Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2012-05-31 10:25:46 -0600
Update Date2015-09-13 12:56:07 -0600
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • ECMDB00292
Identification
Name:Xanthine
DescriptionXanthine is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms:
  • 1H-Purine-2,6-diol
  • 2,6(1,3)-Purinedion
  • 2,6-Dihydroxypurine
  • 2,6-Dioxopurine
  • 3,7-Dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione
  • 3,7-Dihydropurine-2,6-dione
  • 9H-Purine-2,6(1H,3H)-dione
  • 9H-Purine-2,6-diol
  • Dioxopurine
  • Isoxanthine
  • Pseudoxanthine
  • Purine-2,6(1H,3H)-dione
  • Purine-2,6-diol
  • Xanthic oxide
  • Xanthin
  • Xanthine
Chemical Formula:C5H4N4O2
Weight:Average: 152.1109
Monoisotopic: 152.033425392
InChI Key:LRFVTYWOQMYALW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI:InChI=1S/C5H4N4O2/c10-4-2-3(7-1-6-2)8-5(11)9-4/h1H,(H3,6,7,8,9,10,11)
CAS number:69-89-6
IUPAC Name:2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione
Traditional IUPAC Name:xanthine
SMILES:O=C1NC2=C(NC=N2)C(=O)N1
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as xanthines. These are purine derivatives with a ketone group conjugated at carbons 2 and 6 of the purine moiety.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassImidazopyrimidines
Sub ClassPurines and purine derivatives
Direct ParentXanthines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Xanthine
  • 6-oxopurine
  • Purinone
  • Alkaloid or derivatives
  • Pyrimidone
  • Pyrimidine
  • Azole
  • Imidazole
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Vinylogous amide
  • Lactam
  • Urea
  • Azacycle
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
State:Solid
Charge:0
Melting point:>300 °C
Experimental Properties:
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility:0.069 mg/mL at 16 oC [MERCK INDEX [1996)]; 9.5 mg/mL (sodium salt, HMP experimental]PhysProp
LogP:-0.73 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)]PhysProp
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility4.91 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.65ALOGPS
logP-0.21ChemAxon
logS-1.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)7.95ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-0.7ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area86.88 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count0ChemAxon
Refractivity36.92 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability12.7 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations:Cytoplasm
Reactions:
SMPDB Pathways:
adenosine nucleotides degradationPW002091 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
purine ribonucleosides degradationPW002076 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
KEGG Pathways:
EcoCyc Pathways:
Concentrations
Not Available
Spectra
Spectra:
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f6t-0924000000-9b80e0a2a60c73ca0180View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f6t-0924000000-9b80e0a2a60c73ca0180View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0f6t-0924000000-30dc5892eecde860846aView in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0kai-7900000000-2dc30b0fc4cff2239dbeView in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0udi-0900000000-a70539989d121bfacee0View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a4i-6900000000-b047b06406308dbaeda8View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a4i-9300000000-ed480ed920c3e9b576ecView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negativesplash10-0zfr-0900000000-efb049914c9bce596267View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-0zfr-0900000000-efb049914c9bce596267View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , negativesplash10-0udi-0900000000-5fee91293851bb02193eView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , positivesplash10-000i-0900000000-4568a814903ff411923aView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-00kf-9000000000-e078a358156f5a04d4c1View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-3900000000-250f7dc30d6fd96a4ef6View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0ik9-0900000000-3a6dad2473c1654789f6View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0udi-0900000000-a4e9443b51c3ac2fc58bView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-00kf-9000000000-d23801a49488b1a5f0a2View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-4900000000-b177a2a36043e5e87efcView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Negativesplash10-0udi-0900000000-cb3b35c3117b7f36bf5cView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0zfr-0900000000-8d2a19e7c37d2cb7658fView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Negativesplash10-05mo-9300000000-33d00ab2288aaa055517View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0ik9-1900000000-3a6dad2473c1654789f6View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-001i-9000000000-37e76df2401a85967caaView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Negativesplash10-0udi-0900000000-4132da06dda895afc3abView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0udi-0900000000-2e9e069e2df414aed037View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0w29-0900000000-fa52193346bc456d89e8View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0a5i-9400000000-bbf70998e8b7515cb440View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0udi-0900000000-566d663553ce4f0ec207View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0zfr-1900000000-d0a5d2c0f89f8d42d903View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-351d9f8ee3470f911829View in MoNA
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0udi-7900000000-2d5ab5d5db8ff4981467View in MoNA
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
2D NMR[1H,1H] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
References
References:
  • Becker MA, Kisicki J, Khosravan R, Wu J, Mulford D, Hunt B, MacDonald P, Joseph-Ridge N: Febuxostat (TMX-67), a novel, non-purine, selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, is safe and decreases serum urate in healthy volunteers. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 2004 Oct;23(8-9):1111-6. Pubmed: 15571211
  • Castro-Gago M, Rodriguez IN, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Guitian JP, Rocamonde SL, Rodriguez-Segade S: Therapeutic criteria in hydrocephalic children. Childs Nerv Syst. 1989 Dec;5(6):361-3. Pubmed: 2611770
  • Cooper N, Khosravan R, Erdmann C, Fiene J, Lee JW: Quantification of uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine in human serum by HPLC for pharmacodynamic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2006 Jun 6;837(1-2):1-10. Epub 2006 May 2. Pubmed: 16631418
  • Eells JT, Spector R: Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Neurochem Res. 1983 Nov;8(11):1451-7. Pubmed: 6656991
  • Ginsburg I: Could synergistic interactions among reactive oxygen species, proteinases, membrane-perforating enzymes, hydrolases, microbial hemolysins and cytokines be the main cause of tissue damage in infectious and inflammatory conditions? Med Hypotheses. 1998 Oct;51(4):337-46. Pubmed: 9824842
  • Gudbjornsson B, Zak A, Niklasson F, Hallgren R: Hypoxanthine, xanthine, and urate in synovial fluid from patients with inflammatory arthritides. Ann Rheum Dis. 1991 Oct;50(10):669-72. Pubmed: 1958086
  • Ihara H, Shino Y, Morita Y, Kawaguchi E, Hashizume N, Yoshida M: Is skeletal muscle damaged by the oxidative stress following anaerobic exercise? J Clin Lab Anal. 2001;15(5):239-43. Pubmed: 11574951
  • Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. Pubmed: 22080510
  • Kawasaki N, Tanimoto T, Tanaka A, Hayakawa T, Miyasaka N: Determination of non-protein-bound iron in human synovial fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl. 1994 Jun 17;656(2):436-40. Pubmed: 7987499
  • Kaya M, Moriwaki Y, Ka T, Inokuchi T, Yamamoto A, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Tsuzita J, Oku Y, Yamamoto T: Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of purine bases (uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine) and oxypurinol after rigorous exercise. Metabolism. 2006 Jan;55(1):103-7. Pubmed: 16324927
  • Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. Pubmed: 21097882
  • Kiss A, Barenyi M, Csontai A: Xanthine stone in the urinary bladder of a male child. Urol Int. 1999;63(4):242-4. Pubmed: 10743702
  • Kjaergaard N, Moller-Petersen JF, Kristiansen FV, Petersen PL, Ekelund S, Skovbo P: Xanthine and hypoxanthine in amniotic fluid during pregnancy. Dan Med Bull. 1990 Dec;37(6):559-60. Pubmed: 2127397
  • Liu Z, Li T, Wang E: Simultaneous determination of guanine, uric acid, hypoxanthine and xanthine in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. Analyst. 1995 Aug;120(8):2181-4. Pubmed: 7677251
  • Niklasson F: Simultaneous liquid-chromatographic determination of hypoxanthine, xanthine, urate, and creatinine in cerebrospinal fluid, with direct injection. Clin Chem. 1983 Aug;29(8):1543-6. Pubmed: 6872216
  • Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. Pubmed: 19212411
  • Teeuwen HW, Elbers EL, van Rossum JM: Rapid and sensitive gas-chromatographic determination of caffeine in blood plasma, saliva, and xanthine beverages. Mol Biol Rep. 1991 Feb;15(1):1-7. Pubmed: 1875916
  • van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. Pubmed: 17765195
  • Wiley DM, Szabo I, Maguire MH, Finley BE, Bennett TL: Measurement of hypoxanthine and xanthine in late-gestation human amniotic fluid by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. J Chromatogr. 1990 Nov 30;533:73-86. Pubmed: 2081781
  • Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948. Pubmed: 18331064
Synthesis Reference:Procedure for the production of xanthine and xanthine-like materials. Fr. (1967), 4 pp.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
External Links:
ResourceLink
CHEBI ID17712
HMDB IDHMDB00292
Pubchem Compound ID1188
Kegg IDC00385
ChemSpider ID1151
WikipediaXanthine
BioCyc IDXANTHINE
EcoCyc IDXANTHINE
Ligand ExpoXAN

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Specific function:
This enzyme acts exclusively on hypoxanthine; it does not act on guanine
Gene Name:
hpt
Uniprot ID:
P0A9M2
Molecular weight:
20115
Reactions
IMP + diphosphate = hypoxanthine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
General function:
Involved in nucleoside metabolic process
Specific function:
Acts on guanine, xanthine and to a lesser extent hypoxanthine
Gene Name:
gpt
Uniprot ID:
P0A9M5
Molecular weight:
16971
Reactions
XMP + diphosphate = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + xanthine.
General function:
Involved in purine-nucleoside phosphorylase activity
Specific function:
Cleavage of guanosine or inosine to respective bases and sugar-1-phosphate molecules
Gene Name:
deoD
Uniprot ID:
P0ABP8
Molecular weight:
25950
Reactions
Purine nucleoside + phosphate = purine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
General function:
Involved in hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing N-glycosyl compounds
Specific function:
Hydrolyzes both purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides with a broad-substrate specificity with decreasing activity in the order uridine, xanthosine, inosine, adenosine, cytidine, guanosine
Gene Name:
rihC
Uniprot ID:
P22564
Molecular weight:
32560
General function:
Involved in hydrolase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of guanine, producing xanthine and ammonia
Gene Name:
guaD
Uniprot ID:
P76641
Molecular weight:
50244
Reactions
Guanine + H(2)O = xanthine + NH(3).
General function:
Involved in flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
Specific function:
Xanthine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = urate + NADH
Gene Name:
yagS
Uniprot ID:
P77324
Molecular weight:
33858
Reactions
Xanthine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = urate + NADH.
Hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = xanthine + NADH.
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Xanthine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = urate + NADH
Gene Name:
yagR
Uniprot ID:
P77489
Molecular weight:
78088
Reactions
Xanthine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = urate + NADH.
Hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = xanthine + NADH.
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Presumed to be a dehydrogenase, but possibly an oxidase. Participates in limited purine salvage (requires aspartate) but does not support aerobic growth on purines as the sole carbon source (purine catabolism). Deletion results in increased adenine sensitivity, suggesting that this protein contributes to the conversion of adenine to guanine nucleotides during purine salvage
Gene Name:
xdhA
Uniprot ID:
Q46799
Molecular weight:
81320
Reactions
Xanthine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = urate + NADH.
Hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = xanthine + NADH.
General function:
Involved in flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
Specific function:
Presumed to be a dehydrogenase, but possibly an oxidase. Participates in limited purine salvage (requires aspartate) but does not support aerobic growth on purines as the sole carbon source (purine catabolism)
Gene Name:
xdhB
Uniprot ID:
Q46800
Molecular weight:
31557
Reactions
Xanthine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = urate + NADH.
Hypoxanthine + NAD(+) + H(2)O = xanthine + NADH.
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Iron-sulfur subunit of the xanthine dehydrogenase complex
Gene Name:
xdhC
Uniprot ID:
Q46801
Molecular weight:
16922
General function:
Involved in purine-nucleoside phosphorylase activity
Specific function:
The nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond in the nucleoside molecule, with the formation of the corresponding free bases and pentose-1-phosphate. This protein can degrade all purine nucleosides except adenosine and deoxyadenosine
Gene Name:
xapA
Uniprot ID:
P45563
Molecular weight:
29834
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
paoA
Uniprot ID:
P77165
Molecular weight:
Not Available

Transporters

General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Specific, proton motive force-dependent high-affinity transporter for xanthine
Gene Name:
xanP
Uniprot ID:
P0AGM9
Molecular weight:
48868
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Specific, proton motive force-dependent high-affinity transporter for xanthine
Gene Name:
xanQ
Uniprot ID:
P67444
Molecular weight:
49108
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Non-specific porin
Gene Name:
ompN
Uniprot ID:
P77747
Molecular weight:
41220
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Uptake of inorganic phosphate, phosphorylated compounds, and some other negatively charged solutes
Gene Name:
phoE
Uniprot ID:
P02932
Molecular weight:
38922
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
OmpF is a porin that forms passive diffusion pores which allow small molecular weight hydrophilic materials across the outer membrane. It is also a receptor for the bacteriophage T2
Gene Name:
ompF
Uniprot ID:
P02931
Molecular weight:
39333
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Forms passive diffusion pores which allow small molecular weight hydrophilic materials across the outer membrane
Gene Name:
ompC
Uniprot ID:
P06996
Molecular weight:
40368