2.02012-05-31 13:49:58 -06002015-09-13 15:15:22 -0600ECMDB01328M2MDB000339dTDP-D-GlucosedTDP-D-glucose is a member of the chemical class known as Pyrimidine Nucleotide Sugars. These are pyrimidine nucleotides bound to a saccharide derivative through the terminal phosphate group. dTDP-D-glucose is a key metabolite in prokaryotes as a precursor for a large number of modified deoxysugars, and these deoxysugars are a major part of various antibiotics, ranging from glycosides to macrolides. (PMID 18051285)DTDP-D-GlucoseDTDP-delta-glucoseDTDP-GlcDTDP-GlucosedTDP-δ-GlucoseDTDPglucoseMono-a-D-glucopyranosyl estermono-a-delta-Glucopyranosyl estermono-a-δ-Glucopyranosyl esterMono-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl esterMono-alpha-delta-glucopyranosyl estermono-α-D-Glucopyranosyl estermono-α-δ-Glucopyranosyl esterP-a-D-Glucopyranosyl esterP-alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl esterP-α-D-Glucopyranosyl esterTDP-D-GlucoseTDP-delta-glucoseTDP-GlcTDP-GlucoseTDP-δ-GlucoseTDPGThymidine 5-(trihydrogen diphosphate)Thymidine 5-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid)Thymidine 5-diphosphate-D-GlucoseThymidine 5-diphosphate-delta-GlucoseThymidine 5-diphosphate-δ-glucoseThymidine 5-diphosphoric acid-D-glucoseThymidine 5-diphosphoric acid-delta-glucoseThymidine 5-diphosphoric acid-δ-glucoseC16H26N2O16P2564.329564.075755818{[hydroxy({[(3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy})phosphoryl]oxy}({[(2R,3S,5R)-3-hydroxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy})phosphinic aciddtdp-D-glucose2196-62-5CC1=CN([C@H]2C[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3O)O2)C(=O)NC1=OInChI=1S/C16H26N2O16P2/c1-6-3-18(16(25)17-14(6)24)10-2-7(20)9(31-10)5-30-35(26,27)34-36(28,29)33-15-13(23)12(22)11(21)8(4-19)32-15/h3,7-13,15,19-23H,2,4-5H2,1H3,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)(H,17,24,25)/t7-,8+,9+,10+,11+,12-,13+,15?/m0/s1YSYKRGRSMLTJNL-KFQCIAAJSA-NCytosollogp-1.21logs-1.70solubility1.12e+01 g/llogp-3.7pka_strongest_acidic1.73pka_strongest_basic-3iupac{[hydroxy({[(3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy})phosphoryl]oxy}({[(2R,3S,5R)-3-hydroxy-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy})phosphinic acidaverage_mass564.329mono_mass564.075755818smilesCC1=CN([C@H]2C[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC3O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]3O)O2)C(=O)NC1=OformulaC16H26N2O16P2inchiInChI=1S/C16H26N2O16P2/c1-6-3-18(16(25)17-14(6)24)10-2-7(20)9(31-10)5-30-35(26,27)34-36(28,29)33-15-13(23)12(22)11(21)8(4-19)32-15/h3,7-13,15,19-23H,2,4-5H2,1H3,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)(H,17,24,25)/t7-,8+,9+,10+,11+,12-,13+,15?/m0/s1inchikeyYSYKRGRSMLTJNL-KFQCIAAJSA-Npolar_surface_area271.31refractivity109.3polarizability46.61rotatable_bond_count9acceptor_count13donor_count8physiological_charge-2formal_charge0Starch and sucrose metabolismThe metabolism of starch and sucrose begins with D-fructose interacting with a D-glucose in a reversible reaction through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a water molecule and a sucrose. D-fructose is phosphorylated through an ATP driven fructokinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through either a mannose PTS permease or a hexose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter.
The Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate is isomerized through a phosphoglucose isomerase resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be incorporated by glucose PTS permease or a hexose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter.
The beta-D-glucose 6 phosphate can also be produced by a D-glucose being phosphorylated by an ATP-driven glucokinase resulting in a ADP, a hydrogen ion and a Beta-D-glucose 6 phosphate.
The beta-D-glucose can produce alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate by two methods:
1.-Beta-D-glucose is isomerized into an alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate and then interacts in a reversible reaction through a phosphoglucomutase-1 resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate.
2.-Beta-D-glucose interacts with a putative beta-phosphoglucomutase resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate. Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate can be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a
glucose PTS permease. This compound is then isomerized into a Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate
The beta-D-glucose can cycle back into a D-fructose by first interacting with D-fructose in a reversible reaction through a Polypeptide: predicted glucosyltransferase resulting in the release of a phosphate and a sucrose. The sucrose then interacts in a reversible reaction with a water molecule through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a D-glucose and a D-fructose.
Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate can produce glycogen in by two different sets of reactions:
1.-Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate interacts with a hydrogen ion and an ATP through a glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and an ADP-glucose. The ADP-glucose then interacts with an amylose through a glycogen synthase resulting in the release of an ADP and an Amylose. The amylose then interacts with 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme resulting in glycogen
2.- Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate interacts with amylose through a maltodextrin phosphorylase resulting in a phosphate and a glycogen.
Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate can also interacts with UDP-galactose through a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase resulting in a galactose 1-phosphate and a Uridine diphosphate glucose. The UDP-glucose then interacts with an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase resulting in a uridine 5'-diphosphate, a hydrogen ion and a Trehalose 6- phosphate. The latter compound can also be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a trehalose PTS permease. Trehalose interacts with a water molecule through a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an alpha,alpha-trehalose.The alpha,alpha-trehalose can also be obtained from glycogen being metabolized through a glycogen debranching enzyme resulting in a the alpha, alpha-trehalose. This compound ca then be hydrated through a cytoplasmic trehalase resulting in the release of an alpha-D-glucose and a beta-d-glucose.
Glycogen is then metabolized by reacting with a phosphate through a glycogen phosphorylase resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and a dextrin. The dextrin is then hydrated through a glycogen phosphorylase-limit dextrin α-1,6-glucohydrolase resulting in the release of a debranched limit dextrin and a maltotetraose. This compound can also be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a
maltose ABC transporter. The maltotetraose interacts with a phosphate through a maltodextrin phosphorylase releasing a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and a maltotriose. The maltotriose can also be incorporated through a maltose ABC transporter. The maltotriose can then interact with water through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a D-glucose and a D-maltose. D-maltose can also be incorporated through a
maltose ABC transporter
The D-maltose can then interact with a maltotriose through a amylomaltase resulting in a maltotetraose and a D-glucose. The D-glucose is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven glucokinase resulting in a hydrogen ion, an ADP and a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphatePW000941ec00500MetabolicStreptomycin biosynthesisec00521Polyketide sugar unit biosynthesisec00523Biosynthesis of vancomycin group antibioticsec01055Metabolic pathwayseco01100Secondary Metabolites: enterobacterial common antigen biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of a enterobacterial common antigen can begin with a di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate interacts with a Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine through undecaprenyl-phosphate α-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase resulting in a N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol and a Uridine 5'-monophosphate. The N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol then reacts with an UDP-ManNAcA from the Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathway. This reaction is metabolized by a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid transferase resulting in a uridine 5' diphosphate, a hydrogen ion and a Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate.
Glucose 1 phosphate can be metabolize by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a thymidine 5-triphosphate by either reacting with a dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase or a dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and a dTDP-D-glucose. The latter compound is then dehydrated through an dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase 2 resulting in water and dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamic acid through a dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose transaminase resulting in the release of oxoglutaric acid and dTDP-thomosamine. The latter compound interacts with acetyl-coa through a dTDP-fucosamine acetyltransferase resulting in a Coenzyme A, a hydrogen Ion and a TDP-Fuc4NAc.
Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate then interacts with a TDP--Fuc4NAc through a 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose transferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a dTDP and a Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate. This compound is then transported through a protein wzxE into the periplasmic space so that it can be incorporated into the outer membrane
Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is an outer membrane glycolipid common to all members of Enterobacteriaceae. ECA is a unique cell surface antigen that can be found in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. The carbohydrate portion consists of N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. These amino sugars form trisaccharide repeat units which are part of linear heteropolysaccharide chains.PW000959MetabolicSecondary Metabolites: enterobacterial common antigen biosynthesis 2The biosynthesis of a enterobacterial common antigen can begin with a di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate interacts with a Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine through undecaprenyl-phosphate α-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase resulting in a N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol and a Uridine 5'-monophosphate. The N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol then reacts with an UDP-ManNAcA from the Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathway. This reaction is metabolized by a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid transferase resulting in a uridine 5' diphosphate, a hydrogen ion and a Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate. Glucose 1 phosphate can be metabolize by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a thymidine 5-triphosphate by either reacting with a dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase or a dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and a dTDP-D-glucose. The latter compound is then dehydrated through an dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase 2 resulting in water and dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamic acid through a dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose transaminase resulting in the release of oxoglutaric acid and dTDP-thomosamine. The latter compound interacts with acetyl-coa through a dTDP-fucosamine acetyltransferase resulting in a Coenzyme A, a hydrogen Ion and a TDP-Fuc4NAc. Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate then interacts with a TDP--Fuc4NAc through a 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose transferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a dTDP and a Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate. This compound is then transported through a protein wzxE into the periplasmic space so that it can be incorporated into the outer membrane Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is an outer membrane glycolipid common to all members of Enterobacteriaceae. ECA is a unique cell surface antigen that can be found in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. The carbohydrate portion consists of N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. These amino sugars form trisaccharide repeat units which are part of linear heteropolysaccharide chains.PW002045MetabolicO-antigen building blocks biosynthesisLipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major outer membrane component, is composed of three domains: Lipid A; the core, which is an oligosaccharide consisting of an inner and outer region; and a distal repeating unit known as O-antigen.
E. coli K12 is capable of producing an O-antigen when all the rfb genes are intact. The O-antigen is part of the lipopolysaccharide and is attached to the lipid A-core component, which is separately synthesized. The O-antigen is a repeat unit composed of four sugars: glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and rhamnose.
This pathway depicts the synthesis of three of these sugars. UDP-galactose is transformed from its pyranose form to its furanose form. dTTP glucose-1-phosphate is derivatized to dTDP-rhamnose. Fructose-6-phosphate gains an amino group, incorporates an acetate moiety and then acquires a nucleoside diphosphate resulting in UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.(EcoCyc)PW002089Metabolicenterobacterial common antigen biosynthesisECASYN-PWYdTDP-L-rhamnose biosynthesis IDTDPRHAMSYN-PWYSpecdb::CMs25749Specdb::CMs38025Specdb::NmrOneD286015Specdb::NmrOneD286016Specdb::NmrOneD286017Specdb::NmrOneD286018Specdb::NmrOneD286019Specdb::NmrOneD286020Specdb::NmrOneD286021Specdb::NmrOneD286022Specdb::NmrOneD286023Specdb::NmrOneD286024Specdb::NmrOneD286025Specdb::NmrOneD286026Specdb::NmrOneD286027Specdb::NmrOneD286028Specdb::NmrOneD286029Specdb::NmrOneD286030Specdb::NmrOneD286031Specdb::NmrOneD286032Specdb::NmrOneD286033Specdb::NmrOneD286034Specdb::MsMs25352Specdb::MsMs25353Specdb::MsMs25354Specdb::MsMs31910Specdb::MsMs31911Specdb::MsMs31912HMDB01328439324388455C0084215700DTDP-D-GLUCOSEKeseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590.21097882Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114.22080510van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25.17765195Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948.18331064Han, J. M., Kim, S. M., Lee, H. J., Yoo, J. C. (2007). "Cloning and expression of glucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase gene (schS6) from Streptomyces sp. SCC-2136." J Microbiol Biotechnol 17:685-690.18051285Goncalves, Ruth J. Thymidine diphosphate glucose and biosynthesis of glucosides in wheat germ. I. Enzymologia (1963), 26(5), 287-93. UDP-glucose 4-epimeraseP09147GALE_ECOLIgalEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P09147.xmldTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase 2P27830RMLB2_ECOLIrffGhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P27830.xmlGlucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase 1P37744RMLA1_ECOLIrmlA1http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37744.xmldTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase 1P37759RMLB1_ECOLIrfbBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37759.xmlGlucose-1-phosphate thymidylyltransferase 2P61887RMLA2_ECOLIrmlA2http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P61887.xmlThymidine 5'-triphosphate + Glucose 1-phosphate + Hydrogen ion <> dTDP-D-Glucose + PyrophosphateR02328DTDPGLUCOSEPP-RXNdTDP-D-Glucose <> 4,6-Dideoxy-4-oxo-dTDP-D-glucose + WaterR06513DTDPGLUCDEHYDRAT-RXNThymidine 5'-triphosphate + Glucose 1-phosphate <> Pyrophosphate + dTDP-D-GlucoseR02328dTDP-D-Glucose <> dTDP-D-GalactoseR02984dTDP-D-Glucose > dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + WaterPW_R003705Thymidine 5'-triphosphate + Hydrogen ion + Glucose 1-phosphate > Pyrophosphate + dTDP-D-GlucosePW_R003706Alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + Thymidine 5'-triphosphate + Hydrogen ion > Pyrophosphate + dTDP-D-GlucosePW_R005999dTDP-D-Glucose > Water + 4,6-Dideoxy-4-oxo-dTDP-D-glucosePW_R006002α-D-glucose 1-phosphate + Thymidine 5'-triphosphate + Hydrogen ion > dTDP-D-Glucose + PyrophosphatePW_R006096dTDP-D-Glucose <> dTDP-D-GalactosedTDP-D-Glucose <>4 4,6-Dideoxy-4-oxo-dTDP-D-glucose + WaterThymidine 5'-triphosphate + Glucose 1-phosphate + Hydrogen ion <> dTDP-D-Glucose + Pyrophosphate