<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<compound>
  <version>2.0</version>
  <creation_date>2012-08-03 14:57:54 -0600</creation_date>
  <update_date>2015-09-13 12:56:16 -0600</update_date>
  <accession>ECMDB21401</accession>
  <m2m_id>M2MDB001796</m2m_id>
  <name>N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid</name>
  <description>N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid is a derivative of aspartic acid. (Wikipedia)</description>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>(2S)-2-acetamidobutanedioate</synonym>
    <synonym>(2S)-2-acetamidobutanedioic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>(S)-2-(acetylamino)butanedioate</synonym>
    <synonym>(S)-2-(acetylamino)butanedioic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>(S)-2-(acetylamino)Succinate</synonym>
    <synonym>(S)-2-(acetylamino)succinic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Acetyl-l-aspartate</synonym>
    <synonym>Acetyl-l-aspartic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Acetylaspartate</synonym>
    <synonym>Acetylaspartic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>L-n-acetylaspartate</synonym>
    <synonym>L-n-acetylaspartic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>N-Acetyl-L-aspartate</synonym>
    <synonym>N-acetyl-s-aspartate</synonym>
    <synonym>N-acetyl-s-aspartic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>N-acetylaspartate</synonym>
    <synonym>N-acetylaspartic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>NAA</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C6H9NO5</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>175.1394</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>175.048072403</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>(2S)-2-acetamidobutanedioic acid</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>acetyl-L-aspartic acid</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>997-55-7</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C6H9NO5/c1-3(8)7-4(6(11)12)2-5(9)10/h4H,2H2,1H3,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12)/t4-/m0/s1</inchi>
  <inchikey>OTCCIMWXFLJLIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N</inchikey>
  <state>Solid</state>
  <cellular_locations>
  </cellular_locations>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-0.79</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>-0.92</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>solubility</kind>
      <value>2.11e+01 g/l</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <experimental_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>melting_point</kind>
      <value>137-140 oC</value>
    </property>
  </experimental_properties>
  <property>
    <kind>logp</kind>
    <value>-1.4</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_acidic</kind>
    <value>3.41</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_basic</kind>
    <value>-2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>iupac</kind>
    <value>(2S)-2-acetamidobutanedioic acid</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>average_mass</kind>
    <value>175.1394</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>mono_mass</kind>
    <value>175.048072403</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>smiles</kind>
    <value>CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formula</kind>
    <value>C6H9NO5</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchi</kind>
    <value>InChI=1S/C6H9NO5/c1-3(8)7-4(6(11)12)2-5(9)10/h4H,2H2,1H3,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12)/t4-/m0/s1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchikey</kind>
    <value>OTCCIMWXFLJLIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
    <value>103.7</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>refractivity</kind>
    <value>35.98</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polarizability</kind>
    <value>15.29</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
    <value>4</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
    <value>5</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>donor_count</kind>
    <value>3</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
    <value>-2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formal_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <pathways>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>651</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>652</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1326</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>10695</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>30634</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>30635</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31234</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31708</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31709</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>37780</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>133754</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>141488</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1077459</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1077461</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1077463</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1077465</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1077466</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1077468</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1077470</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1077472</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1077474</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1077476</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1077477</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1272</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1553</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145430</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145431</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145432</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145433</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145434</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145435</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145436</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145437</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145438</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145439</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145440</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145441</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145442</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145443</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145444</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145445</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145446</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145447</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145448</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>145449</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>166428</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1161</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1162</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1163</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>4691</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>4692</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>4693</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>4694</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>4695</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>289573</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>289574</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>289575</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>329023</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>329024</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>329025</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437259</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437260</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437261</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437262</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437263</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>440085</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>451915</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2236643</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2236746</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2237817</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2238763</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrTwoD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1496</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <hmdb_id>HMDB00812</hmdb_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id>65065</pubchem_compound_id>
  <chemspider_id>58576</chemspider_id>
  <kegg_id>C01042</kegg_id>
  <chebi_id>21547</chebi_id>
  <biocyc_id></biocyc_id>
  <het_id/>
  <wikipidia>N-acetylaspartate</wikipidia>
  <foodb_id></foodb_id>
  <general_references>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>17379776</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4.</reference_text>
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      <reference_text>Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>8087979</pubmed_id>
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      <pubmed_id>7729054</pubmed_id>
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      <reference_text>Kaul R, Gao GP, Balamurugan K, Matalon R: Cloning of the human aspartoacylase cDNA and a common missense mutation in Canavan disease. Nat Genet. 1993 Oct;5(2):118-23.</reference_text>
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      <reference_text>Tacke U, Olbrich H, Sass JO, Fekete A, Horvath J, Ziyeh S, Kleijer WJ, Rolland MO, Fisher S, Payne S, Vargiami E, Zafeiriou DI, Omran H: Possible genotype-phenotype correlations in children with mild clinical course of Canavan disease. Neuropediatrics. 2005 Aug;36(4):252-5.</reference_text>
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    <reference>
      <reference_text>Rocca MA, Mezzapesa DM, Falini A, Ghezzi A, Martinelli V, Scotti G, Comi G, Filippi M: Evidence for axonal pathology and adaptive cortical reorganization in patients at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage. 2003 Apr;18(4):847-55.</reference_text>
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    <reference>
      <reference_text>Izumiyama H, Abe T, Tanioka D, Fukuda A, Kunii N: Clinicopathological examination of glioma by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy background. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2004;21(1):39-46.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>15696968</pubmed_id>
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    <reference>
      <reference_text>Bal D, Gryff-Keller A, Gradowska W: Absolute configuration of N-acetylaspartate in urine from patients with Canavan disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2005;28(4):607-9.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>15902566</pubmed_id>
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    <reference>
      <reference_text>Manji HK, Moore GJ, Chen G: Clinical and preclinical evidence for the neurotrophic effects of mood stabilizers: implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of manic-depressive illness. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Oct 15;48(8):740-54.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>11063971</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Vermathen P, Laxer KD, Matson GB, Weiner MW: Hippocampal structures: anteroposterior N-acetylaspartate differences in patients with epilepsy and control subjects as shown with proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology. 2000 Feb;214(2):403-10.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>10671587</pubmed_id>
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    <reference>
      <reference_text>Clementi V, Tonon C, Lodi R, Malucelli E, Barbiroli B, Iotti S: Assessment of glutamate and glutamine contribution to in vivo N-acetylaspartate quantification in human brain by (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med. 2005 Dec;54(6):1333-9.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>16265633</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Rothstein JD, Tsai G, Kuncl RW, Clawson L, Cornblath DR, Drachman DB, Pestronk A, Stauch BL, Coyle JT: Abnormal excitatory amino acid metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1990 Jul;28(1):18-25.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>2375630</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Surendran S, Matalon KM, Szucs S, Tyring SK, Matalon R: Metabolic changes in the knockout mouse for Canavan's disease: implications for patients with Canavan's disease. J Child Neurol. 2003 Sep;18(9):611-5.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>14572139</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Gordon N: Canavan disease: a review of recent developments.  Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2001;5(2):65-9.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>11589315</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Zhu XH, Chen W: Observed BOLD effects on cerebral metabolite resonances in human visual cortex during visual stimulation: a functional (1)H MRS study at 4 T. Magn Reson Med. 2001 Nov;46(5):841-7.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>11675633</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Lam WW, Wang ZJ, Zhao H, Berry GT, Kaplan P, Gibson J, Kaplan BS, Bilaniuk LT, Hunter JV, Haselgrove JC, Zimmermann RA: 1H MR spectroscopy of the basal ganglia in childhood: a semiquantitative analysis. Neuroradiology. 1998 May;40(5):315-23.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>9638674</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Martin RC, Sawrie S, Hugg J, Gilliam F, Faught E, Kuzniecky R: Cognitive correlates of 1H MRSI-detected hippocampal abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology. 1999 Dec 10;53(9):2052-8.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>10599780</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Trope I, Lopez-Villegas D, Lenkinski RE: Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of regional brain structure in a 10-year-old boy with elevated blood lead levels. Pediatrics. 1998 Jun;101(6):E7.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>9606249</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Kvittingen EA, Guldal G, Borsting S, Skalpe IO, Stokke O, Jellum E: N-acetylaspartic aciduria in a child with a progressive cerebral atrophy.  Clin Chim Acta. 1986 Aug 15;158(3):217-27.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>3769199</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Gideon P, Henriksen O, Sperling B, Christiansen P, Olsen TS, Jorgensen HS, Arlien-Soborg P: Early time course of N-acetylaspartate, creatine and phosphocreatine, and compounds containing choline in the brain after acute stroke. A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Stroke. 1992 Nov;23(11):1566-72.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>1440704</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
  </general_references>
  <synthesis_reference></synthesis_reference>
  <msds_url>http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/730/original/HMDB00812.pdf?1358462437</msds_url>
  <enzymes>
  </enzymes>
  <transporters>
  </transporters>
  <reactions>
  </reactions>
  <concentrations>
    <growth_media>48 mM Na2HPO4, 22 mM KH2PO4, 10 mM NaCl, 45 mM (NH4)2SO4, supplemented with 1 mM MgSO4, 1 mg/l thiamine·HCl, 5.6 mg/l CaCl2, 8 mg/l FeCl3, 1 mg/l MnCl2·4H2O, 1.7 mg/l ZnCl2, 0.43 mg/l CuCl2·2H2O, 0.6 mg/l CoCl2·2H2O and 0.6 mg/l Na2MoO4·2H2O.  4 g/L Gluco</growth_media>
    <growth_system>Bioreactor, pH controlled, O2 and CO2 controlled, dilution rate: 0.2/h</growth_system>
    <concentration>141.0</concentration>
    <concentration_units>uM</concentration_units>
    <internal/>
    <error>0.0</error>
    <temperature>37 oC</temperature>
    <strain>BW25113</strain>
    <growth_status>Stationary Phase, glucose limited</growth_status>
    <molecules>564000</molecules>
    <molecules_error>0</molecules_error>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>17379776</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
  </concentrations>
</compound>
