2.02012-05-31 10:24:35 -06002015-09-17 15:41:02 -0600ECMDB00240M2MDB000100SulfiteSulfite is a doubly negatively charged anion containing 1 sulfur and 3 oxygens. Endogenous sulfite is generated as a consequence of the normal processing of sulfur-containing amino acids. In E.coli, sulfites are involved in 3 metabolic pathways: cysteine and methionine metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolims and sulfur metabolism. (KEGG)BisulfiteBisulphiteSO3SO3-2SO<SUB>3</SUB>SO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>-2</SUP>Sulfite dianionSulfite ionSulfite ionsSulfonateSulfonic acidSulfur trioxideSulfuric anhydrideSulphiteSulphite dianionSulphite ionSulphite ionsSulphonateSulphonic acidSulphur trioxideSulphuric anhydrideTrioxosulfate(2-)Trioxosulfate(IV)Trioxosulfuric acid(2-)Trioxosulfuric acid(iv)Trioxosulphate(2-)Trioxosulphate(IV)Trioxosulphuric acid(2-)Trioxosulphuric acid(iv)O3S80.06379.956814556sulfurous acidsulfurous acid14265-45-3[O-]S([O-])=OInChI=1S/H2O3S/c1-4(2)3/h(H2,1,2,3)/p-2LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-LSolidCytosolExtra-organismPeriplasmlogp-1.2pka_strongest_acidic1.7iupacsulfurous acidaverage_mass80.063mono_mass79.956814556smiles[O-]S([O-])=OformulaO3SinchiInChI=1S/H2O3S/c1-4(2)3/h(H2,1,2,3)/p-2inchikeyLSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-Lpolar_surface_area57.53refractivity12.33polarizability5.76rotatable_bond_count0acceptor_count3donor_count2physiological_charge-1formal_charge0Cysteine and methionine metabolismec00270Sulfur metabolismThe sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion.
The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described.
The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. The alkyl sulfate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and an aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described.PW000922ec00920MetabolicTaurine and hypotaurine metabolismec00430Microbial metabolism in diverse environmentsec01120Metabolic pathwayseco01100Taurine Metabolism
Taurine is incorporated into the cytoplasm through a taurine ABC transporter. Once inside the cytoplasm, taurine interacts with an oxoglutaric acid and an oxygen through a taurine dioxygenase resulting in the release of succinic acid, sulfite , aminoacetaldehyde and carbon dioxidePW000774MetabolicTaurine Metabolism I Taurine is incorporated into the cytoplasm through a taurine ABC transporter. Once inside the cytoplasm, taurine interacts with an oxoglutaric acid and an oxygen through a taurine dioxygenase resulting in the release of succinic acid, sulfite , aminoacetaldehyde and carbon dioxidePW001028Metaboliccysteine biosynthesisThe pathway of cysteine biosynthesis is a two-step conversion starting from L-serine and yielding L-cysteine. L-serine biosynthesis is shown for context.
L-cysteine can also be synthesized from sulfate derivatives.
The process through L-serine involves a serine acetyltransferase that produces a O-acetylserine which reacts together with hydrogen sulfide through a cysteine synthase complex in order to produce L-cysteine and acetic acid.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced from a sulfate. Sulfate reacts with sulfate adenylyltransferase to produce adenosine phosphosulfate. This compound in turn is phosphorylated through a adenylyl-sulfate kinase into a phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate which in turn reacts with a phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase to produce a sulfite. The sulfite reacts with a sulfite reductase to produce the hydrogen sulfide.
This pathway is regulated at the genetic level in its second step, wtih both cysteine synthase isozymes being under the positive control of the cysteine-responsive transcription factor CysB. It is also subject to very strong feedback inhibition of its first step by the final pathway product, cysteine.
Although two cysteine synthase isozymes exist, only cysteine synthase A (CysK) forms a complex with serine acetyltransferase. CysK is also the only one of the two cysteine synthases that is required for cell viability on cysteine-free medium.
Both steps in this pathway are reversible. Based on genetic and proteomic data, it appears that the cysteine synthases may actually act as a sulfur scavenging system during sulfur starvation, stripping sulfur off of L-cysteine, generating any number of variant amino acids in the process.PW000800Metabolicsulfur metabolism (butanesulfonate)The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case 1-butanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. 1-butanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and betaine aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described.PW000923Metabolicsulfur metabolism (butanesulfonate/butanal)The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case 1-butanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. 1-butanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and butanal by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described.PW001014Metabolicsulfur metabolism (ethanesulfonate)The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case ethanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. Ethanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and betaine aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described.PW000925Metabolicsulfur metabolism (isethionate)The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case isethionate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. Isethionate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and betaine aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described.PW000926Metabolicsulfur metabolism (methanesulfonate)The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case methanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. Methanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and an aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described.PW000927Metabolicsulfur metabolism (propanesulfonate)The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and betaine aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described.PW000924MetabolicThiosulfate Disproportionation IIIThiosulfate sulfurtransferase is more often referred to by the name rhodanese, from the German word for thiocyanate, "rhodanid". The enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a sulfur atom from suitable sulfur donors to nucleophilic sulfur acceptors. The original description of rhodanese, purified from bovine mitochondria, used thiosulfate and cyanide for this purpose. Rhodanese is a widespread enzyme, and has been detected in many major phyla, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Despite its ubiquity, the physiological role of rhodanese has not yet been established unambiguously. It has been suggested that rhodanese is involved in detoxification of cyanide in both mammals and bacteria. It has also been proposed that rhodanese, using the dithiol dihydrolipoate as the sulfur acceptor, may act as a sulfur insertase involved in the formation of prosthetic groups in iron-sulfur proteins, such as ferredoxin. (EcoCyc)PW002060Metabolicsulfate reduction I (assimilatory)SO4ASSIM-PWYtwo-component alkanesulfonate monooxygenaseALKANEMONOX-PWYtaurine degradation IVPWY0-981thiosulfate disproportionation III (rhodanese)PWY-5350Specdb::CMs9618Specdb::CMs171217Specdb::MsMs23546Specdb::MsMs23547Specdb::MsMs23548Specdb::MsMs30344Specdb::MsMs30345Specdb::MsMs30346Specdb::MsMs1218074Specdb::MsMs1218075Specdb::MsMs1218076Specdb::MsMs2784079Specdb::MsMs2784080Specdb::MsMs2784081Specdb::MsMs2920975Specdb::MsMs2920976Specdb::MsMs2920977HMDB0024010991068C0009417359SO3SO3SulfiteKeseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590.21097882Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114.22080510Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948.18331064Yannai, Shmuel. (2004) Dictionary of food compounds with CD-ROM: Additives, flavors, and ingredients. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.Dorain, P. B.; Von Raben, K. U.; Chang, R. K.; Laube, B. L. Catalytic formation of sulfite and sulfate ions from sulfur dioxide on silver observed by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Chemical Physics Letters (1981), 84(2), 405-9.http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/175/original/HMDB00240.pdf?1358463412Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase glpEP0A6V5GLPE_ECOLIglpEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6V5.xmlCysteine synthase AP0ABK5CYSK_ECOLIcysKhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABK5.xmlThioredoxin-2P0AGG4THIO2_ECOLItrxChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AGG4.xmlCysteine synthase BP16703CYSM_ECOLIcysMhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P16703.xmlSulfite reductase [NADPH] hemoprotein beta-componentP17846CYSI_ECOLIcysIhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P17846.xmlPhosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductaseP17854CYSH_ECOLIcysHhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P17854.xml3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferaseP31142THTM_ECOLIsseAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31142.xmlAlpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenaseP37610TAUD_ECOLItauDhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37610.xmlSulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha-componentP38038CYSJ_ECOLIcysJhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P38038.xmlThiosulfate sulfurtransferase YnjEP78067YNJE_ECOLIynjEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P78067.xmlFMN reductaseP80644SSUE_ECOLIssuEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P80644.xmlAlkanesulfonate monooxygenaseP80645SSUD_ECOLIssuDhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P80645.xmlPutative aliphatic sulfonates transport permease protein ssuCP75851SSUC_ECOLIssuChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75851.xmlGlutaredoxin-4P0AC69GLRX4_ECOLIgrxDhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AC69.xmlThiosulfate sulfurtransferase PspEP23857PSPE_ECOLIpspEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P23857.xmlGlutaredoxin-3P0AC62GLRX3_ECOLIgrxChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AC62.xmlGlutaredoxin-2P0AC59GLRX2_ECOLIgrxBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AC59.xmlGlutaredoxin-1P68688GLRX1_ECOLIgrxAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P68688.xmlThioredoxin-1P0AA25THIO_ECOLItrxAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AA25.xmlPutative aliphatic sulfonates transport permease protein ssuCP75851SSUC_ECOLIssuChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75851.xmlOuter membrane protein NP77747OMPN_ECOLIompNhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xmlOuter membrane pore protein EP02932PHOE_ECOLIphoEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xmlOuter membrane protein FP02931OMPF_ECOLIompFhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xmlOuter membrane protein CP06996OMPC_ECOLIompChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xmlglutaredoxin + Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate > glutaredoxin +2 Hydrogen ion + Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + SulfitePhosphoadenosine phosphosulfate + Reduced Thioredoxin >2 Hydrogen ion + Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + Sulfite + Oxidized Thioredoxin5 Hydrogen ion + 3 NADPH + Sulfite <>3 Water + Hydrogen sulfide +3 NADPR00858SULFITE-REDUCT-RXNalpha-Ketoglutarate + Oxygen + Taurine <> Aminoacetaldehyde + Carbon dioxide + Hydrogen ion + Sulfite + Succinic acidR05320FMNH + Oxygen + Sulfoacetate > Flavin Mononucleotide + Glyoxylic acid + Hydrogen ion + Water + SulfiteFMNH + Isethionic acid + Oxygen > Flavin Mononucleotide + Glycolaldehyde + Hydrogen ion + Water + SulfiteRXN-13418FMNH + Methanesulfonate + Oxygen > Formaldehyde + Flavin Mononucleotide + Hydrogen ion + Water + SulfiteButanesulfonate + FMNH + Oxygen > Butanal + Flavin Mononucleotide + Hydrogen ion + Water + SulfiteRXN0-6973Ethanesulfonate + FMNH + Oxygen > Acetaldehyde + Flavin Mononucleotide + Hydrogen ion + Water + SulfiteHydrogen cyanide + Thiosulfate > Hydrogen ion + Sulfite + ThiocyanateHydrogen sulfide + 3 NADP + 3 Water <> Sulfite +3 NADPH +3 Hydrogen ionR00858Thiosulfate + Cyanide <> Sulfite + ThiocyanateR01931Thioredoxin + Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate + Thioredoxin disulfide <> Thioredoxin disulfide + Sulfite + Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + ThioredoxinR020213-Mercaptopyruvic acid + Sulfite <> Thiosulfate + Pyruvic acidR03105O-Acetylserine + Thiosulfate + Thioredoxin + Hydrogen ion <> L-Cysteine + Sulfite + Thioredoxin disulfide + Acetic acidR04859Taurine + alpha-Ketoglutarate + Oxygen <> Sulfite + Aminoacetaldehyde + Succinic acid + Carbon dioxideR05320Hydrogen ion + Sulfite <> bisulfiteRXN-83153-Sulfinoalanine + Water Hydrogen ion + L-Alanine + SulfiteRXN0-279an alkanesulfonate + Oxygen + FMNH > an aldehyde + Sulfite + Water + Flavin Mononucleotide + Hydrogen ionRXN0-280Taurine + Oxoglutaric acid + Oxygen > Hydrogen ion + Aminoacetaldehyde + Sulfite + Succinic acid + Carbon dioxideRXN0-299Butanesulfonate + Oxygen + FMNH > Butanal + Sulfite + Water + Flavin Mononucleotide + Hydrogen ionRXN0-6973Water + NADP + Hydrogen sulfide < Hydrogen ion + NADPH + SulfiteSULFITE-REDUCT-RXNAdenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + Sulfite + thioredoxin disulfide > Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate + thioredoxinHydrogen sulfide + 3 NADP + 3 Water > Sulfite +3 NADPHThiosulfate + Hydrogen cyanide > Sulfite + ThiocyanateAn alkanesufonate (R-CH(2)-SO(3)H) + FMNH(2) + Oxygen > an aldehyde (R-CHO) + Flavin Mononucleotide + Sulfite + WaterTaurine + Oxoglutaric acid + Oxygen > Sulfite + Aminoacetaldehyde + Succinic acid + Carbon dioxideAlkanesulfonate + FMNH + Oxygen <> Aldehyde + Flavin Mononucleotide + Sulfite + WaterR07210 Taurine + Oxoglutaric acid + Oxygen > Sulfite + Succinic acid + Aminoacetaldehyde + Carbon dioxide + SulfitePW_R002558Taurine + Oxoglutaric acid + Oxygen > Sulfite + Succinic acid + Carbon dioxide + Hydrogen ion + Aminoacetaldehyde + SulfitePW_R0034613 NADPH + 5 Hydrogen ion + Sulfite + 3 NADPH + Sulfite > Hydrogen sulfide +3 Water +3 NADPPW_R002849Sulfite + 3 NADPH + 5 Hydrogen ion + Sulfite + 3 NADPH >3 Water + NADP + Hydrogen sulfidePW_R003464Sulfide + Water + 3 NADP > Sulfite +3 NADPH + Sulfite +3 NADPHPW_R003839Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate + reduced thioredoxin > Sulfite +2 Hydrogen ion + Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate +2 oxidized thioredoxin + Sulfite + Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphatePW_R002850Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate + reduced thioredoxin > Sulfite + oxidized thioredoxin + Hydrogen ion + Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + Sulfite + Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphatePW_R003460alkylsulfonate + FMNH2 + Oxygen > Betaine aldehyde + Sulfite + Flavin Mononucleotide + Water +2 Hydrogen ion + SulfitePW_R003462Butanesulfonate + Oxygen + FMNH2 > Hydrogen ion + Water + Sulfite + Flavin Mononucleotide + Betaine aldehyde + SulfitePW_R003467Oxygen + FMNH2 + 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate > Sulfite + Water + Hydrogen ion + Flavin Mononucleotide + Betaine aldehyde + SulfitePW_R003468 ethanesulfonate + Oxygen + FMNH2 > Hydrogen ion + Water + Flavin Mononucleotide + Sulfite + Betaine aldehyde + SulfitePW_R003469 isethionate + Oxygen + FMNH2 > Betaine aldehyde + Flavin Mononucleotide + Hydrogen ion + Water + Sulfite + SulfitePW_R003470Oxygen + methanesulfonate + FMNH2 + Methanesulfonate > Hydrogen ion + Water + Flavin Mononucleotide + Sulfite + Betaine aldehyde + SulfitePW_R003471Cyanide + Thiosulfate + Cyanide + Thiosulfate > Thiocyanate + Sulfite + Hydrogen ion + Thiocyanate + SulfitePW_R003463Hydrogen cyanide + Thiosulfate > Thiocyanate + Sulfite +2 Hydrogen ionPW_R006013Thiosulfate + Cyanide <> Sulfite + ThiocyanateThioredoxin + Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate + Thioredoxin disulfide <> Sulfite + Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate5 Hydrogen ion + 3 NADPH + Sulfite <>3 Water + Hydrogen sulfide +3 NADPAlkanesulfonate + FMNH + Oxygen <> Aldehyde + Flavin Mononucleotide + Sulfite + Wateralpha-Ketoglutarate + Oxygen + Taurine <> Aminoacetaldehyde + Carbon dioxide + Hydrogen ion + Sulfite + Succinic acidTaurine + alpha-Ketoglutarate + Oxygen <> Sulfite + Aminoacetaldehyde + Succinic acid + Carbon dioxideThiosulfate + Cyanide <> Sulfite + Thiocyanate5 Hydrogen ion + 3 NADPH + Sulfite <>3 Water + Hydrogen sulfide +3 NADPalpha-Ketoglutarate + Oxygen + Taurine <> Aminoacetaldehyde + Carbon dioxide + Hydrogen ion + Sulfite + Succinic acid