Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2012-07-30 14:54:59 -0600
Update Date2015-09-17 15:41:17 -0600
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • ECMDB21221
Identification
Name:Glutathione disulfide
DescriptionGlutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide with a gamma peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine (which is attached by normal peptide linkage to a glycine) and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain. It is an antioxidant, preventing damage to important cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides. Glutathione is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione is also needed for the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxin produced as a by-product of metabolism. This detoxification reaction is carried out by the glyoxalase system. Glyoxalase (EC 4.4.1.5) catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase (EC 3.1.2.6) catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione to glutathione and D-lactate.; Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is a disulfide derived from two glutathione molecules.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms:
  • (2S,2'S)-5,5'-[disulfanediylbis({(2R)-3-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-oxopropane-1,2-diyl}imino)]bis(2-amino-5-oxopentanoate)
  • (2S,2'S)-5,5'-[disulfanediylbis({(2R)-3-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-oxopropane-1,2-diyl}imino)]bis(2-amino-5-oxopentanoate) (non-preferred name)
  • (2S,2'S)-5,5'-[disulfanediylbis({(2R)-3-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-oxopropane-1,2-diyl}imino)]bis(2-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid)
  • (2S,2'S)-5,5'-[disulfanediylbis({(2R)-3-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-oxopropane-1,2-diyl}imino)]bis(2-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid) (non-preferred name)
  • (2S,2'S)-5,5'-[disulphanediylbis({(2R)-3-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-oxopropane-1,2-diyl}imino)]bis(2-amino-5-oxopentanoate)
  • (2S,2'S)-5,5'-[disulphanediylbis({(2R)-3-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-oxopropane-1,2-diyl}imino)]bis(2-amino-5-oxopentanoate) (non-preferred name)
  • (2S,2'S)-5,5'-[disulphanediylbis({(2R)-3-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-oxopropane-1,2-diyl}imino)]bis(2-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid)
  • (2S,2'S)-5,5'-[disulphanediylbis({(2R)-3-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-oxopropane-1,2-diyl}imino)]bis(2-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid) (non-preferred name)
  • Glutathione disulfide
  • Glutathione disulphide
  • Glutathione ox
  • Glutathione oxidized
  • GSSG
  • L(-)-Glutathione(oxidized)
  • L-Glutathione oxidized
  • Oxidised glutathione
  • Oxidized glutathione
  • OXIDIZED GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE
  • OXIDIZED glutathione disulphide
  • Oxiglutatione
Chemical Formula:C20H32N6O12S2
Weight:Average: 612.631
Monoisotopic: 612.151961898
InChI Key:YPZRWBKMTBYPTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI:InChI=1S/C20H32N6O12S2/c21-9(19(35)36)1-3-13(27)25-11(17(33)23-5-15(29)30)7-39-40-8-12(18(34)24-6-16(31)32)26-14(28)4-2-10(22)20(37)38/h9-12H,1-8,21-22H2,(H,23,33)(H,24,34)(H,25,27)(H,26,28)(H,29,30)(H,31,32)(H,35,36)(H,37,38)
CAS number:27025-41-8
IUPAC Name:2-amino-4-[(2-{[2-(4-amino-4-carboxybutanamido)-2-[(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl]disulfanyl}-1-[(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl)carbamoyl]butanoic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name:oxiglutatione
SMILES:NC(CCC(=O)NC(CSSCC(NC(=O)CCC(N)C(O)=O)C(=O)NCC(O)=O)C(=O)NCC(O)=O)C(O)=O
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligopeptides. These are organic compounds containing a sequence of between three and ten alpha-amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentOligopeptides
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alpha-oligopeptide
  • Gamma-glutamyl alpha peptide
  • Glutamine or derivatives
  • N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
  • Tetracarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
  • Alpha-amino acid amide
  • Cysteine or derivatives
  • Alpha-amino acid
  • N-substituted-alpha-amino acid
  • Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
  • Fatty amide
  • N-acyl-amine
  • Fatty acyl
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • Carboxamide group
  • Amino acid
  • Dialkyldisulfide
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Organic disulfide
  • Sulfenyl compound
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic oxide
  • Amine
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organosulfur compound
  • Primary amine
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External DescriptorsNot Available
Physical Properties
State:Solid
Charge:-2
Melting point:Not Available
Experimental Properties:
PropertyValueSource
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.41 g/LALOGPS
logP-3.6ALOGPS
logP-10ChemAxon
logS-3.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)1.44ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)9.61ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count14ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count10ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area317.64 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count21ChemAxon
Refractivity136.65 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability58.43 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability0ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations:Cytoplasm
Reactions:
SMPDB Pathways:
Arachidonic acid metabolismPW000759 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
Glutathione metabolismPW000833 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
Selenium metabolismPW001894 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
glutathione metabolism IIPW001927 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
glutathione metabolism IIIPW002018 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
KEGG Pathways:
EcoCyc Pathways:
Concentrations
ConcentrationStrainMediaGrowth StatusGrowth SystemTemperatureDetails
2370± 0 uMK12 NCM3722Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glucoseMid-Log PhaseShake flask and filter culture37 oCPMID: 19561621
7310± 0 uMK12 NCM3722Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glycerolMid-Log PhaseShake flask and filter culture37 oCPMID: 19561621
1680± 0 uMK12 NCM3722Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L acetateMid-Log PhaseShake flask and filter culture37 oCPMID: 19561621
3670± 0 uMBW2511348 mM Na2HPO4, 22 mM KH2PO4, 10 mM NaCl, 45 mM (NH4)2SO4, supplemented with 1 mM MgSO4, 1 mg/l thiamine·HCl, 5.6 mg/l CaCl2, 8 mg/l FeCl3, 1 mg/l MnCl2·4H2O, 1.7 mg/l ZnCl2, 0.43 mg/l CuCl2·2H2O, 0.6 mg/l CoCl2·2H2O and 0.6 mg/l Na2MoO4·2H2O. 4 g/L GlucoStationary Phase, glucose limitedBioreactor, pH controlled, O2 and CO2 controlled, dilution rate: 0.2/h37 oCPMID: 17379776
Find out more about how we convert literature concentrations.
Spectra
Spectra:
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0a4i-0900000000-c8147955c6b355f0fc5cView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0a4i-0910000000-3e6195d480fbfe87b449View in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-02t9-2121090000-ae2cd04146f2eea049a5View in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-01q3-2111039000-a2c6d786111b549344feView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativesplash10-0uki-0290000000-04456f914411a2ecbe4fView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , negativesplash10-0a4i-0039210000-772eee67ad10a2d98fa7View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , negativesplash10-08fr-1957008000-f8812fd72d475ecd2693View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-03di-0000109000-65d563bcfc551b4a7abdView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-03di-0003309000-7555effd0b74737b9d2fView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-0a4i-0259201000-2cd328143ce713c285d9View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-05d0-0493000000-93bd088394049a484b9dView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-001r-0190000000-88b871b5a3f668f4b3a1View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , positivesplash10-0a59-0019811000-b24651cf6fc55de750b8View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-053s-0495300000-69ab8e397b7a546ecd3fView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-053r-0007920000-39da34018ceb610daa32View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-03di-0000009000-9cde769e8905f413f7e3View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-03di-0000009000-4e3c9569882ab5507bf2View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-02na-2011492000-e5bf21a4b84acc1cf18fView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-00di-9002540000-c313b0aedf04e56ccf77View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-00di-9012110000-27ec93f3d13ce2136a4fView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-03di-0147096000-d734e389344c1dc9b900View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0lxx-1597071000-aba0237f549185706415View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0007-9501140000-204a269186f92e44ac10View in MoNA
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
References
References:
  • Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. Pubmed: 19561621
  • Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597. Pubmed: 17379776
  • Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. Pubmed: 21097882
  • van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. Pubmed: 17765195
Synthesis Reference:Not Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
External Links:
ResourceLink
CHEBI ID17858
HMDB IDHMDB03337
Pubchem Compound ID975
Kegg IDC00127
ChemSpider ID58835
WikipediaGlutathione_disulfide
BioCyc IDOXIDIZED-GLUTATHIONE
EcoCyc IDOXIDIZED-GLUTATHIONE
Ligand ExpoGDS

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in glutathione peroxidase activity
Specific function:
Not essential for B12 transport; however, it is an auxiliary component of the transport system
Gene Name:
btuE
Uniprot ID:
P06610
Molecular weight:
20469
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol
Gene Name:
gor
Uniprot ID:
P06715
Molecular weight:
48772
Reactions
2 glutathione + NADP(+) = glutathione disulfide + NADPH.
General function:
Involved in arsenate reductase (glutaredoxin) activity
Specific function:
Reduction of arsenate [As(V)] to arsenite [As(III)]. This protein expands the substrate specificity of ArsAB pump which can extrude arsenite and antimonite to allow for arsenate pumping and resistance
Gene Name:
arsC
Uniprot ID:
P0AB96
Molecular weight:
15853
Reactions
Arsenate + glutaredoxin = arsenite + glutaredoxin disulfide + H(2)O.
General function:
Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones
Specific function:
Involved in disulfide bond formation. DsbG and DsbC are part of a periplasmic reducing system that controls the level of cysteine sulfenylation, and provides reducing equivalents to rescue oxidatively damaged secreted proteins such as ErfK, YbiS and YnhG. Probably also functions as a disulfide isomerase with a narrower substrate specificity than DsbC. DsbG is maintained in a reduced state by DsbD. Displays chaperone activity in both redox states in vitro
Gene Name:
dsbG
Uniprot ID:
P77202
Molecular weight:
27495
General function:
Involved in electron carrier activity
Specific function:
Monothiol glutaredoxin involved in the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters (Probable)
Gene Name:
grxD
Uniprot ID:
P0AC69
Molecular weight:
12879
General function:
Involved in cell redox homeostasis
Specific function:
Acts as a disulfide isomerase, interacting with incorrectly folded proteins to correct non-native disulfide bonds. DsbG and DsbC are part of a periplasmic reducing system that controls the level of cysteine sulfenylation, and provides reducing equivalents to rescue oxidatively damaged secreted proteins. Acts by transferring its disulfide bond to other proteins and is reduced in the process. DsbC is reoxidized by DsbD
Gene Name:
dsbC
Uniprot ID:
P0AEG6
Molecular weight:
25622
General function:
Involved in electron carrier activity
Specific function:
The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing some disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase
Gene Name:
grxC
Uniprot ID:
P0AC62
Molecular weight:
9137
General function:
Involved in protein binding
Specific function:
Involved in reducing some disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase. Does not act as hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase
Gene Name:
grxB
Uniprot ID:
P0AC59
Molecular weight:
24350
General function:
Involved in electron carrier activity
Specific function:
The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing some disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase
Gene Name:
grxA
Uniprot ID:
P68688
Molecular weight:
9685

Transporters

General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Non-specific porin
Gene Name:
ompN
Uniprot ID:
P77747
Molecular weight:
41220
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Uptake of inorganic phosphate, phosphorylated compounds, and some other negatively charged solutes
Gene Name:
phoE
Uniprot ID:
P02932
Molecular weight:
38922
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
OmpF is a porin that forms passive diffusion pores which allow small molecular weight hydrophilic materials across the outer membrane. It is also a receptor for the bacteriophage T2
Gene Name:
ompF
Uniprot ID:
P02931
Molecular weight:
39333
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Forms passive diffusion pores which allow small molecular weight hydrophilic materials across the outer membrane
Gene Name:
ompC
Uniprot ID:
P06996
Molecular weight:
40368