Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2012-05-31 10:23:21 -0600
Update Date2015-09-13 12:56:06 -0600
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • ECMDB00190
Identification
Name:L-Lactic acid
DescriptionLactic acid plays a role in several biochemical processes. E. coli produces lactic acid from pyruvate in a process of normal metabolism. The lactic acid produced by E. coli and other probiotics (mostly lactic acid bacteria) can lower the pH in mammalian host intestines and therefore, it inhibits the growth of proteolytic bacteria and have a beneficial effect on intestinal inflammation. (PMID 15138208)
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms:
  • (+)-Lactate
  • (+)-Lactic acid
  • (a)-Lactate
  • (a)-Lactic acid
  • (alpha)-Lactate
  • (alpha)-Lactic acid
  • (S)-(+)-2-Hydroxypropanoate
  • (S)-(+)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid
  • (S)-2-hydroxy-Propanoate
  • (S)-2-hydroxy-Propanoic acid
  • (S)-2-Hydroxypropanoate
  • (S)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid
  • (S)-2-Hydroxypropionate
  • (S)-2-Hydroxypropionic acid
  • (S)-Lactate
  • (S)-Lactic acid
  • (α)-Lactate
  • (α)-Lactic acid
  • 1-Hydroxyethane 1-carboxylate
  • 1-Hydroxyethane 1-carboxylic acid
  • 1-Hydroxyethanecarboxylate
  • 1-Hydroxyethanecarboxylic acid
  • 2-Hydroxypropanoate
  • 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid
  • 2-Hydroxypropionate
  • 2-Hydroxypropionic acid
  • A-Hydroxypropanoate
  • A-Hydroxypropanoic acid
  • A-Hydroxypropionate
  • A-Hydroxypropionic acid
  • Alpha-Hydroxypropanoate
  • Alpha-Hydroxypropanoic acid
  • Alpha-Hydroxypropionate
  • Alpha-Hydroxypropionic acid
  • L(+)-Lactate
  • L(+)-Lactic acid
  • L-(+)- Lactate
  • L-(+)- Lactic acid
  • L-2-Hydroxypropanoate
  • L-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid
  • L-Lactate
  • L-Lactic acid
  • Lactate
  • Lactic acid
  • Milk acid
  • Sarcolactate
  • Sarcolactic acid
  • α-Hydroxypropanoate
  • α-Hydroxypropanoic acid
  • α-Hydroxypropionate
  • α-Hydroxypropionic acid
Chemical Formula:C3H6O3
Weight:Average: 90.0779
Monoisotopic: 90.031694058
InChI Key:JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-REOHCLBHSA-N
InChI:InChI=1S/C3H6O3/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h2,4H,1H3,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1
CAS number:79-33-4
IUPAC Name:(2R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name:D-lactic acid
SMILES:C[C@H](O)C(O)=O
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassHydroxy acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAlpha hydroxy acids and derivatives
Direct ParentAlpha hydroxy acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alpha-hydroxy acid
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
State:Liquid
Charge:-1
Melting point:16.8 °C (BP = 119 oC)
Experimental Properties:
PropertyValueSource
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility562 g/LALOGPS
logP-0.79ALOGPS
logP-0.47ChemAxon
logS0.79ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.78ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.7ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area57.53 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity18.84 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability8.05 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations:Cytoplasm
Reactions:
SMPDB Pathways:
L-lactaldehyde degradation (aerobic)PW002073 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
Propanoate metabolismPW000940 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
fucose and rhamnose degradationPW000826 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
methylglyoxal degradation IVPW002078 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
KEGG Pathways:
EcoCyc Pathways:
Concentrations
Not Available
Spectra
Spectra:
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-00kb-0900000000-fb59ec16914501aa19abView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-014j-0900000000-c4d9e12b4b0150eda54bView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00kb-0900000000-fb59ec16914501aa19abView in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0006-9000000000-a3691f383d440fb00e1fView in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-01b9-9620000000-f7faa7db9c1be3d9d975View in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Negative (Annotated)splash10-000i-9000000000-704f8ff33156c82a02d1View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Negative (Annotated)splash10-000m-9000000000-023931446d9bb3330e7fView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Negative (Annotated)splash10-000l-9000000000-0fb29afb128baea2240bView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , negativesplash10-000i-9000000000-d7cd347946e49a57860eView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-aee01e43e8ee93db755dView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-000f-9000000000-581a00222505e9e4b458View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-5bfd9fdf1c0df2054452View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-006x-9000000000-5f417f4a6d08f0ab00edView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-00dm-9000000000-df7a94bb1a9cf6e78e1aView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-004j-9000000000-dc2a1b965287b9dfee9cView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-000i-9000000000-c3686a681cc9bbf039e1View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-000i-9000000000-ddad20647c2ac56efd22View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-b728b45617afcc6b67daView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-000i-9000000000-b586cb8f053eb4465b4eView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-000i-9000000000-400a5f1c0dfcc32ef2bbView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0007-9000000000-ad5eb77c7e0a96f3a40aView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0002-9000000000-00ba25458eb6c0cc2940View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0002-9000000000-00ba25458eb6c0cc2940View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0002-9000000000-00ba25458eb6c0cc2940View in MoNA
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-002b-9000000000-50213d6b39ef9741c466View in MoNA
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
2D NMR[1H,1H] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
References
References:
  • Bairaktari E, Katopodis K, Siamopoulos KC, Tsolas O: Paraquat-induced renal injury studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine. Clin Chem. 1998 Jun;44(6 Pt 1):1256-61. Pubmed: 9625050
  • Commodari F, Arnold DL, Sanctuary BC, Shoubridge EA: 1H NMR characterization of normal human cerebrospinal fluid and the detection of methylmalonic acid in a vitamin B12 deficient patient. NMR Biomed. 1991 Aug;4(4):192-200. Pubmed: 1931558
  • Hoffmann GF, Meier-Augenstein W, Stockler S, Surtees R, Rating D, Nyhan WL: Physiology and pathophysiology of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(4):648-69. Pubmed: 8412012
  • Isotalo T, Talja M, Hellstrom P, Perttila I, Valimaa T, Tormala P, Tammela TL: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study to investigate the effects of finasteride combined with a biodegradable self-reinforced poly L-lactic acid spiral stent in patients with urinary retention caused by bladder outlet obstruction from benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int. 2001 Jul;88(1):30-4. Pubmed: 11446841
  • Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. Pubmed: 22080510
  • Kaya M, Moriwaki Y, Ka T, Inokuchi T, Yamamoto A, Takahashi S, Tsutsumi Z, Tsuzita J, Oku Y, Yamamoto T: Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of purine bases (uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine) and oxypurinol after rigorous exercise. Metabolism. 2006 Jan;55(1):103-7. Pubmed: 16324927
  • Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. Pubmed: 21097882
  • Khan SA, Cox IJ, Hamilton G, Thomas HC, Taylor-Robinson SD: In vivo and in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a tool for investigating hepatobiliary disease: a review of H and P MRS applications. Liver Int. 2005 Apr;25(2):273-81. Pubmed: 15780050
  • Menard, S., Candalh, C., Bambou, J. C., Terpend, K., Cerf-Bensussan, N., Heyman, M. (2004). "Lactic acid bacteria secrete metabolites retaining anti-inflammatory properties after intestinal transport." Gut 53:821-828. Pubmed: 15138208
  • Nakayama Y, Kinoshita A, Tomita M: Dynamic simulation of red blood cell metabolism and its application to the analysis of a pathological condition. Theor Biol Med Model. 2005 May 9;2(1):18. Pubmed: 15882454
  • Nicholson JK, Buckingham MJ, Sadler PJ: High resolution 1H n.m.r. studies of vertebrate blood and plasma. Biochem J. 1983 Jun 1;211(3):605-15. Pubmed: 6411064
  • Nielsen J, Ytrebo LM, Borud O: Lactate and pyruvate concentrations in capillary blood from newborns. Acta Paediatr. 1994 Sep;83(9):920-2. Pubmed: 7819686
  • Redjems-Bennani N, Jeandel C, Lefebvre E, Blain H, Vidailhet M, Gueant JL: Abnormal substrate levels that depend upon mitochondrial function in cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer patients. Gerontology. 1998;44(5):300-4. Pubmed: 9693263
  • Shirai Y, Kamimura K, Seki T, Morohashi M: L-lactic acid as a mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) repellent on human and mouse skin. J Med Entomol. 2001 Jan;38(1):51-4. Pubmed: 11268691
  • Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. Pubmed: 12097436
  • Subramanian A, Gupta A, Saxena S, Gupta A, Kumar R, Nigam A, Kumar R, Mandal SK, Roy R: Proton MR CSF analysis and a new software as predictors for the differentiation of meningitis in children. NMR Biomed. 2005 Jun;18(4):213-25. Pubmed: 15627241
  • Valenza F, Aletti G, Fossali T, Chevallard G, Sacconi F, Irace M, Gattinoni L: Lactate as a marker of energy failure in critically ill patients: hypothesis. Crit Care. 2005;9(6):588-93. Epub 2005 Sep 28. Pubmed: 16356243
  • van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. Pubmed: 17765195
  • Walenta S, Schroeder T, Mueller-Klieser W: Lactate in solid malignant tumors: potential basis of a metabolic classification in clinical oncology. Curr Med Chem. 2004 Aug;11(16):2195-204. Pubmed: 15279558
  • Wevers RA, Engelke U, Wendel U, de Jong JG, Gabreels FJ, Heerschap A: Standardized method for high-resolution 1H-NMR of cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 1995 May;41(5):744-51. Pubmed: 7729054
  • Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948. Pubmed: 18331064
  • Zupke C, Sinskey AJ, Stephanopoulos G: Intracellular flux analysis applied to the effect of dissolved oxygen on hybridomas. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995 Dec;44(1-2):27-36. Pubmed: 8579834
Synthesis Reference:Lao, Hanzhang; Sun, Jianrong; Wang, Jian; Qian, Zhiliang. Process for preparation of high-purity L-lactic acid. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2007), 9pp.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
External Links:
ResourceLink
CHEBI ID16651
HMDB IDHMDB00190
Pubchem Compound ID107689
Kegg IDC00186
ChemSpider ID96860
WikipediaLactate
BioCyc IDL-LACTATE
EcoCyc IDL-LACTATE
Ligand Expo2OP

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
Specific function:
First component of the membrane-bound D-lactate oxidase, which is believed to play an important role in the energization of the active transport of a variety of sugars and amino acids
Gene Name:
dld
Uniprot ID:
P06149
Molecular weight:
64612
Reactions
(R)-lactate + NAD(+) = pyruvate + NADH.
General function:
Involved in hydrolase activity
Specific function:
Thiolesterase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D- lactoyl-glutathione to form glutathione and D-lactic acid
Gene Name:
gloB
Uniprot ID:
P0AC84
Molecular weight:
28434
Reactions
S-(2-hydroxyacyl)glutathione + H(2)O = glutathione + a 2-hydroxy carboxylate.
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Acts on lactaldehyde as well as other aldehydes
Gene Name:
aldA
Uniprot ID:
P25553
Molecular weight:
52272
Reactions
(S)-lactaldehyde + NAD(+) + H(2)O = (S)-lactate + NADH.
Glycolaldehyde + NAD(+) + H(2)O = glycolate + NADH.
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
(S)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c = pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H(+)
Gene Name:
lldD
Uniprot ID:
P33232
Molecular weight:
42728
Reactions
(S)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c = pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H(+).
General function:
Energy production and conversion
Specific function:
Specific function unknown
Gene Name:
ykgE
Uniprot ID:
P77252
Molecular weight:
26004
General function:
Unknown function
Specific function:
Specific function unknown
Gene Name:
ykgG
Uniprot ID:
P77433
Molecular weight:
25212
General function:
Involved in lactate oxidation
Specific function:
Specific function unknown
Gene Name:
ykgF
Uniprot ID:
P77536
Molecular weight:
53052

Transporters

General function:
Involved in lactate transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Transports L-lactate across the membrane. Can also transport D-lactate and glycolate. Seems to be driven by a proton motive force
Gene Name:
lldP
Uniprot ID:
P33231
Molecular weight:
59168
General function:
Involved in lactate transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Transports glycolate across the membrane. Can also transport L-lactate and D-lactate. Seems to be driven by a proton motive force
Gene Name:
glcA
Uniprot ID:
Q46839
Molecular weight:
58920
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Non-specific porin
Gene Name:
ompN
Uniprot ID:
P77747
Molecular weight:
41220
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Uptake of inorganic phosphate, phosphorylated compounds, and some other negatively charged solutes
Gene Name:
phoE
Uniprot ID:
P02932
Molecular weight:
38922
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
OmpF is a porin that forms passive diffusion pores which allow small molecular weight hydrophilic materials across the outer membrane. It is also a receptor for the bacteriophage T2
Gene Name:
ompF
Uniprot ID:
P02931
Molecular weight:
39333
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Forms passive diffusion pores which allow small molecular weight hydrophilic materials across the outer membrane
Gene Name:
ompC
Uniprot ID:
P06996
Molecular weight:
40368