is phosphorylated through an ATP driven homoserine kinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a O-phosphohomoserine. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule threonine synthase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an L-threonine. PW000817 Metabolic purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis 2 The biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is a complex process that begins with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. This compound interacts with water and L-glutamine through a amidophosphoribosyl transferase resulting in a pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid and a 5-phosphoribosylamine. The latter compound proceeds to interact with a glycine through an ATP driven phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase resulting in the addition of glycine to the compound. This reaction releases an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)glycinamide. The latter compound interacts with formic acid, through an ATP driven phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 5-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP-driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion, a L-glutamic acid and a 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine. The latter compound interacts with an ATP driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide cyclo-ligase resulting in a release of ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide(5-Phosphoribosyl-5-carboxyaminoimidazole).The latter compound then interacts with a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase resulting in a 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate. This compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through an ATP driven phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a SAICAR. SAICAR interacts with an adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an AICAR. AICAR interacts with a formyltetrahydrofolate through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of a tetrahydropterol mono-l-glutamate and a FAICAR. The latter compound, FAICAR, interacts in a reversible reaction through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of water and Inosinic acid. Inosinic acid can be metabolized to produce dGTP and dATP three different methods each. dGTP: Inosinic acid, water and NAD are processed by IMP dehydrogenase resulting in a release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and Xanthylic acid. Xanthylic acid interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP driven GMP synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, L-glutamic acid, a hydrogen ion and Guanosine monophosphate. The latter compound is the phosphorylated by reacting with an ATP driven guanylate kinase resulting in a release of ADP and a Gaunosine diphosphate. Guanosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Guanosine diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a Guanosine triphosphate. This compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin protein through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in a oxidized flavodoxin a water moleculer and a dGTP 2.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like proteins through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein, a water molecule and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. 3.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. dATP: Inosinic acid interacts with L-aspartic acid through an GTP driven adenylosuccinate synthase results in the release of GDP, a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP. The latter compound is then cleaved by a adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an Adenosine monophosphate. This compound is then phosphorylated by an adenylate kinase resulting in the release of ATP and an adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Adenosine diphosphate is involved in a reversible reaction by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a phosphate through a ATP synthase / thiamin triphosphate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and an Adenosine triphosphate. The adenosine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a dATP 2.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized thioredoxin and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP 3.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized glutaredoxin-like protein and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP PW002033 Metabolic asparagine biosynthesis I ASPARAGINE-BIOSYNTHESIS adenosine nucleotides <i>de novo</i> biosynthesis PWY-6126 tRNA charging TRNA-CHARGING-PWY asparagine biosynthesis II ASPARAGINESYN-PWY NAD biosynthesis I (from aspartate) PYRIDNUCSYN-PWY arginine biosynthesis I ARGSYN-PWY superpathway of aspartate and asparagine biosynthesis; interconversion of aspartate and asparagine ASPASN-PWY asparagine degradation I ASPARAGINE-DEG1-PWY glutamate degradation II GLUTDEG-PWY &beta;-alanine biosynthesis III PWY-5155 uridine-5'-phosphate biosynthesis PWY-5686 aspartate biosynthesis ASPARTATESYN-PWY lysine biosynthesis I DAPLYSINESYN-PWY inosine-5'-phosphate biosynthesis I PWY-6123 homoserine biosynthesis HOMOSERSYN-PWY Specdb::CMs 435 Specdb::CMs 436 Specdb::CMs 437 Specdb::CMs 438 Specdb::CMs 439 Specdb::CMs 440 Specdb::CMs 1130 Specdb::CMs 1205 Specdb::CMs 1395 Specdb::CMs 2688 Specdb::CMs 30054 Specdb::CMs 30200 Specdb::CMs 30303 Specdb::CMs 30304 Specdb::CMs 30305 Specdb::CMs 30484 Specdb::CMs 30733 Specdb::CMs 30883 Specdb::CMs 31058 Specdb::CMs 31059 Specdb::CMs 31060 Specdb::CMs 37347 Specdb::CMs 173357 Specdb::CMs 1053849 Specdb::CMs 1053850 Specdb::NmrOneD 1164 Specdb::NmrOneD 1199 Specdb::NmrOneD 4995 Specdb::NmrOneD 6092 Specdb::NmrOneD 6093 Specdb::NmrOneD 6094 Specdb::NmrOneD 6095 Specdb::NmrOneD 6096 Specdb::NmrOneD 6097 Specdb::NmrOneD 6098 Specdb::NmrOneD 6099 Specdb::NmrOneD 6100 Specdb::NmrOneD 6101 Specdb::NmrOneD 6102 Specdb::NmrOneD 6103 Specdb::NmrOneD 6104 Specdb::NmrOneD 6105 Specdb::NmrOneD 6106 Specdb::NmrOneD 6107 Specdb::NmrOneD 6108 Specdb::NmrOneD 6109 Specdb::NmrOneD 6110 Specdb::NmrOneD 6111 Specdb::NmrOneD 166470 Specdb::MsMs 304 Specdb::MsMs 305 Specdb::MsMs 306 Specdb::MsMs 3473 Specdb::MsMs 3474 Specdb::MsMs 3475 Specdb::MsMs 3476 Specdb::MsMs 3477 Specdb::MsMs 3478 Specdb::MsMs 3479 Specdb::MsMs 3480 Specdb::MsMs 3481 Specdb::MsMs 3482 Specdb::MsMs 3483 Specdb::MsMs 3484 Specdb::MsMs 3485 Specdb::MsMs 3486 Specdb::MsMs 3487 Specdb::MsMs 3488 Specdb::MsMs 3489 Specdb::MsMs 3490 Specdb::MsMs 3491 Specdb::MsMs 3492 Specdb::MsMs 3493 Specdb::MsMs 3494 Specdb::NmrTwoD 990 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1196 HMDB00191 5960 5745 C00049 17053 L-ASPARTATE IAS Aspartic_acid Keseler, I. 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(2005), 3pp. http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/134/original/HMDB00191.pdf?1358894661 Aspartate aminotransferase P00509 AAT_ECOLI aspC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00509.xml Bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine dehydrogenase 1 P00561 AK1H_ECOLI thrA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00561.xml Bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine dehydrogenase 2 P00562 AK2H_ECOLI metL http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00562.xml L-asparaginase 2 P00805 ASPG2_ECOLI ansB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00805.xml Aspartate--ammonia ligase P00963 ASNA_ECOLI asnA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00963.xml Aromatic-amino-acid aminotransferase P04693 TYRB_ECOLI tyrB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04693.xml Lysine-sensitive aspartokinase 3 P08660 AK3_ECOLI lysC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P08660.xml Argininosuccinate synthase P0A6E4 ASSY_ECOLI argG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6E4.xml Aspartate carbamoyltransferase catalytic chain P0A786 PYRB_ECOLI pyrB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A786.xml Aspartate 1-decarboxylase P0A790 PAND_ECOLI panD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A790.xml Adenylosuccinate synthetase P0A7D4 PURA_ECOLI purA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A7D4.xml Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase P0A7D7 PUR7_ECOLI purC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A7D7.xml Aspartate carbamoyltransferase regulatory chain P0A7F3 PYRI_ECOLI pyrI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A7F3.xml L-asparaginase 1 P0A962 ASPG1_ECOLI ansA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A962.xml Aspartate ammonia-lyase P0AC38 ASPA_ECOLI aspA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AC38.xml L-aspartate oxidase P10902 NADB_ECOLI nadB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P10902.xml Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase P21889 SYD_ECOLI aspS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P21889.xml Asparagine synthetase B [glutamine-hydrolyzing] P22106 ASNB_ECOLI asnB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P22106.xml Isoaspartyl peptidase P37595 IAAA_ECOLI iaaA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37595.xml Glutamate decarboxylase alpha P69908 DCEA_ECOLI gadA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69908.xml Glutamate decarboxylase beta P69910 DCEB_ECOLI gadB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69910.xml Glutamate/aspartate transport system permease protein gltJ P0AER3 GLTJ_ECOLI gltJ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AER3.xml Glutamate/aspartate transport system permease protein gltK P0AER5 GLTK_ECOLI gltK http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AER5.xml Glutamate/aspartate transport ATP-binding protein gltL P0AAG3 GLTL_ECOLI gltL http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AAG3.xml Glutamate/aspartate periplasmic-binding protein P37902 GLTI_ECOLI gltI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37902.xml Uncharacterized amino-acid ABC transporter ATP-binding protein yecC P37774 YECC_ECOLI yecC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37774.xml Inner membrane amino-acid ABC transporter permease protein yecS P0AFT2 YECS_ECOLI yecS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFT2.xml Anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate transporter dcuA P0ABN5 DCUA_ECOLI dcuA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABN5.xml Anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate transporter dcuB P0ABN9 DCUB_ECOLI dcuB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABN9.xml Anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate transporter dcuC P0ABP3 DCUC_ECOLI dcuC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABP3.xml Glutamate/aspartate transport system permease protein gltJ P0AER3 GLTJ_ECOLI gltJ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AER3.xml Glutamate/aspartate transport system permease protein gltK P0AER5 GLTK_ECOLI gltK http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AER5.xml Proton glutamate symport protein P21345 GLTP_ECOLI gltP http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P21345.xml Outer membrane protein N P77747 OMPN_ECOLI ompN http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xml Outer membrane pore protein E P02932 PHOE_ECOLI phoE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xml Aerobic C4-dicarboxylate transport protein P0A830 DCTA_ECOLI dctA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A830.xml Glutamate/aspartate transport ATP-binding protein gltL P0AAG3 GLTL_ECOLI gltL http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AAG3.xml Outer membrane protein F P02931 OMPF_ECOLI ompF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xml Outer membrane protein C P06996 OMPC_ECOLI ompC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xml Glutamate/aspartate periplasmic-binding protein P37902 GLTI_ECOLI gltI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37902.xml L-Aspartic acid + Carbamoylphosphate <> Ureidosuccinic acid + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate R01397 ASPCARBTRANS-RXN L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate <> L-Aspartyl-4-phosphate + ADP R00480 ASPARTATEKIN-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Water + L-Aspartic acid > ADP + L-Aspartic acid + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate TRANS-RXN0-222 Adenosine triphosphate + Water + L-Aspartic acid > ADP + L-Aspartic acid + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate TRANS-RXN0-222 L-Asparagine + Water > L-Aspartic acid + Ammonium L-Aspartic acid + Hydrogen ion <> beta-Alanine + Carbon dioxide R00489 ASPDECARBOX-RXN L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate R00578 ASNSYNB-RXN alpha-Ketoglutarate + L-Aspartic acid <> L-Glutamate + Oxalacetic acid R00355 L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Asp) + tRNA(Asp) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) + Pyrophosphate + L-Aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) R05577 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate <> SAICAR + ADP + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate R04591 SAICARSYN-RXN L-Aspartic acid + Fumaric acid > Hydrogen ion + Iminoaspartic acid + Succinic acid RXN-9772 L-Aspartic acid + Oxygen <> Hydrogen ion + Hydrogen peroxide + Iminoaspartic acid R00481 L-ASPARTATE-OXID-RXN L-Aspartic acid + Ubiquinone-8 > Hydrogen ion + Iminoaspartic acid + Ubiquinol-8 L-Aspartic acid + Menaquinone 8 > Hydrogen ion + Iminoaspartic acid + Menaquinol 8 L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Citrulline <> Adenosine monophosphate + Argininosuccinic acid + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate R01954 L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Ammonium > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Asparagine + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate L-Aspartic acid > Fumaric acid + Ammonium L-Aspartic acid + Guanosine triphosphate + Inosinic acid <> Adenylsuccinic acid + Guanosine diphosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Phosphate R01135 L-Aspartic acid + Water + Oxygen <> Oxalacetic acid + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R00357 L-Aspartic acid + Oxygen <> Iminoaspartic acid + Hydrogen peroxide R00481 L-ASPARTATE-OXID-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine R00483 L-Asparagine + Water <> L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia R00485 L-Aspartic acid <> beta-Alanine + Carbon dioxide R00489 L-Aspartic acid <> Fumaric acid + Ammonia R00490 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + L-Glutamine + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate R00578 Guanosine triphosphate + Inosinic acid + L-Aspartic acid <> Guanosine diphosphate + Phosphate + Adenylsuccinic acid R01135 Carbamoylphosphate + L-Aspartic acid <> Phosphate + Ureidosuccinic acid R01397 Oxalacetic acid + L-Arogenate <> L-Aspartic acid + Prephenate R01731 Adenosine triphosphate + Citrulline + L-Aspartic acid <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Argininosuccinic acid R01954 Adenosine triphosphate + 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-Aspartic acid <> ADP + Phosphate + SAICAR R04591 tRNA(Asp) + L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate <> L-Aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate R05577 a dipetide with aspartate at N-terminal + Water L-Aspartic acid + a standard &alpha; amino acid 3.4.13.21-RXN L-Aspartic acid + Inosinic acid + Guanosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + adenylo-succinate + Phosphate + Guanosine diphosphate ADENYLOSUCCINATE-SYNTHASE-RXN L-Aspartic acid + Citrulline + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + L-arginino-succinate + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate ARGSUCCINSYN-RXN Ammonia + L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate > L-Asparagine + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate R00483 ASNSYNA-RXN L-Aspartic acid + Oxoglutaric acid <> Oxalacetic acid + L-Glutamate ASPAMINOTRANS-RXN L-Asparagine + Water > Hydrogen ion + L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia R00485 ASPARAGHYD-RXN L-Aspartic acid <> Hydrogen ion + Fumaric acid + Ammonia R00490 ASPARTASE-RXN L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate > L-Aspartyl-4-phosphate + ADP ASPARTATEKIN-RXN L-Aspartic acid + Carbamoylphosphate > Hydrogen ion + Ureidosuccinic acid + Phosphate ASPCARBTRANS-RXN Hydrogen ion + L-Aspartic acid > beta-Alanine + Carbon dioxide ASPDECARBOX-RXN Oxygen + L-Aspartic acid > Hydrogen ion + Hydrogen peroxide + Iminoaspartic acid L-ASPARTATE-OXID-RXN Pyridoxamine + Oxalacetic acid <> Pyridoxal + L-Aspartic acid PYROXALTRANSAM-RXN ala-asp + Water > L-Alanine + L-Aspartic acid RXN0-6975 gly-asp + Water > Glycine + L-Aspartic acid RXN0-6987 Adenosine triphosphate + 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-Aspartic acid > Hydrogen ion + ADP + Phosphate + SAICAR R04591 SAICARSYN-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + Water > L-Aspartic acid + ADP + Phosphate + Hydrogen ion TRANS-RXN0-222 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + Water > L-Aspartic acid + ADP + Phosphate + Hydrogen ion TRANS-RXN0-222 L-Aspartic acid + Oxoglutaric acid > Oxalacetic acid + L-Glutamate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid > ADP + L-4-aspartyl phosphate Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + L-Glutamine + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate L-Aspartic acid > Fumaric acid + Ammonia L-Asparagine + Water > L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia Adenosine triphosphate + Citrulline + L-Aspartic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate L-Aspartic acid + Oxygen > Iminoaspartic acid + Hydrogen peroxide L-Aspartic acid > beta-Alanine + Carbon dioxide Adenosine triphosphate + 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-Aspartic acid > ADP + Inorganic phosphate + SAICAR Guanosine triphosphate + Inosinic acid + L-Aspartic acid > Guanosine diphosphate + Inorganic phosphate + N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP Carbamoylphosphate + L-Aspartic acid > Inorganic phosphate + Ureidosuccinic acid Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + tRNA(Asp) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + L-Glutamine + Water + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate R00578 L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid > Adenosine diphosphate + L-Aspartyl-4-phosphate + ADP PW_R002525 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia + L-Aspartic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Asparagine + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine PW_R002642 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + L-Glutamine + Water + L-Aspartic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamic acid + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate PW_R002643 L-Aspartic acid + Oxoglutaric acid + L-Aspartic acid > Oxalacetic acid + L-Glutamic acid + L-Glutamate PW_R002644 L-Glutamic acid + Oxalacetic acid + L-Glutamate > L-Aspartic acid + Oxoglutaric acid + L-Aspartic acid PW_R002667 L-Aspartic acid + Water + Oxygen + L-Aspartic acid > Oxalacetic acid + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide PW_R002645 L-Aspartic acid + Oxygen + L-Aspartic acid > Hydrogen peroxide + Hydrogen ion + Iminoaspartic acid PW_R003007 L-Aspartic acid + L-Aspartic acid > Fumaric acid + Ammonia PW_R002646 L-Aspartic acid + L-Aspartic acid > Fumaric acid + Ammonium PW_R002668 Guanosine triphosphate + Inosinic acid + L-Aspartic acid + L-Aspartic acid > Guanosine diphosphate + Phosphate + N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP PW_R002648 Inosinic acid + L-Aspartic acid + Guanosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid > Guanosine diphosphate + Phosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP + Adenylsuccinic acid PW_R003424 Adenosine triphosphate + Citrulline + L-Aspartic acid + L-Aspartic acid > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + Argininosuccinic acid PW_R002649 L-Aspartic acid + L-Aspartic acid > N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate PW_R002650 L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(Asp) + L-Aspartic acid > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + L-aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) PW_R002834 L-Aspartic acid + Water + Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + L-Aspartic acid > L-Asparagine + Hydrogen ion + Adenosine monophosphate + L-Glutamic acid + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate PW_R002887 L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Ammonium + L-Aspartic acid > L-Asparagine + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Hydrogen ion + L-Asparagine PW_R002888 L-Aspartic acid + Hydrogen ion + L-Aspartic acid Carbon dioxide + beta-Alanine PW_R002998 L-Aspartic acid + Hydrogen ion + L-Aspartic acid > Carbon dioxide + beta-Alanine PW_R003364 L-Asparagine + Water + L-Asparagine > L-Aspartic acid + Ammonium + L-Aspartic acid PW_R003388 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid > SAICAR + Phosphate + Adenosine diphosphate + Hydrogen ion + SAICAR + ADP PW_R003419 Carbamoylphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + L-Aspartic acid > Phosphate + Hydrogen ion + N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate PW_R003526 L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Water + L-Aspartic acid > Adenosine diphosphate + Phosphate + Hydrogen ion + L-Aspartic acid + ADP PW_RCT000108 L-Aspartic acid + Carbamoylphosphate <> Ureidosuccinic acid + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate L-Aspartic acid + Oxygen <> Hydrogen ion + Hydrogen peroxide + Iminoaspartic acid L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate <> L-Aspartyl-4-phosphate + ADP L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + tRNA(Asp) <> Adenosine monophosphate + L-Aspartyl-tRNA(Asp) + Pyrophosphate 5 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate <> SAICAR + ADP + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate L-Asparagine + Water <> L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Citrulline <> Adenosine monophosphate + Argininosuccinic acid + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate L-Aspartic acid + Hydrogen ion <> beta-Alanine + Carbon dioxide L-Aspartic acid + Guanosine triphosphate + Inosinic acid <> Adenylsuccinic acid + Guanosine diphosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Phosphate L-Aspartic acid <> Fumaric acid + Ammonia L-Aspartic acid <> Hydrogen ion + Fumaric acid + Ammonia L-Aspartic acid + Carbamoylphosphate <> Ureidosuccinic acid + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate L-Aspartic acid + Oxygen <> Hydrogen ion + Hydrogen peroxide + Iminoaspartic acid 5 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate <> SAICAR + ADP + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate L-Asparagine + Water > Hydrogen ion + L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Citrulline <> Adenosine monophosphate + Argininosuccinic acid + Hydrogen ion + Pyrophosphate Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glucose Shake flask and filter culture 4230.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 16920000 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glycerol Shake flask and filter culture 9300.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 37200000 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L acetate Shake flask and filter culture 7350.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 29400000 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 48 mM Na2HPO4, 22 mM KH2PO4, 10 mM NaCl, 45 mM (NH4)2SO4, supplemented with 1 mM MgSO4, 1 mg/l thiamine·HCl, 5.6 mg/l CaCl2, 8 mg/l FeCl3, 1 mg/l MnCl2·4H2O, 1.7 mg/l ZnCl2, 0.43 mg/l CuCl2·2H2O, 0.6 mg/l CoCl2·2H2O and 0.6 mg/l Na2MoO4·2H2O. 4 g/L Gluco Bioreactor, pH controlled, O2 and CO2 controlled, dilution rate: 0.2/h 337.0 uM 0.0 37 oC BW25113 Stationary Phase, glucose limited 1348000 0 Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597. 17379776 Luria-Bertani (LB) media Shake flask 662.0 uM true 45.0 37 oC BL21 DE3 Stationary phase cultures (overnight culture) 2648000 180000 Lin, Z., Johnson, L. C., Weissbach, H., Brot, N., Lively, M. O., Lowther, W. T. (2007). "Free methionine-(R)-sulfoxide reductase from Escherichia coli reveals a new GAF domain function." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:9597-9602. 17535911