2.0 2012-07-30 14:55:42 -0600 2015-09-13 12:56:15 -0600 ECMDB21393 M2MDB001788 Lithium Lithium (Li) is an alkali metal with atomic number 3. Trace amounts of lithium are present in all organisms, though the element serves no apparent vital biological function. (Wikipedia) Scientific research has suggested that lithium is an inhibitor of several E. coli enzymes, such as L-rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase. (EcoCyc) Li Li(+) Li(+) cation Li(+) ion Lithium atom Lithium cation Lithium element LITHIUM ION Lithium(+) Lithium, ion Lithium, ion (Li1+) Li 6.941 7.016004049 lithium(1+) ion lithium(1+) ion 7439-93-2 [Li+] InChI=1S/Li/q+1 HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Solid melting_point 190 oC logp 0 ChemAxon iupac lithium(1+) ion ChemAxon average_mass 6.941 ChemAxon mono_mass 7.016004049 ChemAxon smiles [Li+] ChemAxon formula Li ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/Li/q+1 ChemAxon inchikey HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 0 ChemAxon refractivity 0 ChemAxon polarizability 1.78 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 0 ChemAxon acceptor_count 0 ChemAxon donor_count 0 ChemAxon physiological_charge 1 ChemAxon formal_charge 1 ChemAxon Galactose metabolism Galactose can be synthesized through two pathways: melibiose degradation involving an alpha galactosidase and lactose degradation involving a beta galactosidase. Melibiose is first transported inside the cell through the melibiose:Li+/Na+/H+ symporter. Once inside the cell, melibiose is degraded through alpha galactosidase into an alpha-D-galactose and a beta-D-glucose. The beta-D-glucose is phosphorylated by a glucokinase to produce a beta-D-glucose-6-phosphate which can spontaneously be turned into a alpha D glucose 6 phosphate. This alpha D-glucose-6-phosphate is metabolized into a glucose -1-phosphate through a phosphoglucomutase-1. The glucose -1-phosphate is transformed into a uridine diphosphate glucose through UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The product, uridine diphosphate glucose, can undergo a reversible reaction in which it can be turned into uridine diphosphategalactose through an UDP-glucose 4-epimerase. Galactose can also be produced by lactose degradation involving a lactose permease to uptake lactose from the environment and a beta-galactosidase to turn lactose into Beta-D-galactose. Beta-D-galactose can also be uptaken from the environment through a galactose proton symporter. Galactose is degraded through the following process: Beta-D-galactose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a galactose proton symporter, or it can be synthesized from an alpha lactose that is introduced into the cytoplasm through a lactose permease. Alpha lactose interacts with water through a beta-galactosidase resulting in a beta-D-glucose and beta-D-galactose. Beta-D-galactose is isomerized into D-galactose. D-Galactose undergoes phosphorylation through a galactokinase, hence producing galactose 1 phosphate. On the other side of the pathway, a gluose-1-phosphate (product of the interaction of alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate with a phosphoglucomutase resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate, an isomer of Glucose 1-phosphate, or an isomer of Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate) interacts with UTP and a hydrogen ion in order to produce a uridine diphosphate glucose. This is followed by the interaction of galactose-1-phosphate with an established amount of uridine diphosphate glucose through a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, which in turn output a glucose-1-phosphate and a uridine diphosphate galactose. The glucose -1-phosphate is transformed into a uridine diphosphate glucose through UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The product, uridine diphosphate glucose, can undergo a reversible reaction in which it can be turned into uridine diphosphategalactose through an UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, and so the cycle can keep going as long as more lactose or galactose is imported into the cell PW000821 ec00052 Metabolic inner membrane transport list of inner membrane transport complexes, transporting compounds from the periplasmic space to the cytosol This pathway should be updated regularly with the new inner membrae transports added PW000786 Metabolic Specdb::MsMs 24740 Specdb::MsMs 24741 Specdb::MsMs 24742 Specdb::MsMs 31298 Specdb::MsMs 31299 Specdb::MsMs 31300 Specdb::MsMs 2968767 Specdb::MsMs 2968768 Specdb::MsMs 2968769 HMDB05949 28486 26502 C15473 30145 LI%2b LI Lithium Zhong J, Lee WH: Lithium: a novel treatment for Alzheimer's disease? Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2007 Jul;6(4):375-83. 17688381 Aghdam SY, Barger SW: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection: lessons from lithium. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2007 Feb;4(1):21-31. 17316163 Kofman O, Belmaker RH: Ziskind-Somerfeld Research Award 1993. Biochemical, behavioral, and clinical studies of the role of inositol in lithium treatment and depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1993 Dec 15;34(12):839-52. 8110911 Waring WS: Management of lithium toxicity. Toxicol Rev. 2006;25(4):221-30. 17288494 Quiroz JA, Machado-Vieira R, Zarate CA Jr, Manji HK: Novel insights into lithium's mechanism of action: neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Neuropsychobiology. 2010;62(1):50-60. doi: 10.1159/000314310. Epub 2010 May 7. 20453535 http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/005/154/original/HMDB05949.pdf?1358894747 Melibiose carrier protein P02921 MELB_ECOLI melB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02921.xml Sodium/proline symporter P07117 PUTP_ECOLI putP http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P07117.xml