2.02012-05-31 14:09:02 -06002015-06-03 15:54:53 -0600ECMDB06557M2MDB000683ADP-GlucoseADP-glucose serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants. It is an intermediate in starch and sucrose metabolism and involved in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. (KEGG)Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) glucopyranosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) p'-a-delta-glucopyranosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) p'-a-δ-glucopyranosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) P'-alpha-delta-glucopyranosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) p'-α-δ-glucopyranosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) glucopyranosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) p'-a-delta-glucopyranosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) p'-a-δ-glucopyranosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) p'-alpha-delta-glucopyranosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) p'-α-δ-glucopyranosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) mono-D-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) mono-delta-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) mono-δ-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphoric acid) mono-D-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphoric acid) mono-delta-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphoric acid) mono-δ-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-diphosphoglucoseAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphate a-D-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphate a-delta-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphate a-δ-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphate alpha-D-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphate alpha-delta-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphate glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphate mono-D-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphate mono-delta-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphate mono-δ-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphate α-D-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphate α-δ-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid a-D-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid a-delta-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid a-δ-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid alpha-D-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid alpha-delta-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid mono-D-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid mono-delta-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid mono-δ-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid α-D-glucosyl esterAdenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid α-δ-glucosyl esterAdenosine diphosphate D-glucoseAdenosine diphosphate glucoseAdenosine diphosphoglucoseAdenosine diphosphoric acid D-glucoseAdenosine diphosphoric acid glucoseAdenosine pyrophosphate-glucoseAdenosine pyrophosphoric acid-glucoseAdenosine-5'-diphosphate-glucoseAdenosine-5'-diphosphoric acid-glucoseADP-D-GlucoseADP-GlcADP-GlucoseADP-α-D-glucoseC16H25N5O15P2589.3417589.082238179[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy})phosphinic acidadp glucose2140-58-1NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)O[C@H]4O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1InChI=1S/C16H25N5O15P2/c17-13-7-14(19-3-18-13)21(4-20-7)15-11(26)9(24)6(33-15)2-32-37(28,29)36-38(30,31)35-16-12(27)10(25)8(23)5(1-22)34-16/h3-6,8-12,15-16,22-27H,1-2H2,(H,28,29)(H,30,31)(H2,17,18,19)/t5-,6-,8-,9-,10+,11-,12-,15-,16-/m1/s1WFPZSXYXPSUOPY-ROYWQJLOSA-NSolidCytosollogp-1.76logs-2.09solubility4.84e+00 g/llogp-6.8pka_strongest_acidic1.73pka_strongest_basic3.99iupac[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy})phosphinic acidaverage_mass589.3417mono_mass589.082238179smilesNC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)O[C@H]4O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1formulaC16H25N5O15P2inchiInChI=1S/C16H25N5O15P2/c17-13-7-14(19-3-18-13)21(4-20-7)15-11(26)9(24)6(33-15)2-32-37(28,29)36-38(30,31)35-16-12(27)10(25)8(23)5(1-22)34-16/h3-6,8-12,15-16,22-27H,1-2H2,(H,28,29)(H,30,31)(H2,17,18,19)/t5-,6-,8-,9-,10+,11-,12-,15-,16-/m1/s1inchikeyWFPZSXYXPSUOPY-ROYWQJLOSA-Npolar_surface_area311.75refractivity117.09polarizability48.69rotatable_bond_count9acceptor_count16donor_count9physiological_charge-2formal_charge0Starch and sucrose metabolismThe metabolism of starch and sucrose begins with D-fructose interacting with a D-glucose in a reversible reaction through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a water molecule and a sucrose. D-fructose is phosphorylated through an ATP driven fructokinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through either a mannose PTS permease or a hexose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter.
The Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate is isomerized through a phosphoglucose isomerase resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be incorporated by glucose PTS permease or a hexose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter.
The beta-D-glucose 6 phosphate can also be produced by a D-glucose being phosphorylated by an ATP-driven glucokinase resulting in a ADP, a hydrogen ion and a Beta-D-glucose 6 phosphate.
The beta-D-glucose can produce alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate by two methods:
1.-Beta-D-glucose is isomerized into an alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate and then interacts in a reversible reaction through a phosphoglucomutase-1 resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate.
2.-Beta-D-glucose interacts with a putative beta-phosphoglucomutase resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate. Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate can be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a
glucose PTS permease. This compound is then isomerized into a Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate
The beta-D-glucose can cycle back into a D-fructose by first interacting with D-fructose in a reversible reaction through a Polypeptide: predicted glucosyltransferase resulting in the release of a phosphate and a sucrose. The sucrose then interacts in a reversible reaction with a water molecule through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a D-glucose and a D-fructose.
Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate can produce glycogen in by two different sets of reactions:
1.-Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate interacts with a hydrogen ion and an ATP through a glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and an ADP-glucose. The ADP-glucose then interacts with an amylose through a glycogen synthase resulting in the release of an ADP and an Amylose. The amylose then interacts with 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme resulting in glycogen
2.- Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate interacts with amylose through a maltodextrin phosphorylase resulting in a phosphate and a glycogen.
Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate can also interacts with UDP-galactose through a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase resulting in a galactose 1-phosphate and a Uridine diphosphate glucose. The UDP-glucose then interacts with an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase resulting in a uridine 5'-diphosphate, a hydrogen ion and a Trehalose 6- phosphate. The latter compound can also be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a trehalose PTS permease. Trehalose interacts with a water molecule through a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an alpha,alpha-trehalose.The alpha,alpha-trehalose can also be obtained from glycogen being metabolized through a glycogen debranching enzyme resulting in a the alpha, alpha-trehalose. This compound ca then be hydrated through a cytoplasmic trehalase resulting in the release of an alpha-D-glucose and a beta-d-glucose.
Glycogen is then metabolized by reacting with a phosphate through a glycogen phosphorylase resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and a dextrin. The dextrin is then hydrated through a glycogen phosphorylase-limit dextrin α-1,6-glucohydrolase resulting in the release of a debranched limit dextrin and a maltotetraose. This compound can also be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a
maltose ABC transporter. The maltotetraose interacts with a phosphate through a maltodextrin phosphorylase releasing a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and a maltotriose. The maltotriose can also be incorporated through a maltose ABC transporter. The maltotriose can then interact with water through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a D-glucose and a D-maltose. D-maltose can also be incorporated through a
maltose ABC transporter
The D-maltose can then interact with a maltotriose through a amylomaltase resulting in a maltotetraose and a D-glucose. The D-glucose is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven glucokinase resulting in a hydrogen ion, an ADP and a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphatePW000941ec00500MetabolicAmino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolismec00520Metabolic pathwayseco01100Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism IIThe synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate.
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound is then deaminased into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase.
The beta-D-fructofuranose 6 -phosphate is isomerized in a reversible reaction into an alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be introduced into the cell from the periplasmic space through a mannose PTS permease that phosphorylates an alpha-D-mannose. Alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate undergoes a reversible reaction through a phosphomannomutase to produce an alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate.
The alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate enters the nucleotide sugar metabolism through a reaction with GTP producing a GDP-mannose and releasing a pyrophosphate, all through a mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase. GDP-mannose is then dehydrated to produce GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose through a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase. This compound is then used to synthesize GDP-Beta-L-fucose through a NADPH dependent GDP-L-fucose synthase.
Alpha-D-glucose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glucose PTS permease, which phosphorylates the compound in order to produce an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is then modified through a phosphoglucomutase 1 to yield alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound can either be adenylated to produce ADP-glucose or uridylylated to produce galactose 1-phosphate through glucose-1-phosphate adenyllyltransferase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase respectively.PW000887MetabolicAmino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism IIIThe synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate.
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound is then deaminased into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase.
Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate is isomerized into a beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. The compound is then isomerized by a putative beta-phosphoglucomutase to produce a beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound enters the nucleotide sugar metabolism through uridylation resulting in a UDP-glucose. UDP-glucose is then dehydrated through a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase to produce a UDP-glucuronic acid. This compound undergoes a NAD dependent reaction through a bifunctional polymyxin resistance protein to produce UDP-Beta-L-threo-pentapyranos-4-ulose. This compound then reacts with L-glutamic acid through a UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose--oxoglutarate aminotransferase to produce an oxoglutaric acid and UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-L-arabinopyranose
The latter compound interacts with a N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate through a bifunctional polymyxin resistance protein ArnA, resulting in a tetrahydrofolate, a hydrogen ion and a UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinopyranose, which in turn reacts with a product of the methylerythritol phosphate and polysoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate to produce a 4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl ditrans, octacis-undecaprenyl phosphate.
Alpha-D-glucose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glucose PTS permease, which phosphorylates the compound in order to produce an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is then modified through a phosphoglucomutase 1 to yield alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound can either be adenylated to produce ADP-glucose or uridylylated to produce galactose 1-phosphate through glucose-1-phosphate adenyllyltransferase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase respectively.PW000895MetabolicSecondary metabolites: Trehalose Biosynthesis and MetabolismThrehalose biosynthesis begins with an Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate interacting with an ATP through a glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and an ADP-glucose. The latter compound interacts in a reversible reaction with an amylose through a glycogen synthase resulting in the release of an ADP and an amylose. Amylose then interacts in a reversible reaction with 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme resulting in a glycogen
Glycogen can also be produced by a reversible reaction with Amylose through a maltodextrin phosphorylase, releasing a phosphate and a glycogen.
Glycogen is then transformed into trehalose through a glycogen debranching enzyme.
Trehalose then interacts with a water molecule through a cytoplasmic trehalase resulting in the release of a Beta-D-glucose and an Alpha-D-glucose.
The beta-D-glucose is then phosphorylated by and ATP driven glucokinase resulting in a hydrogen ion, an ADP and a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate.PW000968Metabolicglycogen biosynthesis I (from ADP-D-Glucose)GLYCOGENSYNTH-PWYSpecdb::CMs14516Specdb::CMs39040Specdb::CMs282852Specdb::CMs415412Specdb::CMs415413Specdb::CMs415414Specdb::CMs415415Specdb::CMs415416Specdb::CMs415417Specdb::CMs415418Specdb::CMs415419Specdb::CMs415420Specdb::CMs415421Specdb::CMs415422Specdb::CMs415423Specdb::CMs415424Specdb::CMs415425Specdb::CMs415426Specdb::CMs415427Specdb::CMs415428Specdb::CMs415429Specdb::CMs415430Specdb::CMs415431Specdb::CMs415432Specdb::CMs415433Specdb::NmrOneD74812Specdb::NmrOneD74813Specdb::NmrOneD74814Specdb::NmrOneD74815Specdb::NmrOneD74816Specdb::NmrOneD74817Specdb::NmrOneD74818Specdb::NmrOneD74819Specdb::NmrOneD74820Specdb::NmrOneD74821Specdb::NmrOneD74822Specdb::NmrOneD74823Specdb::NmrOneD74824Specdb::NmrOneD74825Specdb::NmrOneD74826Specdb::NmrOneD74827Specdb::NmrOneD74828Specdb::NmrOneD74829Specdb::NmrOneD74830Specdb::NmrOneD74831Specdb::MsMs23948Specdb::MsMs23949Specdb::MsMs23950Specdb::MsMs30746Specdb::MsMs30747Specdb::MsMs30748Specdb::MsMs1470782Specdb::MsMs1470783Specdb::MsMs1471119Specdb::MsMs1471131Specdb::MsMs2231247Specdb::MsMs2232976Specdb::MsMs2233644Specdb::MsMs2235269Specdb::MsMs2844704Specdb::MsMs2844705Specdb::MsMs2844706Specdb::MsMs2860495Specdb::MsMs2860496Specdb::MsMs2860497HMDB065571650015642C0049815751ADP-D-GLUCOSEADQKeseler, I. 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(1972), 16 pp. CODEN: GWXXBX DE 2038262 19720203 CAN 76:99993 AN 1972:99993 Glycogen synthaseP0A6U8GLGA_ECOLIglgAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6U8.xmlGlucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferaseP0A6V1GLGC_ECOLIglgChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6V1.xmlADP-Glucose > ADP + Glycogen + Hydrogen ionAdenosine triphosphate + Glucose 1-phosphate + Hydrogen ion <> ADP-Glucose + PyrophosphateR00948GLUC1PADENYLTRANS-RXNAdenosine triphosphate + Glucose 1-phosphate <> Pyrophosphate + ADP-GlucoseR00948ADP-Glucose + 1,4-alpha-D-glucan <> ADP + 1,4-alpha-D-glucanR02421Hydrogen ion + Glucose 1-phosphate + Adenosine triphosphate > ADP-Glucose + PyrophosphateGLUC1PADENYLTRANS-RXNa 1,4-α-D-glucan + ADP-Glucose <> ADP + a 1,4-α-D-glucanGLYCOGENSYN-RXNADP-Glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)(n) > ADP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)(n+1)Adenosine triphosphate + Alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate > Pyrophosphate + ADP-GlucoseAlpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + Adenosine triphosphate > ADP-Glucose + PyrophosphatePW_R003349Alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion > ADP-Glucose + PyrophosphatePW_R003511ADP-Glucose + Amylose <> Amylose + Adenosine diphosphate + ADPPW_R003512Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glucoseShake flask and filter culture4.27uM0.037 oCK12 NCM3722Mid-Log Phase170800Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599.19561621