2.02012-05-31 14:06:02 -06002015-09-13 12:56:14 -0600ECMDB04131M2MDB0006283-Phosphoglycerate3-phosphoglyceric acid (3PG) is a 3-carbon molecule that is a metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle. This chemical is often termed PGA when referring to the Calvin cycle. In the Calvin cycle, two glycerate 3-phosphate molecules are reduced to form two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GALP). (wikipedia)3-(Dihydrogen phosphate)Glycerate3-(Dihydrogen phosphate)Glyceric acid3-(Dihydrogen phosphoric acid)glyceric acid3-Glycerophosphate3-Glycerophosphorate3-Glycerophosphoric acid3-P-D-Glycerate3-P-D-Glyceric acid3-P-Glycerate3-P-Glyceric acid3-Pg3-PGA3-Phospho-(R)-glycerate3-Phospho-(R)-glyceric acid3-Phospho-D-glycerate3-Phospho-D-glyceric acid3-Phospho-glycerate3-Phospho-glyceric acid3-Phosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglyceric acidD-(-)-3-PhosphoglycerateD-(-)-3-Phosphoglyceric acidD-3-PhosphoglycerateD-3-Phosphoglyceric acidD-Glycerate 3-phosphateD-Glycerate-3-PD-Glyceric acid 3-phosphateD-Glyceric acid 3-phosphoric acidD-Glyceric acid-3-PG3PGlycerate 3-phosphateGlycerate-3-PGlyceric acid 3-phosphateGlyceric acid 3-phosphoric acidGlyceric acid-3-PPhosphoglyceratePhosphoglyceric acidC3H7O7P186.0572185.992939092-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propanoic acidphosphoglycerate820-11-1OC(COP(O)(O)=O)C(O)=OInChI=1S/C3H7O7P/c4-2(3(5)6)1-10-11(7,8)9/h2,4H,1H2,(H,5,6)(H2,7,8,9)OSJPPGNTCRNQQC-UHFFFAOYSA-NSolidCytosollogp-2.26logs-0.95solubility2.10e+01 g/llogp-1.6pka_strongest_acidic1.3pka_strongest_basic-4.2iupac2-hydroxy-3-(phosphonooxy)propanoic acidaverage_mass186.0572mono_mass185.99293909smilesOC(COP(O)(O)=O)C(O)=OformulaC3H7O7PinchiInChI=1S/C3H7O7P/c4-2(3(5)6)1-10-11(7,8)9/h2,4H,1H2,(H,5,6)(H2,7,8,9)inchikeyOSJPPGNTCRNQQC-UHFFFAOYSA-Npolar_surface_area124.29refractivity31.26polarizability13.29rotatable_bond_count4acceptor_count6donor_count4physiological_charge-3formal_charge0Gluconeogenesis from L-malic acidGluconeogenesis from L-malic acid starts from the introduction of L-malic acid into cytoplasm either through a C4 dicarboxylate / orotate:H+ symporter or a dicarboxylate transporter (succinic acid antiporter). L-malic acid is then metabolized through 3 possible ways: NAD driven malate dehydrogenase resulting in oxalacetic acid, NADP driven malate dehydrogenase B resulting pyruvic acid or malate dehydrogenase, NAD-requiring resulting in pyruvic acid.
Oxalacetic acid is processed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP driven) while pyruvic acid is processed by phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase resulting in phosphoenolpyruvic acid. This compound is dehydrated by enolase resulting in an 2-phosphoglyceric acid. This compound is then isomerized by 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid which is phosphorylated by an ATP driven phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in an glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound undergoes an NADH driven glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction resulting in a D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which is first isomerized into dihydroxyacetone phosphate through an triosephosphate isomerase. D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate react through a fructose biphosphate aldolase protein complex resulting in a fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This compound is metabolized by a fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase resulting in a Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate which is then isomerized into a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase.
PW000819MetabolicSecondary Metabolites: cysteine biosynthesis from serineThe pathway starts with a 3-phosphoglyceric acid interacting with an NAD driven D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase / α-ketoglutarate reductase resulting in an NADH, a hydrogen ion and a phosphohydroxypyruvic acid. This compound then interacts with an L-glutamic acid through a 3-phosphoserine aminotransferase / phosphohydroxythreonine aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and a DL-D-phosphoserine. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule through a phosphoserine phosphatase resulting in a phosphate and an L-serine. The L-serine interacts with an acetyl-coa through a serine acetyltransferase resulting in a release of a Coenzyme A and a O-Acetylserine. The O-acetylserine then interacts with a hydrogen sulfide through a O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A resulting in an acetic acid, a hydrogen ion and an L-cysteinePW000977Metaboliccysteine biosynthesisThe pathway of cysteine biosynthesis is a two-step conversion starting from L-serine and yielding L-cysteine. L-serine biosynthesis is shown for context.
L-cysteine can also be synthesized from sulfate derivatives.
The process through L-serine involves a serine acetyltransferase that produces a O-acetylserine which reacts together with hydrogen sulfide through a cysteine synthase complex in order to produce L-cysteine and acetic acid.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced from a sulfate. Sulfate reacts with sulfate adenylyltransferase to produce adenosine phosphosulfate. This compound in turn is phosphorylated through a adenylyl-sulfate kinase into a phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate which in turn reacts with a phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase to produce a sulfite. The sulfite reacts with a sulfite reductase to produce the hydrogen sulfide.
This pathway is regulated at the genetic level in its second step, wtih both cysteine synthase isozymes being under the positive control of the cysteine-responsive transcription factor CysB. It is also subject to very strong feedback inhibition of its first step by the final pathway product, cysteine.
Although two cysteine synthase isozymes exist, only cysteine synthase A (CysK) forms a complex with serine acetyltransferase. CysK is also the only one of the two cysteine synthases that is required for cell viability on cysteine-free medium.
Both steps in this pathway are reversible. Based on genetic and proteomic data, it appears that the cysteine synthases may actually act as a sulfur scavenging system during sulfur starvation, stripping sulfur off of L-cysteine, generating any number of variant amino acids in the process.PW000800Metabolicfructose metabolismFructose metabolism begins with the transport of Beta-D-fructofuranose through a fructose PTS permease, resulting in a Beta-D-fructofuranose 1-phosphate. This compound is phosphorylated by an ATP driven 1-phosphofructokinase resulting in a fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This compound can either react with a fructose bisphosphate aldolase class 1 resulting in D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or through a fructose biphosphate aldolase class 2 resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This compound can then either react in a reversible triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or react with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid.
Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway.
PW000913Metabolicglycerol metabolismGlycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through a glycerophosphodiester reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase or it can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter.
Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+].
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway.PW000914Metabolicglycerol metabolism IIGlycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway.PW000915Metabolicglycerol metabolism III (sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine)Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through sn-glycero-3-phosphethanolamine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway.PW000916Metabolicglycerol metabolism IV (glycerophosphoglycerol)Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through glycerophosphoglycerol reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway.PW000917Metabolicglycerol metabolism V (glycerophosphoserine)Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through glycerophosphoserine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway.PW000918Metabolicglycolate and glyoxylate degradationGlycolic acid is introduced into the cytoplasm through either a glycolate / lactate:H+ symporter or a acetate / glycolate transporter. Once inside, glycolic acid reacts with an oxidized electron-transfer flavoprotein through a glycolate oxidase resulting in a reduced acceptor and glyoxylic acid. Glyoxylic acid can also be obtained from the introduction of glyoxylic acid. It can also be obtained from the metabolism of (S)-allantoin.
S-allantoin is introduced into the cytoplasm through a purine and pyrimidine transporter(allantoin specific). Once inside, the compound reacts with water through a allantoinase resulting in hydrogen ion and allantoic acid. Allantoic acid then reacts with water and hydrogen ion through a allantoate amidohydrolase resulting in a carbon dioxide, ammonium and S-ureidoglycine. The latter compound reacts with water through a S-ureidoglycine aminohydrolase resulting in ammonium and S-ureidoglycolic acid which in turn reacts with a Ureidoglycolate lyase resulting in urea and glyoxylic acid.
Glyoxylic acid can either be metabolized into L-malic acid by a reaction with acetyl-CoA and Water through a malate synthase G which also releases hydrogen ion and Coenzyme A. L-malic acid is then incorporated into the TCA cycle.
Glyoxylic acid can also be metabolized by glyoxylate carboligase, releasing a carbon dioxide and tartronate semialdehyde. The latter compound is then reduced by an NADH driven tartronate semialdehyde reductase 2 resulting in glyceric acid. Glyceric acid is phosphorylated by a glycerate kinase 2 resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid. This compound is then integrated into various other pathways: cysteine biosynthesis, serine biosynthesis and glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase.
PW000827Metabolicglycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenaseFructose metabolism begins with the transport of Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose PTS permease, resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is isomerized by a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase resulting in a fructose 6-phosphate. This compound can be phosphorylated by two different enzymes, a pyridoxal phosphatase/fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase or a ATP driven-6-phosphofructokinase-1 resulting in a fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This compound can either react with a fructose bisphosphate aldolase class 1 resulting in D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or through a fructose biphosphate aldolase class 2 resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This compound can then either react in a reversible triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or react with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid.
Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway.
PW000785Metabolicserine biosynthesis and metabolismSerine biosynthesis is a major metabolic pathway in E. coli. Its end product, serine, is not only used in protein synthesis, but also as a precursor for the biosynthesis of glycine, cysteine, tryptophan, and phospholipids. In addition, it directly or indirectly serves as a source of one-carbon units for the biosynthesis of various compounds.
The biosynthesis of serine starts with 3-phosphoglyceric acid being metabolized by a NAD driven D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase / α-ketoglutarate reductase resulting in the release of a NADH, a hydrogen ion and a phosphohydroxypyruvic acid. The latter compound then interacts with an L-glutamic acid through a 3-phosphoserine aminotransferase / phosphohydroxythreonine aminotransferase resulting in oxoglutaric acid and DL-D-phosphoserine.
The DL-D-phosphoserine can also be imported into the cytoplasm through a phosphonate ABC transporter. The DL-D-phosphoserine is dephosphorylated by interacting with a water molecule through a phosphoserine phosphatase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an L-serine
L-serine is then metabolized by being dehydrated through either a L-serine dehydratase 2 or a L-serine dehydratase 1 resulting in the release of a water molecule, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is an isomer of a 2-iminopropanoate which reacts spontaneously with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion resulting in the release of Ammonium and pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an acetyl-CoA.
PW000809Metabolicglycolate and glyoxylate degradation IIOxaloglycolate (2-Hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate) interacts with a tartrate dehydrogenase resulting in a L-tartrate. L-tartrate then interacts with tartrate dehydrogenase resulting in a Oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate and acetyl-coa interact to result in a citrate which is processed by a aconitate hydratase resulting in a cis-Aconitate and further more into a isocitrate which will eventually be procressed into a glyoxylic acid. Glyoxylic acid can either be metabolized into L-malic acid by a reaction with acetyl-CoA and Water through a malate synthase G which also releases hydrogen ion and Coenzyme A. L-malic acid is then incorporated into the TCA cycle. Glyoxylic acid can also be metabolized by glyoxylate carboligase, releasing a carbon dioxide and tartronate semialdehyde. The latter compound is then reduced by an NADH driven tartronate semialdehyde reductase 2 resulting in glyceric acid. Glyceric acid is phosphorylated by a glycerate kinase 2 resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid. This compound is then integrated into various other pathways: cysteine biosynthesis, serine biosynthesis and glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase.PW002021Metabolicgluconeogenesis IGLUCONEO-PWYglycolysis IGLYCOLYSISglycolate and glyoxylate degradation IGLYCOLATEMET-PWYhomoserine biosynthesisSERSYN-PWYSpecdb::CMs2541Specdb::CMs32012Specdb::CMs37777Specdb::CMs99608Specdb::CMs153506Specdb::CMs1077405Specdb::CMs1077407Specdb::CMs1077409Specdb::CMs1077410Specdb::CMs1077412Specdb::CMs1077414Specdb::CMs1077416Specdb::CMs1077418Specdb::CMs1077420Specdb::CMs1077421Specdb::CMs1077422Specdb::CMs1077424Specdb::CMs1077426Specdb::NmrOneD1550Specdb::NmrOneD20862Specdb::NmrOneD20863Specdb::NmrOneD20864Specdb::NmrOneD20865Specdb::NmrOneD20866Specdb::NmrOneD20867Specdb::NmrOneD20868Specdb::NmrOneD20869Specdb::NmrOneD20870Specdb::NmrOneD20871Specdb::NmrOneD20872Specdb::NmrOneD20873Specdb::NmrOneD20874Specdb::NmrOneD20875Specdb::NmrOneD20876Specdb::NmrOneD20877Specdb::NmrOneD20878Specdb::NmrOneD20879Specdb::NmrOneD20880Specdb::NmrOneD20881Specdb::NmrOneD166323Specdb::NmrOneD166413Specdb::NmrOneD166414Specdb::NmrOneD166640Specdb::MsMs1152Specdb::MsMs1153Specdb::MsMs1154Specdb::MsMs4687Specdb::MsMs4688Specdb::MsMs4689Specdb::MsMs4690Specdb::MsMs178401Specdb::MsMs178402Specdb::MsMs178403Specdb::MsMs180720Specdb::MsMs180721Specdb::MsMs180722Specdb::MsMs446705Specdb::MsMs446706Specdb::MsMs446707Specdb::MsMs446708Specdb::MsMs451920Specdb::MsMs2236530Specdb::MsMs2236825Specdb::MsMs2238633Specdb::MsMs2238959Specdb::MsMs2240594Specdb::MsMs2242721Specdb::MsMs2391544Specdb::NmrTwoD1494HMDB00807724704C0059717050G3P3-PhosphoglycerateKeseler, I. 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Journal of Biological Chemistry (1956), 218 811-22.http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/725/original/HMDB00807.pdf?1358463466Phosphoglycerate kinaseP0A799PGK_ECOLIpgkhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A799.xmlProbable phosphoglycerate mutase gpmBP0A7A2GPMB_ECOLIgpmBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A7A2.xmlD-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenaseP0A9T0SERA_ECOLIserAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9T0.xmlGlycerate kinase 2P23524GLXK2_ECOLIgarKhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P23524.xml2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutaseP37689GPMI_ECOLIgpmIhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37689.xml2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutaseP62707GPMA_ECOLIgpmAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P62707.xmlGlycerate kinase 1P77364GLXK1_ECOLIglxKhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77364.xml2-Phospho-D-glyceric acid <> 3-Phosphoglycerate3PGAREARR-RXNAdenosine triphosphate + Glyceric acid > 3-Phosphoglycerate + ADP + Hydrogen ionGLY3KIN-RXN3-Phosphoglycerate + NAD > Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid + Hydrogen ion + NADHPGLYCDEHYDROG-RXN3-Phosphoglycerate + Adenosine triphosphate <> Glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate + ADPPHOSGLYPHOS-RXN3-Phosphoglycerate <> 2-Phospho-D-glyceric acid3PGAREARR-RXN3-Phosphoglycerate + NAD <> Hydrogen ion + Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid + NADHPGLYCDEHYDROG-RXNGlyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate + Adenosine diphosphate + Glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate + ADP > Adenosine triphosphate + 3-Phosphoglyceric acid + 3-PhosphoglyceratePW_R0026363-Phosphoglyceric acid + Adenosine triphosphate + 3-Phosphoglycerate > Adenosine diphosphate + Glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate + ADP + Glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphatePW_R0029343-Phosphoglyceric acid + Adenosine triphosphate + 3-Phosphoglycerate > 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + Adenosine diphosphate + ADPPW_R0038483-Phosphoglyceric acid + 3-Phosphoglycerate > 2-Phospho-D-glyceric acidPW_R0026372-Phosphoglyceric acid + 2-Phosphoglyceric acid > 3-Phosphoglyceric acid + 3-PhosphoglyceratePW_R002933Glyceric acid + Adenosine triphosphate > Adenosine diphosphate + Hydrogen ion + 3-Phosphoglyceric acid + ADP + 3-PhosphoglyceratePW_R0029843-Phosphoglyceric acid + NAD + 3-Phosphoglycerate > NADH + Hydrogen ion + Phosphohydroxypyruvic acidPW_R002843Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glucoseShake flask and filter culture1540.0uM0.037 oCK12 NCM3722Mid-Log Phase61600000Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599.19561621Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glycerolShake flask and filter culture4080.0uM0.037 oCK12 NCM3722Mid-Log Phase163200000Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599.19561621Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L acetateShake flask and filter culture1510.0uM0.037 oCK12 NCM3722Mid-Log Phase60400000Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599.19561621