2.02012-05-31 10:24:03 -06002015-09-13 12:56:07 -0600ECMDB00220M2MDB000091Palmitic acidPalmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid is a saturated fatty acids. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA which is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation. (Wikipedia)1-Hexyldecanoate1-Hexyldecanoic acid1-Pentadecanecarboxylate1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acidC16 fatty acidCetylateCetylic acidEdenor C16Emersol 140Emersol 143Glycon P-45HexadecanoateHexadecanoate (N-C16:0)Hexadecanoate palmitateHexadecanoate palmitic acidHexadecanoic acidHexadecanoic acid (N-C16:0)Hexadecanoic acid palmitic acidHexadecoateHexadecoic acidHexadecylateHexadecylic acidHexaectylateHexaectylic acidHydrofolHydrofol acid 1690Hystrene 8016Hystrene 9016Industrene 4516Kortacid 1698Loxiol EP 278Lunac P 95Lunac P 95KCLunac P 98N-HexadecanoateN-Hexadecanoic acidN-HexadecoateN-Hexadecoic acidPalmitatePalmitic acidPalmitinatePalmitinic acidPalmitinsaeurePalmitoatePalmitoic acidPAMPentadecanecarboxylatePentadecanecarboxylic acidPLMPrifac 2960Prifrac 2960Pristerene 4934Univol U332C16H32O2256.4241256.240230268hexadecanoic acidpalmitic acid57-10-3CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=OInChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-NSolidMembranelogp7.23logs-5.80solubility4.07e-04 g/lmelting_point61.8 oClogp6.26pka_strongest_acidic4.95iupachexadecanoic acidaverage_mass256.4241mono_mass256.240230268smilesCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=OformulaC16H32O2inchiInChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18)inchikeyIPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-Npolar_surface_area37.3refractivity77.08polarizability34.36rotatable_bond_count14acceptor_count2donor_count1physiological_charge-1formal_charge0Fatty acid biosynthesisThe fatty acid biosynthesis starts from acetyl-CoA reacting either with a holo-[acp] through a 3-oxoacyl-[acp] synthase 3 resulting in an acetyl-[acp] or react with hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven acetyl-CoA carboxylase resulting in a malonyl-CoA.
Malonyl-CoA reacts with a holo-acp] through a malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase resulting in a malonyl-[acp]. This compound can react with a KASI protein resulting in an acetyl-[acp]. A malonyl-[acp] can also react with an acetyl-[acp] through KASI and KASII or with acetyl-CoA through a beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase to produce an acetoacetyl-[acp]. An acetoacetyl-[acp] is also known as a 3-oxoacyl-[acp].
A 3-oxoacyl-[acp] is reduced through a NDPH mediated 3-oxoacyl-[acp] reductase resulting in a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acp] (R3 hydroxydecanoyl-[acp]) which can either join the fatty acid metabolism, be dehydrated by an 3R-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase to produce a trans-2-enoyl-[acp] or be dehydrated by a hydroxydecanoyl-[acp] to produce a trans-delta2 decenoyl-[acp].
Trans-2-enoyl-[acp] is reduced by a NADH driven enoyl-[acp] reductase resulting in a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl-[acp]. This product then reacts with malonyl-[acp] through KASI and KASII resulting in a holo-acyl carrier protein and a 3- oxoacyl-[acp].
Trans-delta2 decenoyl-[acp] reacts with a 3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acp] dehydrase producing a cis-delta 3-decenoyl-ACP. This product then reacts with KASI to produce a 3-oxo-cis-delta5-dodecenoyl-[acp], which in turn is reduced by a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acp] resulting in a 3R-hydroxy cis delta5-dodecenoyl-acp. This product is dehydrated by a (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase resulting in a trans-delta 3- cis-delta 5-dodecenoyl-[acp] which in turn is reduced by a NADH driven enoyl-[acp] reductase resulting in a cis-delta5-dodecenoyl-acp which goes into fatty acid metabolism
PW000900ec00061MetabolicBiosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acidsec01040Fatty acid metabolismThis pathway depicts the degradation of palmitic acid (C16:0). Fatty acid degradation and synthesis are relatively simple processes that are essentially the reverse of each other. The process of fatty acid degradation, also known as Beta-Oxidation, converts an aliphatic compound into a set of activated acetyl units (acetyl CoA) that can be processed by the citric acid cycle. An activated fatty acid is first oxidized to introduce a double bond; the double bond is then hydrated to introduce an oxygen; the alcohol is then oxidized to a ketone; and, finally, the four carbon fragment is cleaved by coenzyme A to yield acetyl CoA and a fatty acid chain two carbons shorter. If the fatty acid has an even number of carbon atoms and is saturated, the process is simply repeated until the fatty acid is completely converted into acetyl CoA units. Fatty acid synthesis is essentially the reverse of this process. Because the result is a polymer, the process starts with monomers—in this case with activated acyl group and malonyl units. The malonyl unit is condensed with the acetyl unit to form a four-carbon fragment. To produce the required hydrocarbon chain, the carbonyl must be reduced. The fragment is reduced, dehydrated, and reduced again, exactly the opposite of degradation, to bring the carbonyl group to the level of a methylene group with the formation of butyryl CoA. Another activated malonyl group condenses with the butyryl unit and the process is repeated until a C16 fatty acid is synthesized.
The first step converts the hydroxydecanoyl into a trans 2decenoyl acp through a protein complex conformed of a hydroxomyristoyl dehydratase and a hydroxydecanoyl dehydratase. The second step leads to the production of a cis 3 decenoyl acp through a 3-hydroxydecanoyl acp dehydratase. For the third step the cis 3 decenoyl acp enters a cycle involving a synthase, reductase, dehydratase and an enoyl reductase which in turn produce a cis x enoyl-acp, hydroxy cis x enoyl, trans x-2 cis x enoyl acp and cis x enoyl respectively.This is done until a palmitoleoyl is produce. In said case the pathway procedes in two different directions. It can either produce a palmitoleic acid through a acyl-coa thioesterase, or produce a Vaccenic acid through a different set of reactions. This process is achieved through a 3-oxoacyl acp synthase, a 3-oxoacyl acp reductase, a 3r hydroxymyristoyl dehydratase and an enoyl acp reductase that produces a transition through 3-oxo cis vaccenoyl acp, 3 hydroxy cis vaccenoyl acp, cis vaccen 2 enoyl acp and a cis vaccenoyl acp respectively. At this point it goes through one final reaction to produce a Vaccenic acid, through an acyl-CoA thioesterasePW000796ec00071Metabolicfatty acid oxidation (palmitate)Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase.
The order of the reaction is as follows:
a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolasePW001023Metabolicpalmitate biosynthesisPalmitate is synthesized by stepwise condensation of C2 units to a growing acyl chain. Each elongation cycle results in the addition of two carbons to the acyl chain, and consists of four separate reactions.
The pathway starts with acetyl-CoA interacting with hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven acetyl-CoA carboxylase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP , a hydrogen ion and a malonyl-CoA. The latter compound interacts with a holo-[acp] through a malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase resulting in a CoA and a malonyl-[acp]. This compound interacts with hydrogen ion, acetyl-CoA through a KASIII resulting in a CoA, carbon dioxide and an acetoacetyl-[acp].
The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxybutanoyl-[acp](1).
This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a crotonyl-[acp](2).
The crotonyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a butyryl-[acp](3).
The butyryl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-hexanoyl-[acp](4).
The 3-oxo-hexanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxyhexanoyl-[acp](1).
This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans hex-2-enoyl-[acp](2).
The trans hex-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a hexanoyl-[acp](3).
The hexanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-octanoyl-[acp](4).
The 3-oxo-octanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxyoctanoyl-[acp](1).
This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans oct-2-enoyl-[acp](2).
The trans oct-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a octanoyl-[acp](3).
The octanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-decanoyl-[acp](4).
The 3-oxo-decanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxydecanoyl-[acp](1).
This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans-delta2-decenoyl-[acp](2).
The a trans-delta2-decenoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a decanoyl-[acp](3).
The decanoyl-[acp] interacts with a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-[acp](4).
The 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-[acp ]interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-[acp](1).
This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans dodec-2-enoyl-[acp](2).
The trans dodec-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a dodecanoyl-[acp](3). This compound can either react with water spontaneously resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-[acp] and a dodecanoic acid or it interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-myristoyl-[acp](4).
The 3-oxo-myristoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (3R) 3-Hydroxymyristoyl-[acp](1).
This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans tetradec-2-enoyl-[acp](2).
This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion, through a NADH-driven KASI resulting in a NAD and a myristoyl-[acp].
Myristoyl-[acp] with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-palmitoyl-[acp](4).
The 3-oxo-palmitoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (3R) 3-Hydroxypalmitoyl-[acp](1).
This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans hexadecenoyl-[acp](2).
The trans hexadecenoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a palmitoyl-[acp](3).
Palmitoyl then reacts with water spontaneously resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-[acp] and palmitic acid.
No integral membrane protein required for long chain fatty acid uptake has been identified in E. coli. The transport of long chain fatty acids across the cytoplasmic membrane is dependent on fatty acyl-CoA synthetase. An energised membrane is necessary for fatty acid transport and it has been suggested that uncharged fatty acids flip across the inner membrane by diffusion.
PW000797Metabolicpalmitate biosynthesis 2Palmitate is synthesized by stepwise condensation of C2 units to a growing acyl chain. Each elongation cycle results in the addition of two carbons to the acyl chain, and consists of four separate reactions. The pathway starts with acetyl-CoA interacting with hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven acetyl-CoA carboxylase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP , a hydrogen ion and a malonyl-CoA. The latter compound interacts with a holo-[acp] through a malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase resulting in a CoA and a malonyl-[acp]. This compound interacts with hydrogen ion, acetyl-CoA through a KASIII resulting in a CoA, carbon dioxide and an acetoacetyl-[acp]. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxybutanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a crotonyl-[acp](2). The crotonyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a butyryl-[acp](3). The butyryl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-hexanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-hexanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxyhexanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans hex-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans hex-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a hexanoyl-[acp](3). The hexanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-octanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-octanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxyoctanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans oct-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans oct-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a octanoyl-[acp](3). The octanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-decanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-decanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxydecanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans-delta2-decenoyl-[acp](2). The a trans-delta2-decenoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a decanoyl-[acp](3). The decanoyl-[acp] interacts with a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-[acp ]interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans dodec-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans dodec-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a dodecanoyl-[acp](3). This compound can either react with water spontaneously resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-[acp] and a dodecanoic acid or it interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-myristoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-myristoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (3R) 3-Hydroxymyristoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans tetradec-2-enoyl-[acp](2). This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion, through a NADH-driven KASI resulting in a NAD and a myristoyl-[acp]. Myristoyl-[acp] with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-palmitoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-palmitoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (3R) 3-Hydroxypalmitoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans hexadecenoyl-[acp](2). The trans hexadecenoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a palmitoyl-[acp](3). Palmitoyl then reacts with water spontaneously resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-[acp] and palmitic acid. No integral membrane protein required for long chain fatty acid uptake has been identified in E. coli. The transport of long chain fatty acids across the cytoplasmic membrane is dependent on fatty acyl-CoA synthetase. An energised membrane is necessary for fatty acid transport and it has been suggested that uncharged fatty acids flip across the inner membrane by diffusion.PW002044Metabolicpalmitate biosynthesis II (bacteria and plants)PWY-5971Specdb::CMs475Specdb::CMs476Specdb::CMs1756Specdb::CMs3263Specdb::CMs28247Specdb::CMs30396Specdb::CMs30904Specdb::CMs31084Specdb::CMs31676Specdb::CMs31949Specdb::CMs37367Specdb::CMs160275Specdb::CMs1055058Specdb::EiMs1128Specdb::NmrOneD1217Specdb::NmrOneD3179Specdb::NmrOneD4752Specdb::NmrOneD4753Specdb::MsMs358Specdb::MsMs359Specdb::MsMs360Specdb::MsMs3663Specdb::MsMs20117Specdb::MsMs20118Specdb::MsMs20119Specdb::MsMs20327Specdb::MsMs20328Specdb::MsMs20329Specdb::MsMs21668Specdb::MsMs21669Specdb::MsMs21670Specdb::MsMs21878Specdb::MsMs21879Specdb::MsMs21880Specdb::MsMs286452Specdb::MsMs286453Specdb::MsMs286454Specdb::MsMs286455Specdb::MsMs286456Specdb::MsMs373610Specdb::MsMs373611Specdb::MsMs373612Specdb::MsMs373613Specdb::NmrTwoD1216HMDB00220985960C0024915756PALMITATEPLMPalmitic acidKeseler, I. 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Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2005), 5 pp.http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/157/original/HMDB00220.pdf?1358895203Lysophospholipase L2P07000PLDB_ECOLIpldBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P07000.xmlPhospholipase A1P0A921PA1_ECOLIpldAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A921.xmlAcylphosphataseP0AB65ACYP_ECOLIyccXhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AB65.xmlAcyl-CoA thioesterase IP0ADA1TESA_ECOLItesAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ADA1.xmlAcyl carrier protein phosphodiesteraseP21515ACPH_ECOLIacpHhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P21515.xmlBifunctional protein aasP31119AAS_ECOLIaashttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31119.xmlLong-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligaseP69451LCFA_ECOLIfadDhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69451.xmlProtein crcAP37001CRCA_ECOLIcrcAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37001.xmlShort-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligaseP38135FADK_ECOLIfadKhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P38135.xmlAcyl-CoA thioesterase 2P0AGG2TESB_ECOLItesBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AGG2.xmlAcyl carrier proteinP0A6A8ACP_ECOLIacpPhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6A8.xmlLong-chain fatty acid transport proteinP10384FADL_ECOLIfadLhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P10384.xmlAdenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Palmityl-CoA + PyrophosphateR01280acyl carrier protein + Adenosine triphosphate + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Palmitoyl-ACP (n-C16:0ACP) + PyrophosphateWater + Palmitoyl-ACP (n-C16:0ACP) > acyl carrier protein + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acidWater + Palmityl-CoA > Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C16:0) + Water > Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C16:0) + Water > Glycerophosphoglycerol + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + Water > Glycerol 3-phosphate + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acidcore oligosaccharide lipid A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid > Water + hepta-acylated core oligosaccharide lipid A (E. coli)Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid + KDO2-Lipid A > Water + Hepta-acylated KDO2-lipid AWater + Hexadecanoyl-phosphate (n-C16:0) >2 Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid + Phosphate2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C16:0) + Adenosine triphosphate + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + PE(14:0/14:0) + Pyrophosphate2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C16:0) + Adenosine triphosphate + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + PG(16:0/16:0) + PyrophosphateWater + PA(16:0/16:0) > 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acidWater + PA(16:0/16:0) > 2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + Palmitic acidWater + PE(14:0/14:0) > 1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C16:0) + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acidWater + PE(14:0/14:0) > 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C16:0) + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acidWater + PG(16:0/16:0) > 1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C16:0) + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acidWater + PG(16:0/16:0) > 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C16:0) + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C16:0) + Water > Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C16:0) + Water > Glycerophosphoglycerol + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + Water > Glycerol 3-phosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acidAdenosine triphosphate + Palmitic acid + Coenzyme A <> Adenosine monophosphate + Palmityl-CoA + PyrophosphateR01280Palmitic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A > Palmityl-CoA + Adenosine monophosphate + PyrophosphatePW_R002469Palmitic acid + Coenzyme A + Adenosine triphosphate > Adenosine monophosphate + Palmityl-CoAPW_R003764Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Palmityl-CoA + PyrophosphateAdenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Palmityl-CoA + Pyrophosphate