2.02012-05-31 09:57:45 -06002015-06-03 15:53:12 -0600ECMDB00122M2MDB000045D-GlucoseGlucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form, the latter being the result of an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form an intramolecular hemiacetal. In water solution both forms are in equilibrium and at pH 7 the cyclic one is the predominant. Glucose is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state.α-glucose(+)-Glucose6-(Hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2,3,4,5-tetraolA-D-Glucosea-GlucoseAlpha-GlucoseAnhydrous dextroseCereloseCerelose 2001Clearsweet 95Clintose LCorn sugarCPC hydrateCPC hydric acidD(+)-GlucoseD-glucoseDextropurDextroseDextrosolGlucodinGlucolinGlucoseGoldsugarGrape sugarMeritoseRoferose STStaleydex 111Staleydex 95MTabfine 097(HS)Vadexα-GlucoseC6H12O6180.1559180.063388116(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrolglucose50-99-7OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OInChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-NSolidCytosolExtra-organismPeriplasmlogp-2.57logs0.64solubility7.82e+02 g/lmelting_point146-150 oClogp-2.9pka_strongest_acidic11.3pka_strongest_basic-3iupac(3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrolaverage_mass180.1559mono_mass180.063388116smilesOC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OformulaC6H12O6inchiInChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2-3(8)4(9)5(10)6(11)12-2/h2-11H,1H2/t2-,3-,4+,5-,6?/m1/s1inchikeyWQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-Npolar_surface_area110.38refractivity35.92polarizability16.37rotatable_bond_count1acceptor_count6donor_count5physiological_charge0formal_charge0Pentose phosphate pathwayec00030Starch and sucrose metabolismThe metabolism of starch and sucrose begins with D-fructose interacting with a D-glucose in a reversible reaction through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a water molecule and a sucrose. D-fructose is phosphorylated through an ATP driven fructokinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through either a mannose PTS permease or a hexose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter.
The Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate is isomerized through a phosphoglucose isomerase resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be incorporated by glucose PTS permease or a hexose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter.
The beta-D-glucose 6 phosphate can also be produced by a D-glucose being phosphorylated by an ATP-driven glucokinase resulting in a ADP, a hydrogen ion and a Beta-D-glucose 6 phosphate.
The beta-D-glucose can produce alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate by two methods:
1.-Beta-D-glucose is isomerized into an alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate and then interacts in a reversible reaction through a phosphoglucomutase-1 resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate.
2.-Beta-D-glucose interacts with a putative beta-phosphoglucomutase resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate. Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate can be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a
glucose PTS permease. This compound is then isomerized into a Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate
The beta-D-glucose can cycle back into a D-fructose by first interacting with D-fructose in a reversible reaction through a Polypeptide: predicted glucosyltransferase resulting in the release of a phosphate and a sucrose. The sucrose then interacts in a reversible reaction with a water molecule through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a D-glucose and a D-fructose.
Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate can produce glycogen in by two different sets of reactions:
1.-Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate interacts with a hydrogen ion and an ATP through a glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and an ADP-glucose. The ADP-glucose then interacts with an amylose through a glycogen synthase resulting in the release of an ADP and an Amylose. The amylose then interacts with 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme resulting in glycogen
2.- Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate interacts with amylose through a maltodextrin phosphorylase resulting in a phosphate and a glycogen.
Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate can also interacts with UDP-galactose through a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase resulting in a galactose 1-phosphate and a Uridine diphosphate glucose. The UDP-glucose then interacts with an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase resulting in a uridine 5'-diphosphate, a hydrogen ion and a Trehalose 6- phosphate. The latter compound can also be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a trehalose PTS permease. Trehalose interacts with a water molecule through a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an alpha,alpha-trehalose.The alpha,alpha-trehalose can also be obtained from glycogen being metabolized through a glycogen debranching enzyme resulting in a the alpha, alpha-trehalose. This compound ca then be hydrated through a cytoplasmic trehalase resulting in the release of an alpha-D-glucose and a beta-d-glucose.
Glycogen is then metabolized by reacting with a phosphate through a glycogen phosphorylase resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and a dextrin. The dextrin is then hydrated through a glycogen phosphorylase-limit dextrin α-1,6-glucohydrolase resulting in the release of a debranched limit dextrin and a maltotetraose. This compound can also be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a
maltose ABC transporter. The maltotetraose interacts with a phosphate through a maltodextrin phosphorylase releasing a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and a maltotriose. The maltotriose can also be incorporated through a maltose ABC transporter. The maltotriose can then interact with water through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a D-glucose and a D-maltose. D-maltose can also be incorporated through a
maltose ABC transporter
The D-maltose can then interact with a maltotriose through a amylomaltase resulting in a maltotetraose and a D-glucose. The D-glucose is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven glucokinase resulting in a hydrogen ion, an ADP and a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphatePW000941ec00500MetabolicGlycolysis / Gluconeogenesisec00010Galactose metabolismGalactose can be synthesized through two pathways: melibiose degradation involving an alpha galactosidase and lactose degradation involving a beta galactosidase. Melibiose is first transported inside the cell through the melibiose:Li+/Na+/H+ symporter. Once inside the cell, melibiose is degraded through alpha galactosidase into an alpha-D-galactose and a beta-D-glucose. The beta-D-glucose is phosphorylated by a glucokinase to produce a beta-D-glucose-6-phosphate which can spontaneously be turned into a alpha D glucose 6 phosphate. This alpha D-glucose-6-phosphate is metabolized into a glucose -1-phosphate through a phosphoglucomutase-1. The glucose -1-phosphate is transformed into a uridine diphosphate glucose through UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The product, uridine diphosphate glucose, can undergo a reversible reaction in which it can be turned into uridine diphosphategalactose through an UDP-glucose 4-epimerase.
Galactose can also be produced by lactose degradation involving a lactose permease to uptake lactose from the environment and a beta-galactosidase to turn lactose into Beta-D-galactose.
Beta-D-galactose can also be uptaken from the environment through a galactose proton symporter.
Galactose is degraded through the following process:
Beta-D-galactose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a galactose proton symporter, or it can be synthesized from an alpha lactose that is introduced into the cytoplasm through a lactose permease. Alpha lactose interacts with water through a beta-galactosidase resulting in a beta-D-glucose and beta-D-galactose. Beta-D-galactose is isomerized into D-galactose. D-Galactose undergoes phosphorylation through a galactokinase, hence producing galactose 1 phosphate. On the other side of the pathway, a gluose-1-phosphate (product of the interaction of alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate with a phosphoglucomutase resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate, an isomer of Glucose 1-phosphate, or an isomer of Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate) interacts with UTP and a hydrogen ion in order to produce a uridine diphosphate glucose. This is followed by the interaction of galactose-1-phosphate with an established amount of uridine diphosphate glucose through a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, which in turn output a glucose-1-phosphate and a uridine diphosphate galactose. The glucose -1-phosphate is transformed into a uridine diphosphate glucose through UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The product, uridine diphosphate glucose, can undergo a reversible reaction in which it can be turned into uridine diphosphategalactose through an UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, and so the cycle can keep going as long as more lactose or galactose is imported into the cell
PW000821ec00052MetabolicAmino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolismec00520Streptomycin biosynthesisec00521Butirosin and neomycin biosynthesisec00524Microbial metabolism in diverse environmentsec01120Phosphotransferase system (PTS)ec02060ABC transportersec02010Two-component systemec02020Metabolic pathwayseco01100Lac OperonWhen glucose is absent and lactose is present in the environment, cyclic AMP is present and binds to the catabolite activator protein (CAP) which in turn binds to the activator binding site and facilitates transcription.
Lactose binds to the repressor and prevents it from binding to the operator site.
RNA polymerase can now bind to the promoter and carry out transcription of the lac operon.
PW000955SignalingLac Operon Inactivation 1When glucose is present, the concentration of cyclic AMP in the cell is low, hence cyclic AMP does not bind to the catabolite activator protein. This leads to the CAP-CAMP complex does not bind to the activator binding site. Therefore RNA polymerase can't bind efficiently to the promoter and transcription does not occur.PW000957SignalingLac Operon Inactivation 2When neither glucose nor lactose is present in the media cell, the concentration of cyclic AMP is high and the catabolite activator protein is bound to the activator binding site, But even though RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter, it is blocked by the repressor on the operator site. Hence there is no transcription of the lac operonPW000956SignalingOperon: arabinose inactivationThe arabinose catabolic pathway operon, araBAD is regulated by the araC regulator and a pBAD promoter. The pathway repressor is glucose.PW001879Signalinginner membrane transportlist of inner membrane transport complexes, transporting compounds from the periplasmic space to the cytosol
This pathway should be updated regularly with the new inner membrae transports addedPW000786Metabolicglycogen degradation IGLYCOCAT-PWYtrehalose degradation II (trehalase)PWY0-1182trehalose degradation VI (periplasmic)PWY0-1466Specdb::CMs334Specdb::CMs335Specdb::CMs336Specdb::CMs337Specdb::CMs1428Specdb::CMs1598Specdb::CMs1601Specdb::CMs1632Specdb::CMs1707Specdb::CMs2406Specdb::CMs30344Specdb::CMs30345Specdb::CMs30766Specdb::CMs30767Specdb::CMs31005Specdb::CMs31006Specdb::CMs31007Specdb::CMs31008Specdb::CMs31009Specdb::CMs37304Specdb::NmrOneD1093Specdb::NmrOneD1152Specdb::MsMs177Specdb::MsMs178Specdb::MsMs179Specdb::MsMs2913Specdb::MsMs2914Specdb::MsMs2915Specdb::MsMs2916Specdb::MsMs2917Specdb::MsMs178080Specdb::MsMs178081Specdb::MsMs178082Specdb::MsMs180393Specdb::MsMs180394Specdb::MsMs180395Specdb::MsMs437657Specdb::MsMs437658Specdb::MsMs437659Specdb::MsMs437660Specdb::MsMs437661Specdb::MsMs3609526Specdb::MsMs3609527Specdb::MsMs3609528Specdb::MsMs3610429Specdb::MsMs3610430Specdb::MsMs3610431Specdb::NmrTwoD1151HMDB0012257935589C0003117634ALPHA-GLUCOSEDextroseKeseler, I. 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Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2003), 4 ppBeta-galactosidaseP00722BGAL_ECOLIlacZhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00722.xmlXylose isomeraseP00944XYLA_ECOLIxylAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00944.xmlAlpha-galactosidaseP06720AGAL_ECOLImelAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06720.xmlEvolved beta-galactosidase subunit alphaP06864BGA2_ECOLIebgAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06864.xmlPhosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferaseP08839PT1_ECOLIptsIhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P08839.xmlGlucokinaseP0A6V8GLK_ECOLIglkhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6V8.xmlGalactose/methyl galactoside import ATP-binding protein MglAP0AAG8MGLA_ECOLImglAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AAG8.xml6-phospho-beta-glucosidase BglBP11988BGLB_ECOLIbglBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P11988.xmlPeriplasmic trehalaseP13482TREA_ECOLItreAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P13482.xmlQuinoprotein glucose dehydrogenaseP15877DHG_ECOLIgcdhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P15877.xml4-alpha-glucanotransferaseP15977MALQ_ECOLImalQhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P15977.xml6-phospho-beta-glucosidaseP17411CHBF_ECOLIchbFhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P17411.xmlPTS system maltose- and glucose-specific EIICB componentP19642PTOCB_ECOLImalXhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P19642.xmlGlucose-1-phosphataseP19926AGP_ECOLIagphttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P19926.xmlMaltodextrin glucosidaseP21517MALZ_ECOLImalZhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P21517.xml6-phospho-beta-glucosidase AscBP24240ASCB_ECOLIascBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P24240.xmlTrehalose-6-phosphate hydrolaseP28904TREC_ECOLItreChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P28904.xmlAlpha-glucosidase yihQP32138YIHQ_ECOLIyihQhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P32138.xmlPeriplasmic beta-glucosidaseP33363BGLX_ECOLIbglXhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P33363.xmlCytoplasmic trehalaseP62601TREF_ECOLItreFhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P62601.xmlGlucose-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIA componentP69783PTGA_ECOLIcrrhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69783.xmlPTS system glucose-specific EIICB componentP69786PTGCB_ECOLIptsGhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69786.xmlPTS system mannose-specific EIIAB componentP69797PTNAB_ECOLImanXhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69797.xmlSugar phosphatase supHP75792SUPH_ECOLIsupHhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75792.xmlMaltose O-acetyltransferaseP77791MAA_ECOLImaahttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77791.xml6-phospho-beta-glucosidase BglAQ46829BGLA_ECOLIbglAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/Q46829.xmlGalactoside transport system permease protein mglCP23200MGLC_ECOLImglChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P23200.xmlMannose permease IIC componentP69801PTNC_ECOLImanYhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69801.xmlMannose permease IID componentP69805PTND_ECOLImanZhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69805.xmlD-galactose-binding periplasmic proteinP0AEE5DGAL_ECOLImglBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AEE5.xmlSoluble aldose sugar dehydrogenase yliIP75804YLII_ECOLIyliIhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75804.xmlPhosphocarrier protein HPrP0AA04PTHP_ECOLIptsHhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AA04.xmlBeta-galactosidaseG0ZKW2G0ZKW2_ECOLIlacZhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/G0ZKW2.xmlGalactose/methyl galactoside import ATP-binding protein MglAP0AAG8MGLA_ECOLImglAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AAG8.xmlPTS system maltose- and glucose-specific EIICB componentP19642PTOCB_ECOLImalXhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P19642.xmlPTS system glucose-specific EIICB componentP69786PTGCB_ECOLIptsGhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69786.xmlGalactose-proton symporterP0AEP1GALP_ECOLIgalPhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AEP1.xmlSugar efflux transporter AP31675SETA_ECOLIsetAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31675.xmlGalactoside transport system permease protein mglCP23200MGLC_ECOLImglChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P23200.xmlMannose permease IIC componentP69801PTNC_ECOLImanYhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69801.xmlMannose permease IID componentP69805PTND_ECOLImanZhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69805.xmlOuter membrane protein NP77747OMPN_ECOLIompNhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xmlOuter membrane pore protein EP02932PHOE_ECOLIphoEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xmlMaltoporinP02943LAMB_ECOLIlamBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02943.xmlD-galactose-binding periplasmic proteinP0AEE5DGAL_ECOLImglBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AEE5.xmlOuter membrane protein FP02931OMPF_ECOLIompFhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xmlOuter membrane protein CP06996OMPC_ECOLIompChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xmlPhosphoenolpyruvic acid + D-Glucose > Glucose 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acidUbiquinone-8 + D-Glucose + Water > Ubiquinol-8 + Gluconic acid + Hydrogen ionAdenosine triphosphate + Water + D-Glucose > ADP + D-Glucose + Hydrogen ion + PhosphateAdenosine triphosphate + Water + D-Glucose > ADP + D-Glucose + Hydrogen ion + PhosphateWater + alpha-Lactose > D-Galactose + D-GlucoseWater + Maltotriose > D-Glucose + D-MaltoseRXN0-5183Water + Maltotetraose > D-Glucose + MaltotrioseWater + Maltoheptaose > D-Glucose + MaltohexaoseWater + Maltohexaose > D-Glucose + MaltopentaoseWater + Maltopentaose > D-Glucose + MaltotetraoseAcetyl-CoA + D-Glucose <> 6-Acetyl-D-glucose + Coenzyme AGlucose 6-phosphate + Water > D-Glucose + PhosphateGlucose 1-phosphate + Water > D-Glucose + PhosphateWater + Trehalose >2 D-GlucoseAdenosine triphosphate + D-Glucose > ADP + Glucose 6-phosphate + Hydrogen ionD-Maltose + Maltotriose > D-Glucose + MaltotetraoseD-Maltose + Maltotetraose > D-Glucose + MaltopentaoseD-Maltose + Maltohexaose > D-Glucose + MaltoheptaoseD-Maltose + Maltopentaose > D-Glucose + MaltohexaoseD-Glucose <> D-FructoseWater + Melibiose > D-Galactose + D-GlucoseR01101Water + Trehalose 6-phosphate > Glucose 6-phosphate + D-GlucoseTrehalose + Water <>2 D-GlucoseR00010Adenosine triphosphate + D-Glucose <> ADP + D-Hexose 6-phosphate + Glucose 6-phosphateR00299Sucrose + Water <> D-Fructose + D-GlucoseR00801Water + Trehalose 6-phosphate <> D-Glucose + D-Hexose 6-phosphateR06113Melibiose + Water <> D-Galactose + D-GlucoseR01101Protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine + D-Glucose <> Protein histidine + Glucose 6-phosphateR02738Cyanoglycoside + Water <> Cyanohydrin + D-GlucoseR04949cis-beta-D-Glucosyl-2-hydroxycinnamate + Water <> cis-2-Hydroxycinnamate + D-GlucoseR049981,4-alpha-D-glucan + D-Glucose <> D-MaltoseR05196Neohancoside D + Water <> D-Fructose + D-GlucoseR06087Melibiose + Water <> D-Galactose + D-GlucoseR01101Water + Trehalose 6-phosphate <> D-Glucose + D-Hexose 6-phosphateR06113Lactose + Water <> D-Glucose + D-GalactoseR06114D-Glucose + Ubiquinone-1 <> Gluconolactone + Ubiquinol-8R06620D-Glucose <> b-D-GlucoseALDOSE-1-EPIMERASE-RXNa 1,4-α-D-glucan + Water > a 1,4-α-D-glucan + D-GlucoseMALTODEXGLUCOSID-RXNMaltotriose + Water > D-Maltose + D-GlucoseRXN0-5183nigerose + Water D-GlucoseRXN0-5395Trehalose + Water > b-D-Glucose + D-GlucoseTREHALA-RXNAlpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + Water > D-Glucose + Inorganic phosphate6-Phospho-beta-D-glucosyl-(1,4)-D-glucose + Water > D-Glucose + Glucose 6-phosphateD-Glucose + Ubiquinone-10 > Gluconolactone + Ubiquinol-1Adenosine triphosphate + D-Glucose > ADP + Glucose 6-phosphateCellobiose-6-phosphate + Water <> D-Glucose + Glucose 6-phosphateR00839 R06112 Glucose 1-phosphate + Water <> D-Glucose + PhosphateR00304 Trehalose 6-phosphate + Water <> D-Glucose + Glucose 6-phosphateR00837 R06113 D-Glucose + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + Adenosine diphosphate + beta-D-Glucose 6-phosphate + ADPPW_R003525Sucrose + Water <> D-Fructose + D-Glucose + D-FructosePW_R003504D-Glucose + [PTS enzyme I]-Nπ-phospho-L-histidine > β-D-glucose 1-phosphate + [PTS enzyme I]-L-histidinePW_RCT000152D-Glucose + Ubiquinone-1 <> Gluconolactone + Ubiquinol-8Water + Trehalose >2 D-GlucoseD-Glucose + Ubiquinone-1 <> Gluconolactone + Ubiquinol-8Trehalose + Water <>2 D-Glucose