2.0 2012-05-31 14:09:02 -0600 2015-06-03 15:54:53 -0600 ECMDB06557 M2MDB000683 ADP-Glucose ADP-glucose serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants. It is an intermediate in starch and sucrose metabolism and involved in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. (KEGG) Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) glucopyranosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) p'-a-delta-glucopyranosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) p'-a-δ-glucopyranosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) P'-alpha-delta-glucopyranosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) p'-α-δ-glucopyranosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) glucopyranosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) p'-a-delta-glucopyranosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) p'-a-δ-glucopyranosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) p'-alpha-delta-glucopyranosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) p'-α-δ-glucopyranosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) mono-D-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) mono-delta-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) mono-δ-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphoric acid) mono-D-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphoric acid) mono-delta-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphoric acid) mono-δ-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-diphosphoglucose Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate a-D-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate a-delta-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate a-δ-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate alpha-D-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate alpha-delta-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate mono-D-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate mono-delta-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate mono-δ-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate α-D-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphate α-δ-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid a-D-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid a-delta-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid a-δ-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid alpha-D-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid alpha-delta-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid mono-D-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid mono-delta-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid mono-δ-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid α-D-glucosyl ester Adenosine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid α-δ-glucosyl ester Adenosine diphosphate D-glucose Adenosine diphosphate glucose Adenosine diphosphoglucose Adenosine diphosphoric acid D-glucose Adenosine diphosphoric acid glucose Adenosine pyrophosphate-glucose Adenosine pyrophosphoric acid-glucose Adenosine-5'-diphosphate-glucose Adenosine-5'-diphosphoric acid-glucose ADP-D-Glucose ADP-Glc ADP-Glucose ADP-α-D-glucose C16H25N5O15P2 589.3417 589.082238179 [({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy})phosphinic acid adp glucose 2140-58-1 NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)O[C@H]4O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1 InChI=1S/C16H25N5O15P2/c17-13-7-14(19-3-18-13)21(4-20-7)15-11(26)9(24)6(33-15)2-32-37(28,29)36-38(30,31)35-16-12(27)10(25)8(23)5(1-22)34-16/h3-6,8-12,15-16,22-27H,1-2H2,(H,28,29)(H,30,31)(H2,17,18,19)/t5-,6-,8-,9-,10+,11-,12-,15-,16-/m1/s1 WFPZSXYXPSUOPY-ROYWQJLOSA-N Solid Cytosol logp -1.76 ALOGPS logs -2.09 ALOGPS solubility 4.84e+00 g/l ALOGPS logp -6.8 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 1.73 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 3.99 ChemAxon iupac [({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy})phosphinic acid ChemAxon average_mass 589.3417 ChemAxon mono_mass 589.082238179 ChemAxon smiles NC1=C2N=CN([C@@H]3O[C@H](CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@](O)(=O)O[C@H]4O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]3O)C2=NC=N1 ChemAxon formula C16H25N5O15P2 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C16H25N5O15P2/c17-13-7-14(19-3-18-13)21(4-20-7)15-11(26)9(24)6(33-15)2-32-37(28,29)36-38(30,31)35-16-12(27)10(25)8(23)5(1-22)34-16/h3-6,8-12,15-16,22-27H,1-2H2,(H,28,29)(H,30,31)(H2,17,18,19)/t5-,6-,8-,9-,10+,11-,12-,15-,16-/m1/s1 ChemAxon inchikey WFPZSXYXPSUOPY-ROYWQJLOSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 311.75 ChemAxon refractivity 117.09 ChemAxon polarizability 48.69 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 9 ChemAxon acceptor_count 16 ChemAxon donor_count 9 ChemAxon physiological_charge -2 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Starch and sucrose metabolism The metabolism of starch and sucrose begins with D-fructose interacting with a D-glucose in a reversible reaction through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a water molecule and a sucrose. D-fructose is phosphorylated through an ATP driven fructokinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through either a mannose PTS permease or a hexose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. The Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate is isomerized through a phosphoglucose isomerase resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be incorporated by glucose PTS permease or a hexose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. The beta-D-glucose 6 phosphate can also be produced by a D-glucose being phosphorylated by an ATP-driven glucokinase resulting in a ADP, a hydrogen ion and a Beta-D-glucose 6 phosphate. The beta-D-glucose can produce alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate by two methods: 1.-Beta-D-glucose is isomerized into an alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate and then interacts in a reversible reaction through a phosphoglucomutase-1 resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate. 2.-Beta-D-glucose interacts with a putative beta-phosphoglucomutase resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate. Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate can be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a glucose PTS permease. This compound is then isomerized into a Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate The beta-D-glucose can cycle back into a D-fructose by first interacting with D-fructose in a reversible reaction through a Polypeptide: predicted glucosyltransferase resulting in the release of a phosphate and a sucrose. The sucrose then interacts in a reversible reaction with a water molecule through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a D-glucose and a D-fructose. Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate can produce glycogen in by two different sets of reactions: 1.-Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate interacts with a hydrogen ion and an ATP through a glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and an ADP-glucose. The ADP-glucose then interacts with an amylose through a glycogen synthase resulting in the release of an ADP and an Amylose. The amylose then interacts with 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme resulting in glycogen 2.- Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate interacts with amylose through a maltodextrin phosphorylase resulting in a phosphate and a glycogen. Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate can also interacts with UDP-galactose through a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase resulting in a galactose 1-phosphate and a Uridine diphosphate glucose. The UDP-glucose then interacts with an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase resulting in a uridine 5'-diphosphate, a hydrogen ion and a Trehalose 6- phosphate. The latter compound can also be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a trehalose PTS permease. Trehalose interacts with a water molecule through a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an alpha,alpha-trehalose.The alpha,alpha-trehalose can also be obtained from glycogen being metabolized through a glycogen debranching enzyme resulting in a the alpha, alpha-trehalose. This compound ca then be hydrated through a cytoplasmic trehalase resulting in the release of an alpha-D-glucose and a beta-d-glucose. Glycogen is then metabolized by reacting with a phosphate through a glycogen phosphorylase resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and a dextrin. The dextrin is then hydrated through a glycogen phosphorylase-limit dextrin α-1,6-glucohydrolase resulting in the release of a debranched limit dextrin and a maltotetraose. This compound can also be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a maltose ABC transporter. The maltotetraose interacts with a phosphate through a maltodextrin phosphorylase releasing a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and a maltotriose. The maltotriose can also be incorporated through a maltose ABC transporter. The maltotriose can then interact with water through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a D-glucose and a D-maltose. D-maltose can also be incorporated through a maltose ABC transporter The D-maltose can then interact with a maltotriose through a amylomaltase resulting in a maltotetraose and a D-glucose. The D-glucose is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven glucokinase resulting in a hydrogen ion, an ADP and a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate PW000941 ec00500 Metabolic Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism ec00520 Metabolic pathways eco01100 Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism II The synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound is then deaminased into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase. The beta-D-fructofuranose 6 -phosphate is isomerized in a reversible reaction into an alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be introduced into the cell from the periplasmic space through a mannose PTS permease that phosphorylates an alpha-D-mannose. Alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate undergoes a reversible reaction through a phosphomannomutase to produce an alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate. The alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate enters the nucleotide sugar metabolism through a reaction with GTP producing a GDP-mannose and releasing a pyrophosphate, all through a mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase. GDP-mannose is then dehydrated to produce GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose through a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase. This compound is then used to synthesize GDP-Beta-L-fucose through a NADPH dependent GDP-L-fucose synthase. Alpha-D-glucose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glucose PTS permease, which phosphorylates the compound in order to produce an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is then modified through a phosphoglucomutase 1 to yield alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound can either be adenylated to produce ADP-glucose or uridylylated to produce galactose 1-phosphate through glucose-1-phosphate adenyllyltransferase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase respectively. PW000887 Metabolic Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism III The synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound is then deaminased into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase. Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate is isomerized into a beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. The compound is then isomerized by a putative beta-phosphoglucomutase to produce a beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound enters the nucleotide sugar metabolism through uridylation resulting in a UDP-glucose. UDP-glucose is then dehydrated through a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase to produce a UDP-glucuronic acid. This compound undergoes a NAD dependent reaction through a bifunctional polymyxin resistance protein to produce UDP-Beta-L-threo-pentapyranos-4-ulose. This compound then reacts with L-glutamic acid through a UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose--oxoglutarate aminotransferase to produce an oxoglutaric acid and UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-L-arabinopyranose The latter compound interacts with a N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate through a bifunctional polymyxin resistance protein ArnA, resulting in a tetrahydrofolate, a hydrogen ion and a UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinopyranose, which in turn reacts with a product of the methylerythritol phosphate and polysoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate to produce a 4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl ditrans, octacis-undecaprenyl phosphate. Alpha-D-glucose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glucose PTS permease, which phosphorylates the compound in order to produce an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is then modified through a phosphoglucomutase 1 to yield alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound can either be adenylated to produce ADP-glucose or uridylylated to produce galactose 1-phosphate through glucose-1-phosphate adenyllyltransferase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase respectively. PW000895 Metabolic Secondary metabolites: Trehalose Biosynthesis and Metabolism Threhalose biosynthesis begins with an Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate interacting with an ATP through a glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and an ADP-glucose. The latter compound interacts in a reversible reaction with an amylose through a glycogen synthase resulting in the release of an ADP and an amylose. Amylose then interacts in a reversible reaction with 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme resulting in a glycogen Glycogen can also be produced by a reversible reaction with Amylose through a maltodextrin phosphorylase, releasing a phosphate and a glycogen. Glycogen is then transformed into trehalose through a glycogen debranching enzyme. Trehalose then interacts with a water molecule through a cytoplasmic trehalase resulting in the release of a Beta-D-glucose and an Alpha-D-glucose. The beta-D-glucose is then phosphorylated by and ATP driven glucokinase resulting in a hydrogen ion, an ADP and a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate. PW000968 Metabolic glycogen biosynthesis I (from ADP-D-Glucose) GLYCOGENSYNTH-PWY Specdb::CMs 14516 Specdb::CMs 39040 Specdb::CMs 282852 Specdb::CMs 415412 Specdb::CMs 415413 Specdb::CMs 415414 Specdb::CMs 415415 Specdb::CMs 415416 Specdb::CMs 415417 Specdb::CMs 415418 Specdb::CMs 415419 Specdb::CMs 415420 Specdb::CMs 415421 Specdb::CMs 415422 Specdb::CMs 415423 Specdb::CMs 415424 Specdb::CMs 415425 Specdb::CMs 415426 Specdb::CMs 415427 Specdb::CMs 415428 Specdb::CMs 415429 Specdb::CMs 415430 Specdb::CMs 415431 Specdb::CMs 415432 Specdb::CMs 415433 Specdb::NmrOneD 74812 Specdb::NmrOneD 74813 Specdb::NmrOneD 74814 Specdb::NmrOneD 74815 Specdb::NmrOneD 74816 Specdb::NmrOneD 74817 Specdb::NmrOneD 74818 Specdb::NmrOneD 74819 Specdb::NmrOneD 74820 Specdb::NmrOneD 74821 Specdb::NmrOneD 74822 Specdb::NmrOneD 74823 Specdb::NmrOneD 74824 Specdb::NmrOneD 74825 Specdb::NmrOneD 74826 Specdb::NmrOneD 74827 Specdb::NmrOneD 74828 Specdb::NmrOneD 74829 Specdb::NmrOneD 74830 Specdb::NmrOneD 74831 Specdb::MsMs 23948 Specdb::MsMs 23949 Specdb::MsMs 23950 Specdb::MsMs 30746 Specdb::MsMs 30747 Specdb::MsMs 30748 Specdb::MsMs 1470782 Specdb::MsMs 1470783 Specdb::MsMs 1471119 Specdb::MsMs 1471131 Specdb::MsMs 2231247 Specdb::MsMs 2232976 Specdb::MsMs 2233644 Specdb::MsMs 2235269 Specdb::MsMs 2844704 Specdb::MsMs 2844705 Specdb::MsMs 2844706 Specdb::MsMs 2860495 Specdb::MsMs 2860496 Specdb::MsMs 2860497 HMDB06557 16500 15642 C00498 15751 ADP-D-GLUCOSE ADQ Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. 21097882 Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. 22080510 van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. 17765195 Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948. 18331064 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 Tiessen A, Nerlich A, Faix B, Hummer C, Fox S, Trafford K, Weber H, Weschke W, Geigenberger P: Subcellular analysis of starch metabolism in developing barley seeds using a non-aqueous fractionation method. J Exp Bot. 2012 Mar;63(5):2071-87. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err408. Epub 2011 Dec 26. 22200665 Ezquer I, Li J, Ovecka M, Baroja-Fernandez E, Munoz FJ, Montero M, Diaz de Cerio J, Hidalgo M, Sesma MT, Bahaji A, Etxeberria E, Pozueta-Romero J: Microbial volatile emissions promote accumulation of exceptionally high levels of starch in leaves in mono- and dicotyledonous plants. Plant Cell Physiol. 2010 Oct;51(10):1674-93. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcq126. Epub 2010 Aug 24. 20739303 Szecowka M, Osorio S, Obata T, Araujo WL, Rohrmann J, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR: Decreasing the mitochondrial synthesis of malate in potato tubers does not affect plastidial starch synthesis, suggesting that the physiological regulation of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase is context dependent. Plant Physiol. 2012 Dec;160(4):2227-38. doi: 10.1104/pp.112.204826. Epub 2012 Oct 12. 23064409 Uhlmann NK, Beckles DM: Storage products and transcriptional analysis of the endosperm of cultivated wheat and two wild wheat species. J Appl Genet. 2010;51(4):431-47. doi: 10.1007/BF03208873. 21063061 Li J, Baroja-Fernandez E, Bahaji A, Munoz FJ, Ovecka M, Montero M, Sesma MT, Alonso-Casajus N, Almagro G, Sanchez-Lopez AM, Hidalgo M, Zamarbide M, Pozueta-Romero J: Enhancing sucrose synthase activity results in increased levels of starch and ADP-glucose in maize (Zea mays L.) seed endosperms. Plant Cell Physiol. 2013 Feb;54(2):282-94. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcs180. Epub 2013 Jan 3. 23292602 Bejar CM, Ballicora MA, Iglesias AA, Preiss J: ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase's N-terminus: structural role in allosteric regulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Apr 28;343(1):216-21. Epub 2006 Mar 2. 16530732 Baroja-Fernandez E, Munoz FJ, Montero M, Etxeberria E, Sesma MT, Ovecka M, Bahaji A, Ezquer I, Li J, Prat S, Pozueta-Romero J: Enhancing sucrose synthase activity in transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers results in increased levels of starch, ADPglucose and UDPglucose and total yield. Plant Cell Physiol. 2009 Sep;50(9):1651-62. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcp108. Epub 2009 Jul 16. 19608713 Haferkamp I: The diverse members of the mitochondrial carrier family in plants. FEBS Lett. 2007 May 25;581(12):2375-9. Epub 2007 Feb 26. 17321523 Comparot-Moss S, Denyer K: The evolution of the starch biosynthetic pathway in cereals and other grasses. J Exp Bot. 2009;60(9):2481-92. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erp141. 19505928 Ezquer I, Li J, Ovecka M, Baroja-Fernandez E, Munoz FJ, Montero M, Diaz de Cerio J, Hidalgo M, Sesma MT, Bahaji A, Etxeberria E, Pozueta-Romero J: A suggested model for potato MIVOISAP involving functions of central carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, as well as actin cytoskeleton and endocytosis. Plant Signal Behav. 2010 Dec;5(12):1638-41. Epub 2010 Dec 1. 21150257 Baroja-Fernandez E, Etxeberria E, Munoz FJ, Moran-Zorzano MT, Alonso-Casajus N, Gonzalez P, Pozueta-Romero J: An important pool of sucrose linked to starch biosynthesis is taken up by endocytosis in heterotrophic cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 2006 Apr;47(4):447-56. Epub 2006 Jan 24. 16434435 Fettke J, Malinova I, Albrecht T, Hejazi M, Steup M: Glucose-1-phosphate transport into protoplasts and chloroplasts from leaves of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2011 Apr;155(4):1723-34. doi: 10.1104/pp.110.168716. Epub 2010 Nov 29. 21115809 Wiedemuth K, Muller J, Kahlau A, Amme S, Mock HP, Grzam A, Hell R, Egle K, Beschow H, Humbeck K: Successive maturation and senescence of individual leaves during barley whole plant ontogeny reveals temporal and spatial regulation of photosynthetic function in conjunction with C and N metabolism. J Plant Physiol. 2005 Nov;162(11):1226-36. 16323274 Nagai YS, Sakulsingharoj C, Edwards GE, Satoh H, Greene TW, Blakeslee B, Okita TW: Control of starch synthesis in cereals: metabolite analysis of transgenic rice expressing an up-regulated cytoplasmic ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in developing seeds. Plant Cell Physiol. 2009 Mar;50(3):635-43. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcp021. Epub 2009 Feb 10. 19208694 Thorneycroft D, Hosein F, Thangavelu M, Clark J, Vizir I, Burrell MM, Ainsworth C: Characterization of a gene from chromosome 1B encoding the large subunit of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase from wheat: evolutionary divergence and differential expression of Agp2 genes between leaves and developing endosperm. Plant Biotechnol J. 2003 Jul;1(4):259-70. 17163903 Moran-Zorzano MT, Alonso-Casajus N, Munoz FJ, Viale AM, Baroja-Fernandez E, Eydallin G, Pozueta-Romero J: Occurrence of more than one important source of ADPglucose linked to glycogen biosynthesis in Escherichia coli and Salmonella. FEBS Lett. 2007 Sep 18;581(23):4423-9. Epub 2007 Aug 15. 17719035 Smith AM: Prospects for increasing starch and sucrose yields for bioethanol production. Plant J. 2008 May;54(4):546-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03468.x. 18476862 Lunn JE, Feil R, Hendriks JH, Gibon Y, Morcuende R, Osuna D, Scheible WR, Carillo P, Hajirezaei MR, Stitt M: Sugar-induced increases in trehalose 6-phosphate are correlated with redox activation of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase and higher rates of starch synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem J. 2006 Jul 1;397(1):139-48. 16551270 Eydallin G, Moran-Zorzano MT, Munoz FJ, Baroja-Fernandez E, Montero M, Alonso-Casajus N, Viale AM, Pozueta-Romero J: An Escherichia coli mutant producing a truncated inactive form of GlgC synthesizes glycogen: further evidences for the occurrence of various important sources of ADPglucose in enterobacteria. FEBS Lett. 2007 Sep 18;581(23):4417-22. Epub 2007 Aug 15. 17719034 Tamura, Kiminori; Morozumi, Manami; Yoshino, Hiroshi; Noda, Yutaka; Suzuki, Morio. Nucleotide anhydrides. Ger. Offen. (1972), 16 pp. CODEN: GWXXBX DE 2038262 19720203 CAN 76:99993 AN 1972:99993 Glycogen synthase P0A6U8 GLGA_ECOLI glgA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6U8.xml Glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase P0A6V1 GLGC_ECOLI glgC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6V1.xml ADP-Glucose > ADP + Glycogen + Hydrogen ion Adenosine triphosphate + Glucose 1-phosphate + Hydrogen ion <> ADP-Glucose + Pyrophosphate R00948 GLUC1PADENYLTRANS-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Glucose 1-phosphate <> Pyrophosphate + ADP-Glucose R00948 ADP-Glucose + 1,4-alpha-D-glucan <> ADP + 1,4-alpha-D-glucan R02421 Hydrogen ion + Glucose 1-phosphate + Adenosine triphosphate > ADP-Glucose + Pyrophosphate GLUC1PADENYLTRANS-RXN a 1,4-&alpha;-D-glucan + ADP-Glucose <> ADP + a 1,4-&alpha;-D-glucan GLYCOGENSYN-RXN ADP-Glucose + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)(n) > ADP + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)(n+1) Adenosine triphosphate + Alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate > Pyrophosphate + ADP-Glucose Alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + Adenosine triphosphate > ADP-Glucose + Pyrophosphate PW_R003349 Alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen ion > ADP-Glucose + Pyrophosphate PW_R003511 ADP-Glucose + Amylose <> Amylose + Adenosine diphosphate + ADP PW_R003512 Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glucose Shake flask and filter culture 4.27 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 17080 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621