2.02012-05-31 09:57:49 -06002015-09-13 12:56:06 -0600ECMDB00123M2MDB000046GlycineGlycine is a simple amino acid. The glycine cleavage enzyme system comprises four proteins: P-, T-, H- and L-proteins (EC 1.4.4.2, EC 2.1.2.10 and EC 1.8.1.4 for P-, T- and L-proteins). The glycine cleavage system catalyses the oxidative conversion of glycine into carbon dioxide and ammonia, with the remaining one-carbon unit transferred to folate as methylenetetrahydrofolate. It is the main catabolic pathway for glycine and it also contributes to one-carbon metabolism.2-Aminoacetate2-Aminoacetic acidAciportAmino-AcetateAmino-Acetic acidAminoacetateAminoacetic acidAminoethanoateAminoethanoic acidGGlicoaminGlyGlycocollGlycolixirGlycostheneGyn-HydralinPadilC2H5NO275.066675.0320284092-aminoacetic acidglycine56-40-6NCC(O)=OInChI=1S/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5)DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-NSolidCytosolExtra-organismPeriplasmlogp-3.34logs0.87solubility5.52e+02 g/lmelting_point504 deg Flogp-3.4pka_strongest_acidic2.31pka_strongest_basic9.24iupac2-aminoacetic acidaverage_mass75.0666mono_mass75.032028409smilesNCC(O)=OformulaC2H5NO2inchiInChI=1S/C2H5NO2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3H2,(H,4,5)inchikeyDHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-Npolar_surface_area63.32refractivity16polarizability6.65rotatable_bond_count1acceptor_count3donor_count2physiological_charge0formal_charge0Glutathione metabolismThe biosynthesis of glutathione starts with the introduction of L-glutamic acid through either a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a
glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. Once in the cytoplasm, L-glutamice acid reacts with L-cysteine through an ATP glutamate-cysteine ligase resulting in gamma-glutamylcysteine. This compound reacts which Glycine through an ATP driven glutathione synthetase thus catabolizing Glutathione.
This compound is metabolized through a spontaneous reaction with an oxidized glutaredoxin resulting in a reduced glutaredoxin and an oxidized glutathione. This compound is reduced by a NADPH glutathione reductase resulting in a glutathione.
PW000833ec00480MetabolicNitrogen metabolism
The biological process of the nitrogen cycle is a complex interplay among many microorganisms catalyzing different reactions, where nitrogen is found in various oxidation states ranging from +5 in nitrate to -3 in ammonia.
The ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by the nitrogenase enzyme complex is present in restricted prokaryotes (diazotrophs). The other reduction pathways are assimilatory nitrate reduction and dissimilatory nitrate reduction both for conversion to ammonia, and denitrification. Denitrification is a respiration in which nitrate or nitrite is reduced as a terminal electron acceptor under low oxygen or anoxic conditions, producing gaseous nitrogen compounds (N2, NO and N2O) to the atmosphere.
Nitrate can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a nitrate:nitrite antiporter NarK or a nitrate / nitrite transporter NarU. Nitrate is then reduced by a Nitrate Reductase resulting in the release of water, an acceptor and a Nitrite. Nitrite can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a nitrate:nitrite antiporter NarK
Nitrite can be reduced a NADPH dependent nitrite reductase resulting in water and NAD and Ammonia.
Nitrite can interact with hydrogen ion, ferrocytochrome c through a cytochrome c-552 ferricytochrome resulting in the release of ferricytochrome c, water and ammonia
Another process by which ammonia is produced is by a reversible reaction of hydroxylamine with a reduced acceptor through a hydroxylamine reductase resulting in an acceptor, water and ammonia.
Water and carbon dioxide react through a carbonate dehydratase resulting in carbamic acid. This compound reacts spontaneously with hydrogen ion resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and ammonia. Carbon dioxide can interact with water through a carbonic anhydrase resulting in hydrogen carbonate. This compound interacts with cyanate and hydrogen ion through a cyanate hydratase resulting in a carbamic acid.
Ammonia can be metabolized by reacting with L-glutamine and ATP driven glutamine synthetase resulting in ADP, phosphate and L-glutamine. The latter compound reacts with oxoglutaric acid and hydrogen ion through a NADPH dependent glutamate synthase resulting in the release of NADP and L-glutamic acid. L-glutamic acid reacts with water through a NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of oxoglutaric acid, NADPH, hydrogen ion and ammonia.
PW000755ec00910MetabolicPurine metabolismec00230Glycine, serine and threonine metabolismec00260Cyanoamino acid metabolismec00460Methane metabolismec00680Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesisec00970Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolismec00860Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolismec00630One carbon pool by folateDihydrofolic acid, a product of the folate biosynthesis pathway, can be metabolized by multiple enzymes.
Dihydrofolic acid can be reduced by a NADP-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADPH, hydrogen ion and folic acid.
Dihydrofolic acid can also be reduced by an NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADP and a tetrahydrofolic acid. Folic acid can also produce a tetrahydrofolic acid through a NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase.
Dihydrofolic acid also interacts with 5-thymidylic acid through a thymidylate synthase resulting in the release of dUMP and 5,10-methylene-THF
Tetrahydrofolic acid can be converted into 5,10-methylene-THF through two different reversible reactions.
Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with a S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein through a aminomethyltransferase resulting in the release of ammonia, a dihydrolipoylprotein and 5,10-Methylene-THF
Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with L-serine through a glycine hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a glycine, water and 5,10-Methylene-THF.
The compound 5,10-methylene-THF reacts with an NADPH dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H] resulting in NADP and 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid. This compound interacts with homocysteine through a methionine synthase resulting in L-methionine and tetrahydrofolic acid.
Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 10-formyltetrahydrofolate through 4 different enzymes:
1.- Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with FAICAR through a phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase resulting in a 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
2.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with 5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a Glycineamideribotide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
3.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with Formic acid through a formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase resulting in water and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
4.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) through a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:L-methionyl-tRNA(fMet) N-formyltransferase resulting in a L-methionyl-tRNA(Met) and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
10-formyltetrahydrofolate can interact with a hydrogen ion through a bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in water and
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid.
Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid by reacting with a
5'-phosphoribosyl-a-N-formylglycineamidine through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in water, glycineamideribotide and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. The latter compound can either interact with water through an aminomethyltransferase resulting in a N5-Formyl-THF, or it can interact with a NADPH driven bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in a NADP and 5,10-Methylene THF.
PW000773ec00670MetabolicThiamine metabolismec00730Lysine degradationec00310Microbial metabolism in diverse environmentsec01120ABC transportersec02010Metabolic pathwayseco01100GLYCINE BIOSYNTHESISOne step pathway for glycine biosynthesis dependent on L-serine, is a major source of one-carbon units in the form of 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate. L-serine is enters cell through transporters (serine / threonine:H+ symporter TdcC, serine/threonine: Na symporter , serine:H+ symporter SdaC ) and then proceeds through reversible reaction with a tetrahydrofolic acid through a serine hydroxymethyltransferase enzyme in order to produce glycine, 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate and waterPW000808MetabolicOne Carbon Pool by Folate IDihydrofolic acid, a product of the folate biosynthesis pathway, can be metabolized by multiple enzymes.
Dihydrofolic acid can be reduced by a NADP-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADPH, hydrogen ion and folic acid.
Dihydrofolic acid can also be reduced by an NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADP and a tetrahydrofolic acid. Folic acid can also produce a tetrahydrofolic acid through a NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase.
Dihydrofolic acid also interacts with 5-thymidylic acid through a thymidylate synthase resulting in the release of dUMP and 5,10-methylene-THF
Tetrahydrofolic acid can be converted into 5,10-methylene-THF through two different reversible reactions.
Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with a S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein through a aminomethyltransferase resulting in the release of ammonia, a dihydrolipoylprotein and 5,10-Methylene-THF
Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with L-serine through a glycine hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a glycine, water and 5,10-Methylene-THF.
The compound 5,10-methylene-THF reacts with an NADPH dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H] resulting in NADP and 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid. This compound interacts with homocysteine through a methionine synthase resulting in L-methionine and tetrahydrofolic acid.
Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 10-formyltetrahydrofolate through 4 different enzymes:
1.- Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with FAICAR through a phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase resulting in a 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
2.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with 5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a Glycineamideribotide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
3.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with Formic acid through a formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase resulting in water and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
4.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) through a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:L-methionyl-tRNA(fMet) N-formyltransferase resulting in a L-methionyl-tRNA(Met) and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
10-formyltetrahydrofolate can interact with a hydrogen ion through a bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in water and
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid.
Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid by reacting with a
5'-phosphoribosyl-a-N-formylglycineamidine through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in water, glycineamideribotide and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. The latter compound can either interact with water through an aminomethyltransferase resulting in a N5-Formyl-THF, or it can interact with a NADPH driven bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in a NADP and 5,10-Methylene THF.
PW001735Metabolicinner membrane transportlist of inner membrane transport complexes, transporting compounds from the periplasmic space to the cytosol
This pathway should be updated regularly with the new inner membrae transports addedPW000786Metabolicpurine nucleotides de novo biosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is a complex process that begins with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. This compound interacts with water and L-glutamine through a
amidophosphoribosyl transferase resulting in a pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid and a 5-phosphoribosylamine. The latter compound proceeds to interact with a glycine through an ATP driven phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase resulting in the addition of glycine to the compound. This reaction releases an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)glycinamide. The latter compound interacts with formic acid, through an ATP driven phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 5-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP-driven
phosphoribosylformylglycinamide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion, a L-glutamic acid and a 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine. The latter compound interacts with an ATP driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide cyclo-ligase resulting in a release of ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide.The latter compound then interacts with a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase resulting in a 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate. This compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through an ATP driven phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a SAICAR. SAICAR interacts with an adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an AICAR. AICAR interacts with a formyltetrahydrofolate through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of a tetrahydropterol mono-l-glutamate and a FAICAR. The latter compound, FAICAR, interacts in a reversible reaction through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of water and Inosinic acid.
Inosinic acid can be metabolized to produce dGTP and dATP three different methods each.
dGTP:
Inosinic acid, water and NAD are processed by IMP dehydrogenase resulting in a release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and Xanthylic acid. Xanthylic acid interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP driven GMP synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, L-glutamic acid, a hydrogen ion and Guanosine monophosphate. The latter compound is the phosphorylated by reacting with an ATP driven guanylate kinase resulting in a release of ADP and a Gaunosine diphosphate. Guanosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways:
1.-Guanosine diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a Guanosine triphosphate. This compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin protein through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in a oxidized flavodoxin a water moleculer and a dGTP
2.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like proteins through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein, a water molecule and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP.
3.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP.
dATP:
Inosinic acid interacts with L-aspartic acid through an GTP driven adenylosuccinate synthase results in the release of GDP, a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP. The latter compound is then cleaved by a adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an Adenosine monophosphate. This compound is then phosphorylated by an adenylate kinase resulting in the release of ATP and an adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways:
1.-Adenosine diphosphate is involved in a reversible reaction by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a phosphate through a ATP synthase / thiamin triphosphate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and an Adenosine triphosphate. The adenosine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a dATP
2.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized thioredoxin and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP
3.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized glutaredoxin-like protein and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP
PW000910Metabolicpurine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis 1435709748PW000960MetabolictRNA Charging 2This pathway groups together all E. coli tRNA charging reactions.PW000803MetabolictRNA chargingThis pathway groups together all E. coli tRNA charging reactions.PW000799Metabolicthreonine biosynthesisThe biosynthesis of threonine starts with oxalacetic acid interacting with an L-glutamic acid through an aspartate aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and an L-aspartic acid. The latter compound is then phosphorylated by an ATP driven Aspartate kinase resulting in an a release of an ADP and an L-aspartyl-4-phosphate. This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a phosphate, an NADP and a L-aspartate-semialdehyde.The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven aspartate kinase / homoserine dehydrogenase resulting in the release of an NADP and a L-homoserine. L-homoserine is phosphorylated through an ATP driven homoserine kinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a O-phosphohomoserine. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule threonine synthase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an L-threonine. PW000817Metabolicglutathione metabolism IIThe biosynthesis of glutathione starts with the introduction of L-glutamic acid through either a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a
glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. Once in the cytoplasm, L-glutamice acid reacts with L-cysteine through an ATP glutamate-cysteine ligase resulting in gamma-glutamylcysteine. This compound reacts which Glycine through an ATP driven glutathione synthetase thus catabolizing Glutathione.
This compound is metabolized through a spontaneous reaction with an oxidized glutaredoxin resulting in a reduced glutaredoxin and an oxidized glutathione. This compound is reduced by a NADPH glutathione reductase resulting in a glutathione.
Glutathione can then be degraded into various different glutathione containg compounds by reacting with a napthalene through a glutathione S-transferase
PW001927Metabolicglutathione metabolism IIIThe biosynthesis of glutathione starts with the introduction of L-glutamic acid through either a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a
glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. Once in the cytoplasm, L-glutamice acid reacts with L-cysteine through an ATP glutamate-cysteine ligase resulting in gamma-glutamylcysteine. This compound reacts which Glycine through an ATP driven glutathione synthetase thus catabolizing Glutathione.
This compound is metabolized through a spontaneous reaction with an oxidized glutaredoxin resulting in a reduced glutaredoxin and an oxidized glutathione. This compound is reduced by a NADPH glutathione reductase resulting in a glutathione.
PW002018MetabolicThiamin diphosphate biosynthesisPW002028Metabolicpurine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis 2The biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is a complex process that begins with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. This compound interacts with water and L-glutamine through a amidophosphoribosyl transferase resulting in a pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid and a 5-phosphoribosylamine. The latter compound proceeds to interact with a glycine through an ATP driven phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase resulting in the addition of glycine to the compound. This reaction releases an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)glycinamide. The latter compound interacts with formic acid, through an ATP driven phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 5-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP-driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion, a L-glutamic acid and a 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine. The latter compound interacts with an ATP driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide cyclo-ligase resulting in a release of ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide(5-Phosphoribosyl-5-carboxyaminoimidazole).The latter compound then interacts with a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase resulting in a 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate. This compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through an ATP driven phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a SAICAR. SAICAR interacts with an adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an AICAR. AICAR interacts with a formyltetrahydrofolate through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of a tetrahydropterol mono-l-glutamate and a FAICAR. The latter compound, FAICAR, interacts in a reversible reaction through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of water and Inosinic acid. Inosinic acid can be metabolized to produce dGTP and dATP three different methods each. dGTP: Inosinic acid, water and NAD are processed by IMP dehydrogenase resulting in a release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and Xanthylic acid. Xanthylic acid interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP driven GMP synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, L-glutamic acid, a hydrogen ion and Guanosine monophosphate. The latter compound is the phosphorylated by reacting with an ATP driven guanylate kinase resulting in a release of ADP and a Gaunosine diphosphate. Guanosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Guanosine diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a Guanosine triphosphate. This compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin protein through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in a oxidized flavodoxin a water moleculer and a dGTP 2.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like proteins through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein, a water molecule and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. 3.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. dATP: Inosinic acid interacts with L-aspartic acid through an GTP driven adenylosuccinate synthase results in the release of GDP, a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP. The latter compound is then cleaved by a adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an Adenosine monophosphate. This compound is then phosphorylated by an adenylate kinase resulting in the release of ATP and an adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Adenosine diphosphate is involved in a reversible reaction by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a phosphate through a ATP synthase / thiamin triphosphate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and an Adenosine triphosphate. The adenosine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a dATP 2.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized thioredoxin and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP 3.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized glutaredoxin-like protein and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATPPW002033MetabolictRNA chargingTRNA-CHARGING-PWYformylTHF biosynthesis I1CMET2-PWYglycine cleavage complexGLYCLEAV-PWYsuperpathway of serine and glycine biosynthesis IGLYSYN-PWYfolate polyglutamylationPWY-2161threonine degradation IITHREONINE-DEG2-PWYthreonine degradation IVPWY-5436glutathione biosynthesisGLUTATHIONESYN-PWYsuperpathway of 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide biosynthesisPWY-62775-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide biosynthesis IPWY-61215-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide biosynthesis IIPWY-6122Specdb::CMs338Specdb::CMs339Specdb::CMs340Specdb::CMs926Specdb::CMs1034Specdb::CMs2814Specdb::CMs28766Specdb::CMs30056Specdb::CMs30058Specdb::CMs30355Specdb::CMs30559Specdb::CMs30724Specdb::CMs30755Specdb::CMs31010Specdb::CMs31011Specdb::CMs31909Specdb::CMs32265Specdb::CMs32378Specdb::CMs37305Specdb::CMs151252Specdb::CMs1050550Specdb::CMs1050552Specdb::CMs1050553Specdb::EiMs629Specdb::NmrOneD1094Specdb::NmrOneD1153Specdb::NmrOneD2467Specdb::NmrOneD3160Specdb::NmrOneD4726Specdb::NmrOneD142330Specdb::NmrOneD142331Specdb::NmrOneD142332Specdb::NmrOneD142333Specdb::NmrOneD142334Specdb::NmrOneD142335Specdb::NmrOneD142336Specdb::NmrOneD142337Specdb::NmrOneD142338Specdb::NmrOneD142339Specdb::NmrOneD142340Specdb::NmrOneD142341Specdb::NmrOneD142342Specdb::NmrOneD142343Specdb::NmrOneD142344Specdb::NmrOneD142345Specdb::NmrOneD142346Specdb::NmrOneD142347Specdb::NmrOneD142348Specdb::NmrOneD142349Specdb::MsMs180Specdb::MsMs181Specdb::MsMs182Specdb::MsMs2922Specdb::MsMs2923Specdb::MsMs2924Specdb::MsMs2925Specdb::MsMs2926Specdb::MsMs2927Specdb::MsMs2928Specdb::MsMs2929Specdb::MsMs2930Specdb::MsMs2934Specdb::MsMs7325Specdb::MsMs7326Specdb::MsMs7327Specdb::MsMs13997Specdb::MsMs13998Specdb::MsMs13999Specdb::MsMs374161Specdb::MsMs437677Specdb::MsMs437678Specdb::MsMs437679Specdb::MsMs440029Specdb::MsMs446181Specdb::NmrTwoD959Specdb::NmrTwoD1152HMDB00123750730C0003715428GLYGLY_LFZWGlycineKeseler, I. 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Science 316:593-597.17379776Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4.19212411Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38.2026685Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7.12097436Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. 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Journal of the Chemical Society (1929), 2163-6.http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/084/original/HMDB00123.pdf?1358894433Glycyl-tRNA synthetase alpha subunitP00960SYGA_ECOLIglyQhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00960.xmlGlycyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunitP00961SYGB_ECOLIglyShttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00961.xmlGlutathione synthetaseP04425GSHB_ECOLIgshBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04425.xmlAminopeptidase NP04825AMPN_ECOLIpepNhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04825.xmlSerine hydroxymethyltransferaseP0A825GLYA_ECOLIglyAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A825.xmlDihydrolipoyl dehydrogenaseP0A9P0DLDH_ECOLIlpdAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9P0.xml2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligaseP0AB77KBL_ECOLIkblhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AB77.xmlAminoacyl-histidine dipeptidaseP15288PEPD_ECOLIpepDhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P15288.xmlPhosphoribosylamine--glycine ligaseP15640PUR2_ECOLIpurDhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P15640.xmlAminomethyltransferaseP27248GCST_ECOLIgcvThttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P27248.xmlGlycine dehydrogenase [decarboxylating]P33195GCSP_ECOLIgcvPhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P33195.xmlPeptidase BP37095PEPB_ECOLIpepBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37095.xmlCytosol aminopeptidaseP68767AMPA_ECOLIpepAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P68767.xmlLow specificity L-threonine aldolaseP75823LTAE_ECOLIltaEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75823.xmlN-methyl-L-tryptophan oxidaseP40874MTOX_ECOLIsolAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P40874.xmlGlycine cleavage system H proteinP0A6T9GCSH_ECOLIgcvHhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6T9.xmlAminopeptidase NP04825AMPN_ECOLIpepNhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04825.xmlUncharacterized transporter yaaJP30143YAAJ_ECOLIyaaJhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P30143.xmlUncharacterized amino-acid ABC transporter ATP-binding protein yecCP37774YECC_ECOLIyecChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37774.xmlInner membrane amino-acid ABC transporter permease protein yecSP0AFT2YECS_ECOLIyecShttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFT2.xmlD-serine/D-alanine/glycine transporterP0AAE0CYCA_ECOLIcycAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AAE0.xmlUncharacterized transporter YeaVP0ABD1YEAV_ECOLIyeaVhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABD1.xmlOuter membrane protein NP77747OMPN_ECOLIompNhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xmlOuter membrane pore protein EP02932PHOE_ECOLIphoEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xmlOuter membrane protein FP02931OMPF_ECOLIompFhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xmlOuter membrane protein CP06996OMPC_ECOLIompChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xmlCysteinylglycine + Water > L-Cysteine + GlycineR00899RXN-6622L-Threonine <> Acetaldehyde + GlycineR00751THREONINE-ALDOLASE-RXNL-Allothreonine > Acetaldehyde + GlycineR06171LTAA-RXNGlycine + NAD + Tetrahydrofolic acid > Carbon dioxide + 5,10-Methylene-THF + NADH + AmmoniumAdenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) + tRNA(Gly) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) + Pyrophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly)R03654Water + L-Prolinylglycine > Glycine + L-ProlineWater + Oxygen + Sarcosine > Formaldehyde + Glycine + Hydrogen peroxideL-Serine + Tetrahydrofolic acid <> Glycine + Water + 5,10-Methylene-THFR00945GLYOHMETRANS-RXNAdenosine triphosphate + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine <> ADP + Glutathione + Hydrogen ion + PhosphateR00497GLUTATHIONE-SYN-RXNAcetyl-CoA + Glycine <> L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid + Coenzyme AR00371AKBLIG-RXNAdenosine triphosphate + Glycine + 5-Phosphoribosylamine <> ADP + Glycineamideribotide + Hydrogen ion + PhosphateR04144GLYRIBONUCSYN-RXNAdenosine triphosphate + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine <> ADP + Phosphate + GlutathioneR00497Cysteinylglycine + Water <> L-Cysteine + GlycineR008995,10-Methylene-THF + Glycine + Water <> Tetrahydrofolic acid + L-SerineR00945GLYOHMETRANS-RXNGlycine + Tetrahydrofolic acid + NAD <> 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide + NADH + Hydrogen ionR01221Glycine + Lipoylprotein <> S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein + Carbon dioxideR03425Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly)R03654Adenosine triphosphate + 5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine <> ADP + Phosphate + GlycineamideribotideR04144R-S-Cysteinylglycine + Water <> S-Substituted L-cysteine + GlycineR04951L-Allothreonine <> Glycine + AcetaldehydeR06171L-Serine + 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydromethanopterin <> 5,10-Methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + Glycine + WaterR09099NAD + Glycine + Tetrahydrofolic acid > Hydrogen ion + 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide + NADHR01221GCVMULTI-RXNGlycine + Acetyl-CoA <> Hydrogen ion + L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid + Coenzyme AAKBLIG-RXNGlycine + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + Glutathione + Phosphate + ADPGLUTATHIONE-SYN-RXNL-<i>threo</i>-3-phenylserine benzaldehyde + GlycinePHENYLSERINE-ALDOLASE-RXNDL-allothreonine <> Acetaldehyde + GlycineRXN0-52344-Hydroxy-L-threonine <> Glycolaldehyde + GlycineRXN0-6563gly-met + Water > Glycine + L-MethionineRXN0-6974ala-gly + Water > L-Alanine + GlycineRXN0-6977gly-asn + Water > Glycine + L-AsparagineRXN0-6982gly-gln + Water > Glycine + L-GlutamineRXN0-6983glycyl-L-glutamate + Water > Glycine + L-GlutamateRXN0-6984gly-asp + Water > Glycine + L-Aspartic acidRXN0-6987glycylproline + Water > Glycine + L-ProlineRXN0-6988L-Threonine > Acetaldehyde + GlycineTHREONINE-ALDOLASE-RXNGlycine + H-protein-lipoyllysine > H-protein-S-aminomethyldihydrolipoyllysine + Carbon dioxide5,10-Methylene-THF + Glycine + Water > Tetrahydrofolic acid + L-SerineAdenosine triphosphate + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine > ADP + Inorganic phosphate + GlutathioneAcetyl-CoA + Glycine > CoA + L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acidAdenosine triphosphate + 5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine > ADP + Inorganic phosphate + 5'-Phospho-ribosylglycinamideAdenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + glycyl-tRNA(Gly)Tetrahydrofolic acid + L-Serine + Tetrahydrofolic acid + L-Serine <> 5,10-Methylene-THF + Glycine + Water + 5,10-Methylene-THFPW_R002544L-Alanine + Glyoxylic acid + L-Alanine <> Glycine + Pyruvic acidPW_R002587Glycine + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + tRNA(gly) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly)PW_R002827gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + Phosphate + Adenosine diphosphate + Glutathione + ADPPW_R0030535-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + Adenosine triphosphate + 5-Phosphoribosylamine > N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)glycinamide + Phosphate + Adenosine diphosphate + Hydrogen ion + ADPPW_R003411L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid + Coenzyme A > Acetyl-CoA + GlycinePW_R005169Adenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) + PyrophosphateAdenosine triphosphate + gamma-Glutamylcysteine + Glycine <> ADP + Glutathione + Hydrogen ion + PhosphateL-Threonine <> Acetaldehyde + GlycineL-Allothreonine > Acetaldehyde + GlycineCysteinylglycine + Water > L-Cysteine + GlycineAdenosine triphosphate + Glycine + 5 5-Phosphoribosylamine <> ADP + Glycineamideribotide + Hydrogen ion + PhosphateGlycine + Lipoylprotein <> S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein + Carbon dioxideGlycine + Tetrahydrofolic acid + NAD <>5 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide + NADH + Hydrogen ionAdenosine triphosphate + Glycine + tRNA(Gly) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Glycyl-tRNA(Gly) + PyrophosphateL-Allothreonine > Acetaldehyde + GlycineGlycine + Tetrahydrofolic acid + NAD <>5 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide + NADH + Hydrogen ion48 mM Na2HPO4, 22 mM KH2PO4, 10 mM NaCl, 45 mM (NH4)2SO4, supplemented with 1 mM MgSO4, 1 mg/l thiamine·HCl, 5.6 mg/l CaCl2, 8 mg/l FeCl3, 1 mg/l MnCl2·4H2O, 1.7 mg/l ZnCl2, 0.43 mg/l CuCl2·2H2O, 0.6 mg/l CoCl2·2H2O and 0.6 mg/l Na2MoO4·2H2O. 4 g/L GlucoBioreactor, pH controlled, O2 and CO2 controlled, dilution rate: 0.2/h318.0uM0.037 oCBW25113Stationary Phase, glucose limited12720000Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597.17379776Luria-Bertani (LB) mediaShake flask235.33uMtrue14.1537 oCBL21 DE3Stationary phase cultures (overnight culture)94133356616Lin, Z., Johnson, L. C., Weissbach, H., Brot, N., Lively, M. O., Lowther, W. T. (2007). "Free methionine-(R)-sulfoxide reductase from Escherichia coli reveals a new GAF domain function." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:9597-9602.17535911