2.0 2012-05-31 09:56:09 -0600 2015-09-13 12:56:05 -0600 ECMDB00051 M2MDB000017 Ammonia Ammonia is a colorless alkaline gas with a characteristic sharp smell. Ammonia is one of the most abundant nitrogen-containing compounds in the atmosphere. It is an irritant with a characteristic pungent odor, which is widely used in industry. Because of its many uses, ammonia is one of the most highly produced inorganic chemicals. Am-fol Ammonia Ammonia (conc 20% or greater) Ammonia anhydrous Ammonia gas Ammonia inhalant Ammonia solution Ammonia solution strong (NF) Ammonia solution strong [usan] Ammonia water Ammonia water (JP15) Ammoniac [french] Ammoniaca [italian] Ammoniacum gummi Ammoniak Ammoniak kconzentrierter Ammoniak [german] Ammoniakgas Ammonium ion Amoniak [polish] Anhydrous ammonia Aromatic ammonia vaporole Azane Liquid ammonia NH(3) NH3 NH3 NH{3) Nitro-sil Primaeres amin Sekundaeres amin Spirit of hartshorn Tertiaeres amin H3N 17.0305 17.026549101 ammonia ammonia 7664-41-7 N InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3 QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Liquid Cytoplasm Periplasm melting_point -77.7 oC logp -0.98 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 8.86 ChemAxon iupac ammonia ChemAxon average_mass 17.0305 ChemAxon mono_mass 17.026549101 ChemAxon smiles N ChemAxon formula H3N ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3 ChemAxon inchikey QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 13.59 ChemAxon refractivity 15.51 ChemAxon polarizability 1.99 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 0 ChemAxon acceptor_count 1 ChemAxon donor_count 1 ChemAxon physiological_charge 1 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism ec00250 Arginine and proline metabolism ec00330 Nitrogen metabolism The biological process of the nitrogen cycle is a complex interplay among many microorganisms catalyzing different reactions, where nitrogen is found in various oxidation states ranging from +5 in nitrate to -3 in ammonia. The ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by the nitrogenase enzyme complex is present in restricted prokaryotes (diazotrophs). The other reduction pathways are assimilatory nitrate reduction and dissimilatory nitrate reduction both for conversion to ammonia, and denitrification. Denitrification is a respiration in which nitrate or nitrite is reduced as a terminal electron acceptor under low oxygen or anoxic conditions, producing gaseous nitrogen compounds (N2, NO and N2O) to the atmosphere. Nitrate can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a nitrate:nitrite antiporter NarK or a nitrate / nitrite transporter NarU. Nitrate is then reduced by a Nitrate Reductase resulting in the release of water, an acceptor and a Nitrite. Nitrite can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a nitrate:nitrite antiporter NarK Nitrite can be reduced a NADPH dependent nitrite reductase resulting in water and NAD and Ammonia. Nitrite can interact with hydrogen ion, ferrocytochrome c through a cytochrome c-552 ferricytochrome resulting in the release of ferricytochrome c, water and ammonia Another process by which ammonia is produced is by a reversible reaction of hydroxylamine with a reduced acceptor through a hydroxylamine reductase resulting in an acceptor, water and ammonia. Water and carbon dioxide react through a carbonate dehydratase resulting in carbamic acid. This compound reacts spontaneously with hydrogen ion resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and ammonia. Carbon dioxide can interact with water through a carbonic anhydrase resulting in hydrogen carbonate. This compound interacts with cyanate and hydrogen ion through a cyanate hydratase resulting in a carbamic acid. Ammonia can be metabolized by reacting with L-glutamine and ATP driven glutamine synthetase resulting in ADP, phosphate and L-glutamine. The latter compound reacts with oxoglutaric acid and hydrogen ion through a NADPH dependent glutamate synthase resulting in the release of NADP and L-glutamic acid. L-glutamic acid reacts with water through a NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of oxoglutaric acid, NADPH, hydrogen ion and ammonia. PW000755 ec00910 Metabolic Purine metabolism ec00230 Pyrimidine metabolism The metabolism of pyrimidines begins with L-glutamine interacting with water molecule and a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven carbamoyl phosphate synthetase resulting in a hydrogen ion, an ADP, a phosphate, an L-glutamic acid and a carbamoyl phosphate. The latter compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through a aspartate transcarbamylase resulting in a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a dihydroorotase resulting in the release of a water molecule and a 4,5-dihydroorotic acid. This compound interacts with an ubiquinone-1 through a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, type 2 resulting in a release of an ubiquinol-1 and an orotic acid. The orotic acid then interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through a orotate phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and an orotidylic acid. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through an orotidine-5 '-phosphate decarboxylase, resulting in an release of carbon dioxide and an Uridine 5' monophosphate. The Uridine 5' monophosphate process to get phosphorylated by an ATP driven UMP kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and an Uridine 5--diphosphate. Uridine 5-diphosphate can be metabolized in multiple ways in order to produce a Deoxyuridine triphosphate. 1.-Uridine 5-diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in the release of a water molecule and an oxidized thioredoxin and an dUDP. The dUDP is then phosphorylated by an ATP through a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and a DeoxyUridine triphosphate. 2.-Uridine 5-diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein and a dUDP. The dUDP is then phosphorylated by an ATP through a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and a DeoxyUridine triphosphate. 3.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate. The latter compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in the release of an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate 4.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate The uridine triphosphate interacts with a L-glutamine and a water molecule through an ATP driven CTP synthase resulting in an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion, an L-glutamic acid and a cytidine triphosphate. The cytidine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in the release of a water molecule, an oxidized flavodoxin and a dCTP. The dCTP interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a dCTP deaminase resulting in a release of an ammonium molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate. 5.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate The uridine triphosphate interacts with a L-glutamine and a water molecule through an ATP driven CTP synthase resulting in an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion, an L-glutamic acid and a cytidine triphosphate. The cytidine triphosphate then interacts spontaneously with a water molecule resulting in the release of a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a CDP. The CDP then interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of a water molecule, an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein and a dCDP. The dCDP is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a dCTP. The dCTP interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a dCTP deaminase resulting in a release of an ammonium molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate. 6.-Uridine 5-diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and an Uridinetriphosphate The uridine triphosphate interacts with a L-glutamine and a water molecule through an ATP driven CTP synthase resulting in an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion, an L-glutamic acid and a cytidine triphosphate. The cytidine triphosphate then interacts spontaneously with a water molecule resulting in the release of a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a CDP. The CDP interacts with a reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dCDP. The dCDP is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a dCTP. The dCTP interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion through a dCTP deaminase resulting in a release of an ammonium molecule and a Deoxyuridine triphosphate. The deoxyuridine triphosphate then interacts with a water molecule through a nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase resulting in a release of a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and a dUMP. The dUMP then interacts with a methenyltetrahydrofolate through a thymidylate synthase resulting in a dihydrofolic acid and a 5-thymidylic acid. Then 5-thymidylic acid is then phosphorylated through a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of an ADP and thymidine 5'-triphosphate. PW000942 ec00240 Metabolic Cysteine and methionine metabolism ec00270 Tyrosine metabolism ec00350 Phenylalanine metabolism The pathways of the metabolism of phenylalaline begins with the conversion of chorismate to prephenate through a P-protein (chorismate mutase:pheA). Prephenate then interacts with a hydrogen ion through the same previous enzyme resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, water and a phenolpyruvic acid. Three enzymes those enconde by tyrB, aspC and ilvE are involved in catalyzing the third step of these pathways, all three can contribute to the synthesis of phenylalanine: only tyrB and aspC contribute to biosynthesis of tyrosine. Phenolpyruvic acid can also be obtained from a reversivle reaction with ammonia, a reduced acceptor and a D-amino acid dehydrogenase, resulting in a water, an acceptor and a D-phenylalanine, which can be then transported into the periplasmic space by aromatic amino acid exporter. L-phenylalanine also interacts in two reversible reactions, one involved with oxygen through a catalase peroxidase resulting in a carbon dioxide and 2-phenylacetamide. The other reaction involved an interaction with oxygen through a phenylalanine aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and phenylpyruvic acid. L-phenylalanine can be imported into the cytoplasm through an aromatic amino acid:H+ symporter AroP. The compound can also be imported into the periplasmic space through a transporter: L-amino acid efflux transporter. PW000921 ec00360 Metabolic Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis ec00950 Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis ec00960 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism ec00260 Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism ec00520 Folate biosynthesis The biosynthesis of folic acid begins with a product of purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis pathway, GTP. This compound is involved in a reaction with water through a GTP cyclohydrolase 1 protein complex, resulting in a hydrogen ion, formic acid and 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-triphosphate. The latter compound is dephosphatased through a dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate, hydrogen ion and 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-phosphate. The latter compound reacts with water spontaneously resulting in the release of a phosphate and a 7,8 -dihydroneopterin. This compound reacts with a dihydroneopterin aldolase, releasing a glycoaldehyde and 6-hydroxymethyl-7,9-dihydropterin. The latter compound is phosphorylated with a ATP-driven 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase resulting in a (2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl diphosphate. Chorismate is metabolized by reacting with L-glutamine through a 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase resulting in L-glutamic acid and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate. The latter compound then reacts through an aminodeoxychorismate lyase resulting in pyruvic acid,hydrogen ion and p-aminobenzoic acid. (2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl diphosphate and p-aminobenzoic acid react through a dihydropteroate synthase resulting in pyrophosphate and 7,8-dihydropteroic acid. This compound reacts with L-glutamic acid through an ATP driven bifunctional folylpolyglutamate synthetase / dihydrofolate synthetase resulting in a 7,8-dihydrofolate monoglutamate. This compound is reduced through an NADPH mediated dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a tetrahydrofate. This product goes on to a one carbon pool by folate pathway. PW000908 ec00790 Metabolic Cyanoamino acid metabolism ec00460 Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis ec00290 Vitamin B6 metabolism ec00750 Selenoamino acid metabolism ec00450 Sulfur metabolism The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. The alkyl sulfate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and an aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described. PW000922 ec00920 Metabolic Tryptophan metabolism The biosynthesis of L-tryptophan begins with L-glutamine interacting with a chorismate through a anthranilate synthase which results in a L-glutamic acid, a pyruvic acid, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminobenzoic acid. The aminobenzoic acid interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through an anthranilate synthase component II resulting in a pyrophosphate and a N-(5-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate. The latter compound is then metabolized by an indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in a 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose 5'-phosphate. This compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, a water molecule and a (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate. The latter compound then interacts with a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and an Indole. The indole interacts with an L-serine through a tryptophan synthase, β subunit dimer resulting in a water molecule and an L-tryptophan. The metabolism of L-tryptophan starts with L-tryptophan being dehydrogenated by a tryptophanase / L-cysteine desulfhydrase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an Indole and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is isomerized into a 2-iminopropanoate. This compound then interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in the release of an Ammonium and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an Acetyl-CoA PW000815 ec00380 Metabolic Drug metabolism - other enzymes ec00983 Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism ec00860 Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism ec00630 Glycerophospholipid metabolism ec00564 Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism ec00760 One carbon pool by folate Dihydrofolic acid, a product of the folate biosynthesis pathway, can be metabolized by multiple enzymes. Dihydrofolic acid can be reduced by a NADP-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADPH, hydrogen ion and folic acid. Dihydrofolic acid can also be reduced by an NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADP and a tetrahydrofolic acid. Folic acid can also produce a tetrahydrofolic acid through a NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase. Dihydrofolic acid also interacts with 5-thymidylic acid through a thymidylate synthase resulting in the release of dUMP and 5,10-methylene-THF Tetrahydrofolic acid can be converted into 5,10-methylene-THF through two different reversible reactions. Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with a S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein through a aminomethyltransferase resulting in the release of ammonia, a dihydrolipoylprotein and 5,10-Methylene-THF Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with L-serine through a glycine hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a glycine, water and 5,10-Methylene-THF. The compound 5,10-methylene-THF reacts with an NADPH dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H] resulting in NADP and 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid. This compound interacts with homocysteine through a methionine synthase resulting in L-methionine and tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 10-formyltetrahydrofolate through 4 different enzymes: 1.- Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with FAICAR through a phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase resulting in a 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 2.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with 5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a Glycineamideribotide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 3.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with Formic acid through a formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase resulting in water and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 4.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) through a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:L-methionyl-tRNA(fMet) N-formyltransferase resulting in a L-methionyl-tRNA(Met) and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 10-formyltetrahydrofolate can interact with a hydrogen ion through a bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in water and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid by reacting with a 5'-phosphoribosyl-a-N-formylglycineamidine through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in water, glycineamideribotide and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. The latter compound can either interact with water through an aminomethyltransferase resulting in a N5-Formyl-THF, or it can interact with a NADPH driven bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in a NADP and 5,10-Methylene THF. PW000773 ec00670 Metabolic beta-Alanine metabolism The Beta-Alanine Metabolism starts with a product of Aspartate metabolism. Aspartate is decarboxylated by aspartate 1-decarboxylase, releasing carbon dioxide and Beta-alanine. Beta alanine is then metabolized through a pantothenate synthetase resulting in Pantothenic acid undergoes phosphorylation through a ATP driven pantothenate kinase, resulting in D-4-phosphopantothenate. Pantothenate (vitamin B5) is the universal precursor for the synthesis of the 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety of coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein. Only plants and microorganismscan synthesize pantothenate de novo - animals require a dietary supplement. The enzymes of this pathway are therefore considered to be antimicrobial drug targets. PW000896 ec00410 Metabolic D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism L-glutamine is transported into the cytoplasm through a glutamine ABC transporter. Once inside, L-glutamine is metabolized with glutaminase to produce an L-glutamic acid. This process can be reversed through a glutamine synthetase resulting in L-glutamine. L-glutamic acid can also be transported into the cytoplasm through various methods: a glutamate/aspartate:H+ symporter GltP, a glutamate: sodium symporter or a glutamate/aspartate ABC transporter. L-glutamic acid can proceed to L-glutamate metabolism or it can undergo a reversible reaction through a glutamate racemase resulting in D-glutamic acid. This compound can also be obtained from D-glutamine interacting with a glutaminase. D-glutamic acid reacts with UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine through an ATP driven UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate ligase resulting in a UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate which is then integrated into the peptidoglycan biosynthesis UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine comes from the amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism product, UDP-N-acetylmuraminate which reacts with L-alanine through an ATP-driven UDP-N-acetylmuramate-L-alanine ligase. PW000769 ec00471 Metabolic Riboflavin metabolism ec00740 Microbial metabolism in diverse environments ec01120 Metabolic pathways eco01100 Aspartate metabolism Aspartate (seen in the center) is synthesized from and degraded to oxaloacetate , an intermediate of the TCA cycle, by a reversible transamination reaction with glutamate. As shown here, AspC is the principal transaminase that catalyzes this reaction, but TyrB also catalyzes it. Null mutations in aspC do not confer aspartate auxotrophy; null mutations in both aspC and tyrB do. Aspartate is a constituent of proteins and participates in several other biosyntheses as shown here( NAD biosynthesis and Beta-Alanine Metabolism . Approximately 27 percent of the cell's nitrogen flows through aspartate Aspartate can be synthesized from fumaric acid through a aspartate ammonia lyase. Aspartate also participates in the synthesis of L-asparagine through two different methods, either through aspartate ammonia ligase or asparagine synthetase B. Aspartate is also a precursor of fumaric acid. Again it has two possible ways of synthesizing it. First set of reactions follows an adenylo succinate synthetase that yields adenylsuccinic acid and then adenylosuccinate lyase in turns leads to fumaric acid. The second way is through argininosuccinate synthase that yields argininosuccinic acid and then argininosuccinate lyase in turns leads to fumaric acid PW000787 Metabolic L-glutamate metabolism There are various ways by which glutamate enters the cytoplasm in E.coli. through a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. There are various ways by which E. coli synthesizes glutamate from L-glutamine or oxoglutaric acid. L-glutamine, introduced into the cytoplasm by glutamine ABC transporter, can either interact with glutaminase resulting in ammonia and L-glutamic acid, or react with oxoglutaric acid, and hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven glutamate synthase resulting in L-glutamic acid. L-glutamic acid is metabolized into L-glutamine by reacting with ammonium through a ATP driven glutamine synthase. L-glutamic acid can also be metabolized into L-aspartic acid by reacting with oxalacetic acid through an aspartate transaminase resulting in n oxoglutaric acid and L-aspartic acid. L-aspartic acid is metabolized into fumaric acid through an aspartate ammonia-lyase. Fumaric acid can be introduced into the cytoplasm through 3 methods: dicarboxylate transporter , C4 dicarboxylate / C4 monocarboxylate transporter DauA, and C4 dicarboxylate / orotate:H+ symporter PW000789 Metabolic L-glutamate metabolism II PW001886 Metabolic One Carbon Pool by Folate I Dihydrofolic acid, a product of the folate biosynthesis pathway, can be metabolized by multiple enzymes. Dihydrofolic acid can be reduced by a NADP-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADPH, hydrogen ion and folic acid. Dihydrofolic acid can also be reduced by an NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADP and a tetrahydrofolic acid. Folic acid can also produce a tetrahydrofolic acid through a NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase. Dihydrofolic acid also interacts with 5-thymidylic acid through a thymidylate synthase resulting in the release of dUMP and 5,10-methylene-THF Tetrahydrofolic acid can be converted into 5,10-methylene-THF through two different reversible reactions. Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with a S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein through a aminomethyltransferase resulting in the release of ammonia, a dihydrolipoylprotein and 5,10-Methylene-THF Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with L-serine through a glycine hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a glycine, water and 5,10-Methylene-THF. The compound 5,10-methylene-THF reacts with an NADPH dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H] resulting in NADP and 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid. This compound interacts with homocysteine through a methionine synthase resulting in L-methionine and tetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 10-formyltetrahydrofolate through 4 different enzymes: 1.- Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with FAICAR through a phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase resulting in a 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 2.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with 5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a Glycineamideribotide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 3.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with Formic acid through a formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase resulting in water and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 4.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) through a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:L-methionyl-tRNA(fMet) N-formyltransferase resulting in a L-methionyl-tRNA(Met) and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate 10-formyltetrahydrofolate can interact with a hydrogen ion through a bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in water and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid by reacting with a 5'-phosphoribosyl-a-N-formylglycineamidine through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in water, glycineamideribotide and 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. The latter compound can either interact with water through an aminomethyltransferase resulting in a N5-Formyl-THF, or it can interact with a NADPH driven bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in a NADP and 5,10-Methylene THF. PW001735 Metabolic isoleucine biosynthesis I (from threonine) ILEUSYN-PWY threonine degradation I PWY-5437 salvage pathways of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides PWY0-181 pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides degradation PWY0-1298 adenine and adenosine salvage III PWY-6609 adenine and adenosine salvage V PWY-6611 purine ribonucleosides degradation to ribose-1-phosphate PWY0-1296 purine deoxyribonucleosides degradation PWY0-1297 N-acetylglucosamine degradation I GLUAMCAT-PWY adenosine nucleotides degradation II SALVADEHYPOX-PWY NAD salvage pathway I PYRIDNUCSAL-PWY tetrapyrrole biosynthesis I PWY-5188 asparagine biosynthesis II ASPARAGINESYN-PWY NAD biosynthesis I (from aspartate) PYRIDNUCSYN-PWY guanosine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis PWY-6125 formylTHF biosynthesis I 1CMET2-PWY uracil degradation III PWY0-1471 cyanate degradation CYANCAT-PWY glutamate biosynthesis III GLUTSYNIII-PWY threonine degradation III (to methylglyoxal) THRDLCTCAT-PWY phenylethylamine degradation I 2PHENDEG-PWY pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvage pathway PLPSAL-PWY glycine cleavage complex GLYCLEAV-PWY allantoin degradation IV (anaerobic) PWY0-41 superpathway of aspartate and asparagine biosynthesis; interconversion of aspartate and asparagine ASPASN-PWY asparagine degradation I ASPARAGINE-DEG1-PWY glutamine degradation I GLUTAMINDEG-PWY allantoin degradation to ureidoglycolate II (ammonia producing) PWY-5698 arginine degradation II (AST pathway) AST-PWY salvage pathways of pyrimidine ribonucleotides PWY0-163 pyrimidine ribonucleosides degradation I PWY0-1295 pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides de novo biosynthesis I PWY0-166 guanosine nucleotides degradation III PWY-6608 flavin biosynthesis I (bacteria and plants) RIBOSYN2-PWY tryptophan degradation II (via pyruvate) TRYPDEG-PWY L-serine degradation SERDEG-PWY glutamate degradation II GLUTDEG-PWY D-serine degradation PWY0-1535 ethanolamine utilization PWY0-1477 preQ0 biosynthesis PWY-6703 methionine biosynthesis I HOMOSER-METSYN-PWY L-cysteine degradation II LCYSDEG-PWY glutamine biosynthesis I GLNSYN-PWY Nitrogen Regulation Two-Component System NRI-PWY Specdb::CMs 3041 Specdb::CMs 137816 Specdb::CMs 145550 Specdb::EiMs 1861 Specdb::MsMs 21098 Specdb::MsMs 21099 Specdb::MsMs 21100 Specdb::MsMs 22649 Specdb::MsMs 22650 Specdb::MsMs 22651 Specdb::MsMs 2416924 Specdb::MsMs 2416925 Specdb::MsMs 2416926 Specdb::MsMs 2548837 Specdb::MsMs 2548838 Specdb::MsMs 2548839 HMDB00051 222 217 C00014 16134 AMMONIA NH4 Ammonia Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. 21097882 Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. 22080510 Yoshida Y, Higashi T, Nouso K, Nakatsukasa H, Nakamura SI, Watanabe A, Tsuji T: Effects of zinc deficiency/zinc supplementation on ammonia metabolism in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Acta Med Okayama. 2001 Dec;55(6):349-55. 11779097 Huizenga JR, Teelken AW, Tangerman A, de Jager AE, Gips CH, Jansen PL: Determination of ammonia in cerebrospinal fluid using the indophenol direct method. Mol Chem Neuropathol. 1998 Jun-Aug;34(2-3):169-77. 10327416 Cohen BI: The significance of ammonia/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ratio for normality and liver disorders. Med Hypotheses. 2002 Dec;59(6):757-8. 12445521 Kochar DK, Agarwal P, Kochar SK, Jain R, Rawat N, Pokharna RK, Kachhawa S, Srivastava T: Hepatocyte dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. QJM. 2003 Jul;96(7):505-12. 12881593 Zupke C, Sinskey AJ, Stephanopoulos G: Intracellular flux analysis applied to the effect of dissolved oxygen on hybridomas. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995 Dec;44(1-2):27-36. 8579834 Cooper AJ: Role of glutamine in cerebral nitrogen metabolism and ammonia neurotoxicity. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2001;7(4):280-6. 11754523 Remer T: Influence of nutrition on acid-base balance--metabolic aspects. Eur J Nutr. 2001 Oct;40(5):214-20. 11842946 Kaiho T, Tanaka T, Tsuchiya S, Yanagisawa S, Takeuchi O, Miura M, Saigusa N, Miyazaki M: Effect of the herbal medicine Dai-kenchu-to for serum ammonia in hepatectomized patients. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005 Jan-Feb;52(61):161-5. 15783019 Nybo L, Dalsgaard MK, Steensberg A, Moller K, Secher NH: Cerebral ammonia uptake and accumulation during prolonged exercise in humans. J Physiol. 2005 Feb 15;563(Pt 1):285-90. Epub 2004 Dec 20. 15611036 Huizenga JR, Vissink A, Kuipers EJ, Gips CH: Helicobacter pylori and ammonia concentrations of whole, parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva. Clin Oral Investig. 1999 Jun;3(2):84-7. 10803116 Satoh M, Yokoya S, Hachiya Y, Hachiya M, Fujisawa T, Hoshino K, Saji T: Two hyperandrogenic adolescent girls with congenital portosystemic shunt. Eur J Pediatr. 2001 May;160(5):307-11. 11388600 Suarez I, Bodega G, Fernandez B: Glutamine synthetase in brain: effect of ammonia. Neurochem Int. 2002 Aug-Sep;41(2-3):123-42. 12020613 Helewski K, Kowalczyk-Ziomek G, Konecki J: [Ammonia and GABA-ergic neurotransmission in pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy] Wiad Lek. 2003;56(11-12):560-3. 15058165 Grasten SM, Juntunen KS, Poutanen KS, Gylling HK, Miettinen TA, Mykkanen HM: Rye bread improves bowel function and decreases the concentrations of some compounds that are putative colon cancer risk markers in middle-aged women and men. J Nutr. 2000 Sep;130(9):2215-21. 10958815 Pita AM, Wakabayashi Y, Fernandez-Bustos MA, Virgili N, Riudor E, Soler J, Farriol M: Plasma urea-cycle-related amino acids, ammonium levels, and urinary orotic acid excretion in short-bowel patients managed with an oral diet. Clin Nutr. 2003 Feb;22(1):93-8. 12553956 Geier M, Bosch OJ, Boeckh J: Ammonia as an attractive component of host odour for the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Chem Senses. 1999 Dec;24(6):647-53. 10587497 Iwata H, Ueda Y: Pharmacokinetic considerations in development of a bioartificial liver. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43(4):211-25. 15005636 Ohmoto K, Miyake I, Tsuduki M, Ohno S, Yamamoto S: Control of solitary gastric fundal varices and portosystemic encephalopathy accompanying liver cirrhosis by balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO): a case report. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999 Mar-Apr;46(26):1249-52. 10370701 Verrotti A, Greco R, Morgese G, Chiarelli F: Carnitine deficiency and hyperammonemia in children receiving valproic acid with and without other anticonvulsant drugs. Int J Clin Lab Res. 1999;29(1):36-40. 10356662 Hussein HS, Flickinger EA, Fahey GC Jr: Petfood applications of inulin and oligofructose. J Nutr. 1999 Jul;129(7 Suppl):1454S-6S. 10395620 Shawcross DL, Damink SW, Butterworth RF, Jalan R: Ammonia and hepatic encephalopathy: the more things change, the more they remain the same. Metab Brain Dis. 2005 Sep;20(3):169-79. 16167195 Albrecht J, Norenberg MD: Glutamine: a Trojan horse in ammonia neurotoxicity. Hepatology. 2006 Oct;44(4):788-94. 17006913 Norenberg MD, Rama Rao KV, Jayakumar AR: Ammonia neurotoxicity and the mitochondrial permeability transition. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2004 Aug;36(4):303-7. 15377862 Brautbar N, Wu MP, Richter ED: Chronic ammonia inhalation and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Environ Health. 2003 Sep;58(9):592-6. 15369278 Seiler N: Ammonia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int. 2002 Aug-Sep;41(2-3):189-207. 12020619 Mohr, Rudolf. Ammonia separation from offgas obtained from melamine synthesis. U.S. (1971), 5 pp. CODEN: USXXAM US 3555784 19710119 CAN 77:50902 AN 1972:450902 http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/036/original/HMDB00051.pdf?1358462652 NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase P00370 DHE4_ECOLI gdhA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00370.xml L-asparaginase 2 P00805 ASPG2_ECOLI ansB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00805.xml Cyanate hydratase P00816 CYNS_ECOLI cynS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00816.xml Anthranilate synthase component 1 P00895 TRPE_ECOLI trpE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00895.xml Anthranilate synthase component II P00904 TRPG_ECOLI trpD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00904.xml D-serine dehydratase P00926 SDHD_ECOLI dsdA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00926.xml Cystathionine gamma-synthase P00935 METB_ECOLI metB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00935.xml Aspartate--ammonia ligase P00963 ASNA_ECOLI asnA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00963.xml GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing] P04079 GUAA_ECOLI guaA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04079.xml Threonine dehydratase biosynthetic P04968 THD1_ECOLI ilvA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04968.xml Cystathionine beta-lyase metC P06721 METC_ECOLI metC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06721.xml Porphobilinogen deaminase P06983 HEM3_ECOLI hemC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06983.xml Nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H] large subunit P08201 NIRB_ECOLI nirB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P08201.xml Glutamate synthase [NADPH] large chain P09831 GLTB_ECOLI gltB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P09831.xml Glutamate synthase [NADPH] small chain P09832 GLTD_ECOLI gltD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P09832.xml D-amino acid dehydrogenase small subunit P0A6J5 DADA_ECOLI dadA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6J5.xml Glutaminase 2 P0A6W0 GLSA2_ECOLI glsA2 http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6W0.xml Glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase P0A759 NAGB_ECOLI nagB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A759.xml CTP synthase P0A7E5 PYRG_ECOLI pyrG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A7E5.xml Tryptophanase P0A853 TNAA_ECOLI tnaA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A853.xml L-asparaginase 1 P0A962 ASPG1_ECOLI ansA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A962.xml Glutamine synthetase P0A9C5 GLNA_ECOLI glnA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9C5.xml Nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H] small subunit P0A9I8 NIRD_ECOLI nirD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9I8.xml Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase P0A9P0 DLDH_ECOLI lpdA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9P0.xml Cytidine deaminase P0ABF6 CDD_ECOLI cdd http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABF6.xml Cytochrome c-552 P0ABK9 NRFA_ECOLI nrfA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABK9.xml Aspartate ammonia-lyase P0AC38 ASPA_ECOLI aspA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AC38.xml Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase heavy chain P0AEJ6 EUTB_ECOLI eutB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AEJ6.xml Threonine dehydratase catabolic P0AGF6 THD2_ECOLI tdcB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AGF6.xml L-aspartate oxidase P10902 NADB_ECOLI nadB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P10902.xml L-serine dehydratase 1 P16095 SDHL_ECOLI sdaA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P16095.xml NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase P18843 NADE_ECOLI nadE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P18843.xml Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase light chain P19636 EUTC_ECOLI eutC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P19636.xml Pyrazinamidase/nicotinamidase P21369 PNCA_ECOLI pncA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P21369.xml Adenosine deaminase P22333 ADD_ECOLI add http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P22333.xml Protein malY P23256 MALY_ECOLI malY http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P23256.xml Cytosine deaminase P25524 CODA_ECOLI codA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P25524.xml Riboflavin biosynthesis protein ribD P25539 RIBD_ECOLI ribD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P25539.xml Aminomethyltransferase P27248 GCST_ECOLI gcvT http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P27248.xml Deoxycytidine triphosphate deaminase P28248 DCD_ECOLI dcd http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P28248.xml L-serine dehydratase 2 P30744 SDHM_ECOLI sdaB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P30744.xml Adenine deaminase P31441 ADEC_ECOLI ade http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31441.xml Glycine dehydrogenase [decarboxylating] P33195 GCSP_ECOLI gcvP http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P33195.xml Carbamate kinase P37306 ARCC_ECOLI arcC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37306.xml Gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidoreductase P37906 PUUB_ECOLI puuB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37906.xml L-serine dehydratase tdcG P42630 TDCG_ECOLI tdcG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P42630.xml Putative galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase P42912 AGAI_ECOLI agaI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P42912.xml Primary amine oxidase P46883 AMO_ECOLI tynA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P46883.xml GMP reductase P60560 GUAC_ECOLI guaC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P60560.xml Putative diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase P66899 DPAL_ECOLI ygeX http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P66899.xml Hydroxylamine reductase P75825 HCP_ECOLI hcp http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75825.xml N-succinylarginine dihydrolase P76216 ASTB_ECOLI astB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76216.xml D-cysteine desulfhydrase P76316 DCYD_ECOLI dcyD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76316.xml Guanine deaminase P76641 GUAD_ECOLI guaD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76641.xml Allantoate amidohydrolase P77425 ALLC_ECOLI allC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77425.xml Cysteine desulfurase_ P77444 SUFS_ECOLI sufS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77444.xml Glutaminase 1 P77454 GLSA1_ECOLI glsA1 http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77454.xml Carbamate kinase-like protein yahI P77624 ARCM_ECOLI yahI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77624.xml Ureidoglycolate hydrolase P77731 ALLA_ECOLI allA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77731.xml Carbamate kinase-like protein yqeA Q46807 ARCL_ECOLI yqeA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/Q46807.xml Flavodoxin-1 P61949 FLAV_ECOLI fldA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P61949.xml Putative isochorismatase family protein rutB P75897 RUTB_ECOLI rutB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75897.xml 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine synthase P77756 QUEC_ECOLI queC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77756.xml Protein rutD P75895 RUTD_ECOLI rutD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75895.xml Glycine cleavage system H protein P0A6T9 GCSH_ECOLI gcvH http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6T9.xml Pyridoxine/pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase P0AFI7 PDXH_ECOLI pdxH http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFI7.xml reactivating factor for ethanolamine ammonia lyase P76551 eutA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76551.xml deacetylase of acs and cheY, regulates chemotaxis P75960 cobB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75960.xml predicted 2Fe-2S cluster-containing protein P0ABR7 yeaW http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABR7.xml conserved protein P75713 ylbA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75713.xml heme lyase (NrfEFG) for insertion of heme into c552, subunit NrfE P32710 nrfE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P32710.xml 7-carboxy-7-deazaguanine synthase; queosine biosynthesis P64554 queE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P64554.xml UPF0076 protein yjgF P0AF93 YJGF_ECOLI yjgF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AF93.xml tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase P68398 TADA_ECOLI tadA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P68398.xml Nicotinamide-nucleotide amidohydrolase PncC P0A6G3 PNCC_ECOLI pncC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6G3.xml Ammonia channel P69681 AMTB_ECOLI amtB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69681.xml 4 Porphobilinogen + Water <> Hydroxymethylbilane +4 Ammonia R00084 OHMETHYLBILANESYN-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide <> ADP + Carbamoylphosphate R00150 Adenosine triphosphate + Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + NAD R00189 NAD-SYNTH-NH3-RXN L-Serine <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00220 4.3.1.17-RXN D-Serine <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00221 L-Glutamate + NAD + Water <> alpha-Ketoglutarate + Ammonia + NADH + Hydrogen ion R00243 L-Glutamate + NADP + Water <> alpha-Ketoglutarate + Ammonia + NADPH + Hydrogen ion R00248 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamate + Ammonia <> ADP + Phosphate + L-Glutamine R00253 GLUTAMINESYN-RXN L-Glutamine + Water <> L-Glutamate + Ammonia R00256 GLUTAMIN-RXN Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + Water + Oxygen <> Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R00277 PMPOXI-RXN L-Aspartic acid + Water + Oxygen <> Oxalacetic acid + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R00357 (S)-Ureidoglycolic acid + Water <> Glyoxylic acid +2 Ammonia + Carbon dioxide R00469 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine R00483 L-Asparagine + Water <> L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia R00485 L-Aspartic acid <> Fumaric acid + Ammonia R00490 Cytidine triphosphate + Water <> Uridine triphosphate + Ammonia R00568 Adenosine triphosphate + Uridine triphosphate + Ammonia <> ADP + Phosphate + Cytidine triphosphate R00571 L-Tryptophan + Water <> Indole + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00673 TRYPTOPHAN-RXN Ethanolamine <> Acetaldehyde + Ammonia R00749 ETHAMLY-RXN Glucosamine 6-phosphate + Water <> Fructose 6-phosphate + Ammonia R00765 GLUCOSAMINE-6-P-DEAMIN-RXN L-Cysteine + Water <> Hydrogen sulfide + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00782 LCYSDESULF-RXN Cytosine + Water <> Uracil + Ammonia R00974 CYTDEAM-RXN Chorismate + Ammonia <> 2-Aminobenzoic acid + Pyruvic acid + Water R00985 L-Threonine <> 2-Ketobutyric acid + Ammonia R00996 O-Succinyl-L-homoserine + Water <> 2-Ketobutyric acid + Succinic acid + Ammonia R00999 Inosinic acid + Ammonia + NADP <> Guanosine monophosphate + NADPH + Hydrogen ion R01134 Glycine + Tetrahydrofolic acid + NAD <> 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide + NADH + Hydrogen ion R01221 Adenosine triphosphate + Xanthylic acid + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Guanosine monophosphate R01230 Adenine + Water <> Hypoxanthine + Ammonia R01244 Niacinamide + Water <> Nicotinic acid + Ammonia R01268 Cystathionine + Water <> L-Homocysteine + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid R01285 L-Cystathionine + Water <> L-Homocysteine + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid R01286 alpha-Amino acid + Water + Acceptor <> 2-Oxo acid + Ammonia + Reduced acceptor R01342 D-Phenylalanine + Water + Acceptor <> Phenylpyruvic acid + Ammonia + Reduced acceptor R01374 5-Methylcytosine + Water <> Thymine + Ammonia R01411 Adenosine + Water <> Inosine + Ammonia R01560 D-Glutamine + Water <> D-Glutamic acid + Ammonia R01579 Guanine + Water <> Xanthine + Ammonia R01676 GUANINE-DEAMINASE-RXN Pyridoxamine + Water + Oxygen <> Pyridoxal + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R01710 D-Cysteine + Water <> Hydrogen sulfide + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid R01874 Cytidine + Water <> Uridine + Ammonia R01878 dCTP + Water <> Deoxyuridine triphosphate + Ammonia R02325 Tyramine + Water + Oxygen <> 4-Hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R02382 L-Cystine + Water <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia + Thiocysteine R02408 Allantoic acid + Water <> Ureidoglycine + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide R02423 Deoxycytidine + Water <> Deoxyuridine + Ammonia R02485 Aminoacetone + Water + Oxygen <> Pyruvaldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R02529 Deoxyadenosine + Water <> Deoxyinosine + Ammonia R02556 Phenylethylamine + Oxygen + Water <> Phenylacetaldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R02613 Creatinine + Water <> N-Methylhydantoin + Ammonia R02922 1,3-Diaminopropane + Oxygen + Water <> 3-Aminopropionaldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R03139 2,5-Diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine + Water + 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidine <> 5-Amino-6-(5'-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + Ammonia R03459 RIBOFLAVINSYNDEAM-RXN N-Methylputrescine + Oxygen + Hydrogen ion <> 1-Methylpyrrolinium + Hydrogen peroxide + Ammonia R04027 S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein + Tetrahydrofolic acid + S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein <> Dihydrolipoylprotein + 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia R04125 N2-Succinyl-L-arginine + 2 Water <> N2-Succinyl-L-ornithine + Carbon dioxide +2 Ammonia R04189 Dopamine + Water + Oxygen <> 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R04300 Selenocystathionine + Water <> Selenohomocysteine + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid R04941 Adenosine triphosphate + Nitrogen + 6 Reduced flavodoxin + Water <> Phosphate + ADP +6 Oxidized flavodoxin +2 Ammonia R05186 Ureidoglycine + Water <> (S)-Ureidoglycolic acid + Ammonia R05554 Ammonia + 2 Water + 6 Ferricytochrome c + Ferricytochrome c <> Nitrite +6 Ferrocytochrome c +6 Hydrogen ion + Ferrocytochrome c R05712 Methylamine + Oxygen + Water <> Formaldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R06154 Cadaverine + Water + Oxygen <> 5-Aminopentanal + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R06740 gamma-Glutamyl-L-putrescine + Water + Oxygen <> gamma-Glutamyl-gamma-butyraldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R07415 Aniline + Oxygen <> Pyrocatechol + Ammonia R07700 5'-Deoxy-5-fluorocytidine + Water <> 5'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine + Ammonia R08221 D-Galactosamine 6-phosphate + Water <> D-Tagatose 6-phosphate + Ammonia R08365 Se-Methylselenocysteine + Water <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia + Methaneselenol R09366 3-Aminoacrylate + Water <> Malonic semialdehyde + Ammonia R09983 RXN0-6452 6-Carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin <> 7-Carboxy-7-carbaguanine + Ammonia + 7-Deaza-7-carboxyguanine R10002 Water + Deoxyadenosine > Ammonia + Deoxyinosine R02556 ADDALT-RXN NAD + Glycine + Tetrahydrofolic acid > Hydrogen ion + 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide + NADH R01221 GCVMULTI-RXN Ammonia + Water <> Ammonium + OH- RXN-11811 Dehydroglycine + Water > Glyoxylic acid + Ammonia RXN-13329 Ammonia + Hydrogen ion <> Ammonium RXN0-5219 Carbamic acid + Hydrogen ion > Ammonia + Carbon dioxide RXN0-5222 3-Aminoacrylate + Water > Malonic semialdehyde + Ammonia RXN0-6452 isoguanine + Water > Xanthine + Ammonia RXN0-6708 2,3-diaminopropanoate + Water > Hydrogen ion + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid 4.3.1.15-RXN L-Serine > Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia 4.3.1.17-RXN Water + Adenine > Ammonia + Hypoxanthine R01244 ADENINE-DEAMINASE-RXN Water + Adenosine > Ammonia + Inosine R01560 ADENODEAMIN-RXN Hydrogen ion + Allantoic acid + Water > S-ureidoglycine + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide ALLANTOATE-DEIMINASE-RXN Aminoacetone + Water + Oxygen > Hydrogen ion + Pyruvaldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R02529 AMACETOXID-RXN an aliphatic amine + Water + Oxygen > an aldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide + Hydrogen ion AMINEOXID-RXN Water + Oxygen + Phenylethylamine > Hydrogen ion + Hydrogen peroxide + Ammonia + Phenylacetaldehyde R02613 AMINEPHEN-RXN Ammonia + L-Aspartic acid + Adenosine triphosphate > L-Asparagine + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate R00483 ASNSYNA-RXN L-Asparagine + Water > Hydrogen ion + L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia R00485 ASPARAGHYD-RXN L-Aspartic acid <> Hydrogen ion + Fumaric acid + Ammonia R00490 ASPARTASE-RXN Ammonia + Carbon dioxide + Adenosine triphosphate < Hydrogen ion + Carbamoylphosphate + ADP R00150 CARBAMATE-KINASE-RXN L-Cystathionine + Water > Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia + L-Homocysteine R01286 CYSTATHIONINE-BETA-LYASE-RXN Water + Cytosine > Ammonia + Uracil CYTDEAM-RXN Water + Deoxycytidine > Ammonia + Deoxyuridine R02485 CYTIDEAM-RXN Water + Cytidine > Ammonia + Uridine R01878 CYTIDEAM2-RXN Water + dCTP > Ammonia + Deoxyuridine triphosphate R02325 DCTP-DEAM-RXN D-Cysteine + Water <> Pyruvic acid + Hydrogen sulfide + Ammonia + Hydrogen ion R01874 DCYSDESULF-RXN D-Serine > Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00221 DSERDEAM-RXN Ethanolamine > Hydrogen ion + Acetaldehyde + Ammonia ETHAMLY-RXN Glucosamine 6-phosphate + Water <> Hydrogen ion + Fructose 6-phosphate + Ammonia GLUCOSAMINE-6-P-DEAMIN-RXN L-Glutamine + Water > Hydrogen ion + L-Glutamate + Ammonia GLUTAMIN-RXN Ammonia + L-Glutamate + Adenosine triphosphate > L-Glutamine + ADP + Phosphate GLUTAMINESYN-RXN L-Glutamate + Water + NADP <> Hydrogen ion + Oxoglutaric acid + Ammonia + NADPH GLUTDEHYD-RXN Ammonia + Inosinic acid + NADP < Hydrogen ion + Guanosine monophosphate + NADPH R01134 GMP-REDUCT-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Xanthylic acid + Ammonia > Hydrogen ion + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Guanosine monophosphate R01230 GMP-SYN-NH3-RXN Water + Guanine > Ammonia + Xanthine GUANINE-DEAMINASE-RXN Ammonia + Water + an oxidized electron acceptor < a reduced electron acceptor + hydroxylamine HYDROXYLAMINE-REDUCTASE-RXN L-Cysteine + Water > Pyruvic acid + Ammonia + Hydrogen sulfide + Hydrogen ion LCYSDESULF-RXN Hydrogen ion + 2-Ketobutyric acid + Succinic acid + Ammonia O-Succinyl-L-homoserine + Water R00999 METBALT-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide + Ammonia > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + NAD NAD-SYNTH-NH3-RXN Niacinamide + Water > Hydrogen ion + Nicotinic acid + Ammonia R01268 NICOTINAMID-RXN Nicotinamide ribotide + Water > Hydrogen ion + Nicotinamide ribotide + Ammonia NMNAMIDOHYDRO-RXN Water + Porphobilinogen <> Hydrogen ion + Ammonia + Hydroxymethylbilane OHMETHYLBILANESYN-RXN Oxygen + Water + Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate > Hydrogen ion + Hydrogen peroxide + Ammonia + Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate PMPOXI-RXN + Water Hydrogen ion + Pyrazinic acid + Ammonia PYRAZIN-RXN Water + 2,5-Diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)pyrimidine > 5-Amino-6-(5'-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + Ammonia RIBOFLAVINSYNDEAM-RXN 7-carboxy-7-deazaguanine + Ammonia + Adenosine triphosphate > 7-Cyano-7-carbaguanine + ADP + Phosphate + Water RXN-12093 Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen carbonate + Ammonia > ADP + Phosphate + Carbamoylphosphate + Hydrogen ion RXN-13202 a primary amine + Water + Oxygen > an aldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide RXN-9597 6-Carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin + S-Adenosylmethionine + Hydrogen ion > 7-carboxy-7-deazaguanine + 5'-Deoxyadenosine + L-Methionine + Ammonia RXN0-6575 N2-Succinyl-L-arginine + Water > N2-Succinyl-L-ornithine + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide R04189 SUCCARGDIHYDRO-RXN L-Threonine > Hydrogen ion + 2-Ketobutyric acid + Ammonia R00996 THREDEHYD-RXN L-Tryptophan + Water <> Hydrogen ion + Indole + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia TRYPTOPHAN-RXN D-Galactosamine 6-phosphate + Water > D-Tagatose 6-phosphate + Ammonia (S)-Ureidoglycolic acid + Water > Glyoxylic acid +2 Ammonia + Carbon dioxide RCH(2)NH(2) + Water + Oxygen > RCHO + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide Phenylethylamine + Water + Oxygen > Phenylacetaldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide Adenosine triphosphate + Ammonia + Carbon dioxide > ADP + Carbamoylphosphate L-Aspartic acid > Fumaric acid + Ammonia L-Asparagine + Water > L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia N2-Succinyl-L-arginine + 2 Water > N2-Succinyl-L-ornithine +2 Ammonia + Carbon dioxide Cyanate + Carbonic acid + 2 Hydrogen ion > Ammonia +2 Carbon dioxide A D-amino acid + Water + acceptor > a 2-oxo acid + Ammonia + reduced acceptor D-Cysteine + Water > Hydrogen sulfide + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid L-Glutamate + Water + NADP > Oxoglutaric acid + Ammonia + NADPH GLUTDEHYD-RXN 2,3-diaminopropionate + Water > Pyruvic acid +2 Ammonia Ethanolamine > Acetaldehyde + Ammonia [Protein]-S(8)-aminomethyldihydrolipoyllysine + Tetrahydrofolic acid > [protein]-dihydrolipoyllysine + 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamate + Ammonia > ADP + Inorganic phosphate + L-Glutamine L-Glutamine + Water > L-Glutamate + Ammonia R00256 GLUTAMIN-RXN Inosinic acid + Ammonia + NADP > Guanosine monophosphate + NADPH R01134 GMP-REDUCT-RXN 4 Porphobilinogen + Water > Hydroxymethylbilane +4 Ammonia R00084 OHMETHYLBILANESYN-RXN L-Threonine > 2-Ketobutyric acid + Ammonia R00996 THREDEHYD-RXN L-Cystathionine + Water > L-Homocysteine + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + Water > Fructose 6-phosphate + Ammonia Ammonia + 2 Water + 6 Ferricytochrome c > Nitrite +6 Ferrocytochrome c +7 Hydrogen ion Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + Water + Oxygen > Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide Niacinamide + Water > Nicotinic acid + Ammonia R01268 NICOTINAMID-RXN gamma-Glutamyl-L-putrescine + Water + Oxygen > Gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyraldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide Adenosine triphosphate + Uridine triphosphate + Ammonia > ADP + Inorganic phosphate + Cytidine triphosphate 7-Deaza-7-carboxyguanine + Ammonia + Adenosine triphosphate > 7-Cyano-7-carbaguanine + ADP + Inorganic phosphate + Water 6-Carboxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin > 7-Deaza-7-carboxyguanine + Ammonia Iminobutyrate + Water > 2-Ketobutyric acid + Ammonia Ureidoacrylate peracid + Water > Peroxyaminoacrylate + Ammonia (Z)-3-Ureidoacrylate + Water > 3-Aminoacrylate + Carbon dioxide + Ammonia (Z)-2-Methyl-ureidoacrylate peracid + Water > (Z)-2-Methyl-peroxyaminoacrylate + Carbon dioxide + Ammonia 3-Aminoacrylate + Water > Malonic acid + Ammonia D-Serine > Pyruvic acid + Ammonia L-Serine > Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00220 4.3.1.17-RXN L-Tryptophan + Water > Indole + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia L-Threonine + 2-Aminobut-2-enoate + 2-Iminobutanoate + Water <> 2-Ketobutyric acid + Ammonia R00996 Adenosine triphosphate + Uridine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + Water + Ammonia <> ADP + Phosphate + Cytidine triphosphate + L-Glutamate R00573 2 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Glutamine + Hydrogen carbonate + Water + Ammonia + Carbamic acid + Carboxyphosphate <>2 ADP + Phosphate + L-Glutamate + Carbamoylphosphate R00575 Cyanate + Hydrogen carbonate + 2 Hydrogen ion + Carbamic acid <> Ammonia +2 Carbon dioxide R10079 D-Amino acid + Water + Acceptor <> 2-Oxo acid + Ammonia + Reduced acceptor R07166 L-Cystathionine + Water + 2-Aminoacrylic acid + 2-Iminopropanoate <> L-Homocysteine + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R01286 L-Serine + 2-Aminoacrylic acid + 2-Iminopropanoate + Water <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00220 Cytidine + Water + Deoxycytidine <> Uridine + Ammonia + Deoxyuridine R01878 D-Serine + 2-Aminoacrylic acid + 2-Iminopropanoate + Water <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00221 2,3-Diaminopropanoate + Water <> Pyruvic acid +2 Ammonia R00195 2 L-Glutamate + NADP + Ammonia + Water <> L-Glutamine + alpha-Ketoglutarate + NADPH + Hydrogen ion R00114 Ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD + Water + Ammonia <> Nitrite +3 NADH +3 Hydrogen ion R00787 L-Tryptophan + Water + 2-Aminoacrylic acid + 2-Iminopropanoate <> Indole + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00673 7-Deaza-7-carboxyguanine + Ammonia + Adenosine triphosphate <> 7-Cyano-7-carbaguanine + ADP + Phosphate + Water R09978 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + L-Glutamine + Water + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine + L-Glutamate R00578 Ammonia + Water + Acceptor <> Hydroxylamine + Reduced acceptor R00284 Ureidoacrylate peracid + Water + Carbamic acid + (Z)-2-Methyl-ureidoacrylate peracid <> Peroxyaminoacrylate + Carbon dioxide + Ammonia + (Z)-2-Methyl-peroxyaminoacrylate R09948 Primary amine + Water + Oxygen <> Aldehyde + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R01853 Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + Water + Oxygen + Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate <> Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide R00277 Adenosine triphosphate + Xanthylic acid + L-Glutamine + Water + Ammonia <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Guanosine monophosphate + L-Glutamate R01231 Water <> Ammonia R10223 NMN + Water <> Nicotinamide ribotide + Ammonia R02322 Ammonia + NAD + 3 NADP + 2 Water <> Nitrite + NADH +3 NADPH +5 Hydrogen ion R00787 R00789 Nitrite + 3 NADH + 5 Hydrogen ion + Nitrite Ammonia +2 Water +3 NAD PW_R002427 Nitrite + 6 ferrocytochrome c + 7 Hydrogen ion + Nitrite + 6 Ferrocytochrome c <> Ammonia +6 ferricytochrome c +2 Water +6 Ferricytochrome c PW_R002428 Hydroxylamine + cytochrome c nitrite reductase <> Ammonia + Water + cytochrome c nitrite reductase PW_R002429 Ammonia + L-Glutamic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Oxoglutaric acid + L-Glutamate <> Phosphate + L-Glutamine + Adenosine diphosphate + ADP PW_R002433 Hydrogen ion + NADPH + Ammonia + NADPH <> Water + NADP + L-Glutamic acid + L-Glutamate PW_R002434 L-Glutamine + Water > L-Glutamic acid + Ammonia + L-Glutamate PW_R002514 D-Glutamine + Water > D-Glutamic acid + Ammonia PW_R002516 S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein; + Tetrahydrofolic acid + Tetrahydrofolic acid <> 5,10-Methylene-THF + Ammonia + dihydrolipoylprotein + 5,10-Methylene-THF PW_R002543 Adenosine triphosphate + L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia + L-Aspartic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Asparagine + Pyrophosphate + L-Asparagine PW_R002642 L-Aspartic acid + Water + Oxygen + L-Aspartic acid > Oxalacetic acid + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxide PW_R002645 L-Aspartic acid + L-Aspartic acid > Fumaric acid + Ammonia PW_R002646 Phenylpyruvic acid + Ammonia + cytochrome c nitrite reductase <> D-Phenylalanine + Water + cytochrome c nitrite reductase PW_R003457 Adenosine triphosphate + Nitrogen + 6 a reduced flavodoxin + Water <> Phosphate + Adenosine diphosphate + an oxidized flavodoxin +2 Ammonia + ADP PW_R005170 Cytosine + Water <> Uracil + Ammonia 5 5-Methylcytosine + Water <> Thymine + Ammonia Chorismate + Ammonia <>2 2-Aminobenzoic acid + Pyruvic acid + Water N2-Succinyl-L-arginine + 2 Water <> N2-Succinyl-L-ornithine + Carbon dioxide +2 Ammonia Glucosamine 6-phosphate + Water <> Fructose 6-phosphate + Ammonia L-Serine <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia L-Asparagine + Water <> L-Aspartic acid + Ammonia