2.0 2012-05-31 13:52:10 -0600 2015-06-03 15:54:06 -0600 ECMDB01414 M2MDB000378 Putrescine Putrescine is a polyamine. Putrescine is related to cadaverine (another polyamine). Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms and both are toxic in large doses. Putrescine and cadaverine are largely responsible for the foul odor of putrefying flesh. Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine in turn attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. The polyamines, of which putrescine is one of the simplest, appear to be growth factors necessary for cell division. (Wikipedia) 1,4-Butanediamine 1,4-Butylenediamine 1,4-Diaminobutane 1,4-Tetramethylenediamine Butylenediamine Diaminobutane Putrescin Tetramethyldiamine Tetramethylenediamine C4H12N2 88.1515 88.100048394 butane-1,4-diamine putrescine 110-60-1 NCCCCN InChI=1S/C4H12N2/c5-3-1-2-4-6/h1-6H2 KIDHWZJUCRJVML-UHFFFAOYSA-N Solid Cytosol Extra-organism Periplasm logp -0.98 ALOGPS logs 0.43 ALOGPS solubility 2.36e+02 g/l ALOGPS melting_point 27.5 oC logp -0.85 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 10.51 ChemAxon iupac butane-1,4-diamine ChemAxon average_mass 88.1515 ChemAxon mono_mass 88.100048394 ChemAxon smiles NCCCCN ChemAxon formula C4H12N2 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C4H12N2/c5-3-1-2-4-6/h1-6H2 ChemAxon inchikey KIDHWZJUCRJVML-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 52.04 ChemAxon refractivity 27.38 ChemAxon polarizability 11.07 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 3 ChemAxon acceptor_count 2 ChemAxon donor_count 2 ChemAxon physiological_charge 2 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Glutathione metabolism The biosynthesis of glutathione starts with the introduction of L-glutamic acid through either a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. Once in the cytoplasm, L-glutamice acid reacts with L-cysteine through an ATP glutamate-cysteine ligase resulting in gamma-glutamylcysteine. This compound reacts which Glycine through an ATP driven glutathione synthetase thus catabolizing Glutathione. This compound is metabolized through a spontaneous reaction with an oxidized glutaredoxin resulting in a reduced glutaredoxin and an oxidized glutathione. This compound is reduced by a NADPH glutathione reductase resulting in a glutathione. PW000833 ec00480 Metabolic Arginine and proline metabolism ec00330 ABC transporters ec02010 Collection of Reactions without pathways PW001891 Metabolic S-adenosyl-L-methionine biosynthesis S-adenosyl-L-methionine biosynthesis(SAM) is synthesized in the cytosol of the cell from L-methionine and ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by methionine adenosyltransferase. L methione is taken up from the environment through a complex reaction coupled transport and then proceeds too synthesize the s adenosylmethionine through a adenosylmethionine synthase. The S-adenosylmethionine then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a adenosylmethionine decarboxylase resulting in a carbon dioxide and a S-adenosyl 3-methioninamine.This compound interacts with a putrescine through a spermidine synthase resulting in a spermidine, a hydrogen ion and a S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine. The latter compound is degraded by interacting with a water molecule through a 5' methylthioadenosine nucleosidase resulting in a adenine and a S-methylthioribose which is then release into the environment PW000837 Metabolic arginine metabolism The metabolism of L-arginine starts with the acetylation of L-glutamic acid resulting in a N-acetylglutamic acid while releasing a coenzyme A and a hydrogen ion. N-acetylglutamic acid is then phosphorylated via an ATP driven acetylglutamate kinase which yields a N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate. This compound undergoes a NDPH dependent reduction resulting in N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde. This compound reacts with L-glutamic acid through a acetylornithine aminotransferase / N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase to produce a N-acetylornithine which is then deacetylated through a acetylornithine deacetylase which yield an ornithine. L-glutamine is used to synthesize carbamoyl phosphate through the interaction of L-glutamine, water, ATP, and hydrogen carbonate. This reaction yields ADP, L-glutamic acid, phosphate, and hydrogen ion. Carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine are used to catalyze the production of citrulline through an ornithine carbamoyltransferase. Citrulline reacts with L-aspartic acid through an ATP dependent enzyme, argininosuccinate synthase to produce pyrophosphate, AMP and argininosuccinic acid. Argininosussinic acid is then lyase to produce L-arginine and fumaric acid. L-arginine can be metabolized into succinic acid by two different sets of reactions: 1. Arginine reacts with succinyl-CoA through a arginine N-succinyltransferase resulting in N2-succinyl-L-arginine while releasing CoA and Hydrogen Ion. N2-succinyl-L-arginine is then dihydrolase to produce a N2-succinyl-L-ornithine through a N-succinylarginine dihydrolase. This compound in turn reacts with oxoglutaric acid through succinylornithine transaminase resulting in L-glutamic acid and N2-succinyl-L-glutamic acid 5-semialdehyde. This compoud in turn reacts with a NAD dependent dehydrogenase resulting in N2-succinylglutamate while releasing NADH and hydrogen ion. N2-succinylglutamate reacts with water through a succinylglutamate desuccinylase resulting in L-glutamic acid and a succinic acid. The succinic acid is then incorporated in the TCA cycle 2.Argine reacts with carbon dioxide and a hydrogen ion through a biodegradative arginine decarboxylase, resulting in Agmatine. This compound is then transformed into putrescine by reacting with water and an agmatinase, and releasing urea. Putrescine can be metabolized by reaction with either l-glutamic acid or oxoglutaric acid. If putrescine reacts with L-glutamic acid, it reacts through an ATP mediated gamma-glutamylputrescine producing a hydrogen ion, ADP, phosphate and gamma-glutamyl-L-putrescine. This compound is reduced by interacting with oxygen, water and a gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidoreductase resulting in ammonium, hydrogen peroxide and 4-gamma-glutamylamino butanal. This compound is dehydrogenated through a NADP mediated reaction lead by gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutaryaldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in hydrogen ion, NADPH and 4-glutamylamino butanoate. In turn, the latter compound reacts with water through a gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase resulting in L-glutamic acid and Gamma aminobutyric acid. On the other hand, if putrescine reacts with oxoglutaric acid through a putrescine aminotransferase, it results in L-glutamic acid, and a 4-aminobutyraldehyde. This compound reacts with water through a NAD dependent gamma aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in hydrogen ion, NADH and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Gamma Aaminobutyric acid reacts with oxoglutaric acid through 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase resulting in L-glutamic acid and succinic acid semialdehyde. This compound in turn can react with with either NADP or NAD to result in the production of succinic acid through succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase or aldehyde dehydrogenase-like protein yneI respectively. Succinic acid can then be integrated in the TCA cycle. L-arginine is eventua lly metabolized into succinic acid which then goes to the TCA cycle PW000790 Metabolic ornithine metabolism In the ornithine biosynthesis pathway of E. coli, L-glutamate is acetylated to N-acetylglutamate by the enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase, encoded by the argA gene. The acetyl donor for this reaction is acetyl-CoA. N-acetylglutamic acid is then phosphorylated via an ATP driven acetylglutamate kinase which yields a N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate. This compound undergoes a NADPH dependent reduction resulting in N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde. This compound reacts with L-glutamic acid through a acetylornithine aminotransferase / N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase to produce a N-acetylornithine which is then deacetylated through a acetylornithine deacetylase which yield an ornithine. Ornithine interacts with hydrogen ion through a Ornithine decarboxylase resulting in a carbon dioxide release and a putrescine Putrescine can be metabolized by reaction with either l-glutamic acid or oxoglutaric acid. If putrescine reacts with L-glutamic acid, it reacts through an ATP mediated gamma-glutamylputrescine producing a hydrogen ion, ADP, phosphate and gamma-glutamyl-L-putrescine. This compound is reduced by interacting with oxygen, water and a gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidoreductase resulting in ammonium, hydrogen peroxide and 4-gamma-glutamylamino butanal. This compound is dehydrogenated through a NADP mediated reaction lead by gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutaryaldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in hydrogen ion, NADPH and 4-glutamylamino butanoate. In turn, the latter compound reacts with water through a gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase resulting in L-glutamic acid and Gamma aminobutyric acid. On the other hand, if putrescine reacts with oxoglutaric acid through a putrescine aminotransferase, it results in L-glutamic acid, and a 4-aminobutyraldehyde. This compound reacts with water through a NAD dependent gamma aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in hydrogen ion, NADH and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Gamma Aaminobutyric acid reacts with oxoglutaric acid through 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase resulting in L-glutamic acid and succinic acid semialdehyde. This compound in turn can react with with either NADP or NAD to result in the production of succinic acid through succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase or aldehyde dehydrogenase-like protein yneI respectively. Succinic acid can then be integrated in the TCA cycle. PW000791 Metabolic Putrescine Degradation II Several metabolic pathways for putrescine degradation as a source of nitrogen for E. coli K-12 are known. The first putrescine degradation pathway was found in in 1985. That pathway is dedicated to the degradation of intracellular putrescine. A second pathway was found in E. coli K-12 twenty years later. This pathway seems to be dedicated to the degradation of extracellular putrescine. The pathway was discovered following the discovery of a cluster of seven unassigned genes on the E. coli K-12 chromosome. In addition to a putrescine transporter, encoded by the puuP gene, the cluster contains four genes that encode the enzymes involved in this pathway, and two additional genes (puuE and puuR) that encode an enzyme involved in the catabolism of GABA (see superpathway of 4-aminobutanoate degradation) and a regulator. In this pathway, putrescine is γ-glutamylated at the expense of an ATP molecule. The resulting γ-glutamyl-putrescine is oxidized to γ-glutamyl-γ-aminobutyraldehyde, which is then dehydrogenated into 4-(glutamylamino) butanoate. In the last step, the γ-glutamyl group is removed by hydrolysis, generating 4-aminobutyrate. The key difference between this pathway and putrescine degradation I is the γ-glutamylation of putrescine. In the other pathway, putrescine is degraded directly to 4-amino-butanal. Wild type E. coli cells are unable to utilize putrescine as the sole source of carbon at temperatures above 30°C. It is possible to select for mutants that possess this ability; these mutants contain elevated levels of the enzymes in this pathway. (EcoCyc) PW002054 Metabolic Spermidine Biosynthesis I Spermidine is formed by the addition of a propylamine moiety to putrescine, catalyzed by an aminopropyltransferase termed spermidine synthase, the the product of gene speE. The source of the propylamine group is decarboxylated S-adenosyl-L-methionine (S-adenosyl-L-methioninamine) which is produced by the action of the pyruvoyl-containing enzyme adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. The other product of the aminopropyltransferase reaction is S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (MTA), which can be recycled back to L-methionine in many organisms, but not in E. coli. Inhibition of E. coli adenosylmethionine decarboxylase by spermidine appears to be the most significant regulator of polyamine biosynthesis, probably limiting it when the intracellular spermidine concentration becomes excessive. In E. coli most intracellular spermidine is bound to nucleic acids and phospholipids. (EcoCyc) PW002040 Metabolic Spermidine biosynthesis and metabolism Spermidine metabolism starts with S-adenosyl-L-methionine reacting with a hydrogen ion through a adenosylmethionine decarboxylase resulting in the release of a carbon dioxide and a S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine. The later compound in turn reacts with putrescine resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, a spermidine and a S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine. S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine in turn reacts with a water molecule through a 5-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase resulting in the release of a adenine and a S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribose which in in turn is released into the environment. PW002085 Metabolic putrescine degradation I PUTDEG-PWY putrescine degradation II PWY0-1221 putrescine biosynthesis III PWY-46 superpathway of ornithine degradation ORNDEG-PWY arginine degradation III (arginine decarboxylase/agmatinase pathway) PWY0-823 putrescine biosynthesis I PWY-40 spermidine biosynthesis I BSUBPOLYAMSYN-PWY Specdb::CMs 746 Specdb::CMs 747 Specdb::CMs 748 Specdb::CMs 1047 Specdb::CMs 1193 Specdb::CMs 1405 Specdb::CMs 2625 Specdb::CMs 27668 Specdb::CMs 28746 Specdb::CMs 28781 Specdb::CMs 30397 Specdb::CMs 30674 Specdb::CMs 30825 Specdb::CMs 31330 Specdb::CMs 31331 Specdb::CMs 31332 Specdb::CMs 31682 Specdb::CMs 31683 Specdb::CMs 31684 Specdb::CMs 32116 Specdb::CMs 32315 Specdb::CMs 165229 Specdb::EiMs 1324 Specdb::NmrOneD 1300 Specdb::NmrOneD 1703 Specdb::NmrOneD 4775 Specdb::NmrOneD 96058 Specdb::NmrOneD 96059 Specdb::NmrOneD 96060 Specdb::NmrOneD 96061 Specdb::NmrOneD 96062 Specdb::NmrOneD 96063 Specdb::NmrOneD 96064 Specdb::NmrOneD 96065 Specdb::NmrOneD 96066 Specdb::NmrOneD 96067 Specdb::NmrOneD 96068 Specdb::NmrOneD 96069 Specdb::NmrOneD 96070 Specdb::NmrOneD 96071 Specdb::NmrOneD 96072 Specdb::NmrOneD 96073 Specdb::NmrOneD 96074 Specdb::NmrOneD 96075 Specdb::NmrOneD 96076 Specdb::NmrOneD 96077 Specdb::NmrOneD 166482 Specdb::MsMs 1568 Specdb::MsMs 1569 Specdb::MsMs 1570 Specdb::MsMs 5291 Specdb::MsMs 5292 Specdb::MsMs 5293 Specdb::MsMs 5294 Specdb::MsMs 5295 Specdb::MsMs 5296 Specdb::MsMs 5297 Specdb::MsMs 5298 Specdb::MsMs 5302 Specdb::MsMs 19850 Specdb::MsMs 19851 Specdb::MsMs 19852 Specdb::MsMs 21401 Specdb::MsMs 21402 Specdb::MsMs 21403 Specdb::MsMs 445781 Specdb::MsMs 445782 Specdb::MsMs 445783 Specdb::MsMs 445784 Specdb::MsMs 445785 Specdb::MsMs 447934 Specdb::MsMs 2228912 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1069 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1644 HMDB01414 1045 13837702 C02896 17148 PUTRESCINE PUT Putrescine Keseler, I. 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Spermidine synthase P09158 SPEE_ECOLI speE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P09158.xml Spermidine N(1)-acetyltransferase P0A951 ATDA_ECOLI speG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A951.xml Ornithine decarboxylase, constitutive P21169 DCOR_ECOLI speC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P21169.xml Ornithine decarboxylase, inducible P24169 DCOS_ECOLI speF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P24169.xml Putrescine aminotransferase P42588 PAT_ECOLI patA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P42588.xml Agmatinase P60651 SPEB_ECOLI speB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P60651.xml Spermidine/putrescine import ATP-binding protein PotA P69874 POTA_ECOLI potA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69874.xml Gamma-glutamylputrescine synthetase P78061 PUUA_ECOLI puuA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P78061.xml Putative ABC transporter periplasmic-binding protein ydcS P76108 YDCS_ECOLI ydcS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76108.xml Uncharacterized ABC transporter ATP-binding protein ydcT P77795 YDCT_ECOLI ydcT http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77795.xml Inner membrane ABC transporter permease protein ydcU P77156 YDCU_ECOLI ydcU http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77156.xml Inner membrane ABC transporter permease protein ydcV P0AFR9 YDCV_ECOLI ydcV http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFR9.xml Spermidine/putrescine transport system permease protein potB P0AFK4 POTB_ECOLI potB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFK4.xml Spermidine/putrescine transport system permease protein potC P0AFK6 POTC_ECOLI potC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFK6.xml Putrescine transport system permease protein potI P0AFL1 POTI_ECOLI potI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFL1.xml Putrescine transport system permease protein potH P31135 POTH_ECOLI potH http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31135.xml Putrescine transport ATP-binding protein potG P31134 POTG_ECOLI potG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31134.xml Putrescine-binding periplasmic protein P31133 POTF_ECOLI potF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31133.xml Spermidine/putrescine-binding periplasmic protein P0AFK9 POTD_ECOLI potD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFK9.xml Spermidine/putrescine import ATP-binding protein PotA P69874 POTA_ECOLI potA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69874.xml Putative ABC transporter periplasmic-binding protein ydcS P76108 YDCS_ECOLI ydcS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76108.xml Uncharacterized ABC transporter ATP-binding protein ydcT P77795 YDCT_ECOLI ydcT http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77795.xml Inner membrane ABC transporter permease protein ydcU P77156 YDCU_ECOLI ydcU http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77156.xml Inner membrane ABC transporter permease protein ydcV P0AFR9 YDCV_ECOLI ydcV http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFR9.xml Spermidine/putrescine transport system permease protein potB P0AFK4 POTB_ECOLI potB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFK4.xml Spermidine/putrescine transport system permease protein potC P0AFK6 POTC_ECOLI potC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFK6.xml Putrescine transport system permease protein potI P0AFL1 POTI_ECOLI potI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFL1.xml Putrescine transport system permease protein potH P31135 POTH_ECOLI potH http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31135.xml Putrescine importer P76037 PUUP_ECOLI puuP http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76037.xml Outer membrane protein N P77747 OMPN_ECOLI ompN http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xml Outer membrane pore protein E P02932 PHOE_ECOLI phoE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xml Outer membrane protein F P02931 OMPF_ECOLI ompF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xml Putrescine-ornithine antiporter P0AAF1 POTE_ECOLI potE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AAF1.xml Putrescine transport ATP-binding protein potG P31134 POTG_ECOLI potG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31134.xml Outer membrane protein C P06996 OMPC_ECOLI ompC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xml Putrescine-binding periplasmic protein P31133 POTF_ECOLI potF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31133.xml Spermidine/putrescine-binding periplasmic protein P0AFK9 POTD_ECOLI potD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFK9.xml Adenosine triphosphate + Water + Putrescine > ADP + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate + Putrescine ABC-25-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Water + Putrescine > ADP + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate + Putrescine ABC-25-RXN Hydrogen ion + Ornithine + L-Ornithine <> Carbon dioxide + Putrescine + Ethylenediamine R00670 ORNDECARBOX-RXN S-Adenosylmethioninamine + Putrescine + Ethylenediamine <> 5'-Methylthioadenosine + Hydrogen ion + Spermidine R01920 SPERMIDINESYN-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamate + Putrescine + Ethylenediamine <> ADP + gamma-Glutamyl-L-putrescine + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate R07414 RXN0-3901 Agmatine + Water <> Putrescine + Urea + Ethylenediamine R01157 AGMATIN-RXN alpha-Ketoglutarate + Putrescine > 4-Aminobutyraldehyde + L-Glutamate R01155 Ornithine <> Putrescine + Carbon dioxide R00670 Acetyl-CoA + Putrescine <> Coenzyme A + N-Acetylputrescine R01154 Putrescine + alpha-Ketoglutarate <> 4-Aminobutyraldehyde + L-Glutamate R01155 Agmatine + Water <> Putrescine + Urea R01157 S-Adenosylmethioninamine + Putrescine <> 5'-Methylthioadenosine + Spermidine R01920 SPERMIDINESYN-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamate + Putrescine <> ADP + Phosphate + gamma-Glutamyl-L-putrescine R07414 Adenosine triphosphate + Putrescine + Water > ADP + Phosphate + Putrescine + Hydrogen ion ABC-25-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Putrescine + Water > ADP + Phosphate + Putrescine + Hydrogen ion ABC-25-RXN Water + Agmatine > Urea + Putrescine AGMATIN-RXN Hydrogen ion + Ornithine > Carbon dioxide + Putrescine ORNDECARBOX-RXN Putrescine + Oxoglutaric acid <> 4-Aminobutyraldehyde + L-Glutamate PUTTRANSAM-RXN Putrescine + L-Glutamate + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + gamma-Glutamyl-L-putrescine + ADP + Phosphate RXN0-3901 Putrescine + S-Adenosylmethioninamine > Hydrogen ion + Spermidine + 5'-Methylthioadenosine SPERMIDINESYN-RXN Ornithine > Putrescine + Carbon dioxide Putrescine + Oxoglutaric acid > L-Glutamate + 1-Pyrroline + Water Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamate + Putrescine > ADP + Inorganic phosphate + gamma-Glutamyl-L-putrescine S-Adenosylmethioninamine + Putrescine > 5'-Methylthioadenosine + Spermidine Putrescine + Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamic acid + L-Glutamate > Phosphate + Adenosine diphosphate + Hydrogen ion + gamma-Glutamyl-L-putrescine + ADP PW_R002685 Putrescine + Oxoglutaric acid > L-Glutamic acid + 4-Aminobutyraldehyde + L-Glutamate PW_R002689 Ornithine + Hydrogen ion + Ornithine > Putrescine + Carbon dioxide PW_R002695 Putrescine + S-Adenosylmethioninamine > Spermidine + Hydrogen ion + 5'-S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine PW_R005166 Putrescine + Oxoglutaric acid <> L-Glutamic acid + 1-Pyrroline + Water + L-Glutamate PW_R005441 Decarboxy-SAM + Putrescine > 5'-Methylthioadenosine + Spermidine + Hydrogen ion PW_R005961 S-Adenosylmethioninamine + Putrescine + Ethylenediamine <>5 5'-Methylthioadenosine + Hydrogen ion + Spermidine Hydrogen ion + Ornithine + L-Ornithine <> Carbon dioxide + Putrescine + Ethylenediamine Ornithine <> Putrescine + Carbon dioxide S-Adenosylmethioninamine + Putrescine + Ethylenediamine <>5 5'-Methylthioadenosine + Hydrogen ion + Spermidine 199 Medium with Earle’s salts –which contains 21 amino acids, 17 vitamins, 10 components of nucleic acids, sodium acetate, glucose, NaC1, KCl, CaC12, MgS04, Na2HP04, and Fe(N03)3 Shake flask 2040.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 HB101 Mid Log Phase 8160000 0 Hamana, K. (1996). "Distribution of diaminopropane and acetylspermidine in Enterobacteriaceae." Can J Microbiol 42:107-114. 8742354 199 Medium with Earle’s salts –which contains 21 amino acids, 17 vitamins, 10 components of nucleic acids, sodium acetate, glucose, NaC1, KCl, CaC12, MgS04, Na2HP04, and Fe(N03)3 Shake flask 3060.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 HB101 Stationary Phase 12240000 0 Hamana, K. (1996). "Distribution of diaminopropane and acetylspermidine in Enterobacteriaceae." Can J Microbiol 42:107-114. 8742354 Luria-Bertani (LB) media Shake flask 281.0 uM true 24.0 37 oC BL21 DE3 Stationary phase cultures (overnight culture) 1123600 96000 Lin, Z., Johnson, L. C., Weissbach, H., Brot, N., Lively, M. O., Lowther, W. T. (2007). "Free methionine-(R)-sulfoxide reductase from Escherichia coli reveals a new GAF domain function." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:9597-9602. 17535911 Luria-Bertani (LB) media Shake flask 1124.33 uM true 41.63 37 oC BL21 DE3 Stationary phase cultures (overnight culture) 4497333 166533 Lin, Z., Johnson, L. C., Weissbach, H., Brot, N., Lively, M. O., Lowther, W. T. (2007). "Free methionine-(R)-sulfoxide reductase from Escherichia coli reveals a new GAF domain function." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:9597-9602. 17535911