2.0 2012-05-31 14:07:02 -0600 2015-06-03 15:54:49 -0600 ECMDB04166 M2MDB000646 Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP Iduronic acid, which donates Iduronic acid to polysaccharides. It is made from UDP-glucose by UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22) using NAD+ as a cofactor. It is the source of the glucuronosyl group in glucuronosyltransferase reactions. (Wikipedia) (UDP-GlcA)1 A-D-Glucopyranuronate 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) a-D-Glucopyranuronate 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) A-D-Glucopyranuronate ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate A-D-Glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) a-D-Glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphoric acid) a-D-Glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) A-D-Glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-D-Glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid a-delta-Glucopyranuronate 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) a-delta-Glucopyranuronate 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) a-delta-Glucopyranuronate ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-delta-Glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphoric acid) a-delta-Glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) a-delta-Glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid a-δ-Glucopyranuronate 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) a-δ-Glucopyranuronate 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) a-δ-Glucopyranuronate ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate a-δ-Glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphoric acid) a-δ-Glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) a-δ-Glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid Alpha-D-Glucopyranuronate 1-P'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) Alpha-D-Glucopyranuronic acid 1-P'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) alpha-D-Glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) Alpha-delta-Glucopyranuronate 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) Alpha-delta-Glucopyranuronate 1-P'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) Alpha-delta-Glucopyranuronate ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate Alpha-delta-Glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) alpha-delta-Glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphoric acid) Alpha-delta-Glucopyranuronic acid 1-P'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) alpha-delta-Glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) Alpha-delta-Glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate alpha-delta-Glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid GDP-GlcA Glucopyranuronate 1-ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate Glucopyranuronic acid 1-ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate Glucopyranuronic acid 1-ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid UDP Glucuronate UDP Glucuronic acid UDP-a-D-Glucuronate UDP-a-D-Glucuronic acid UDP-a-delta-Glucuronate UDP-a-delta-Glucuronic acid UDP-a-δ-Glucuronate UDP-a-δ-Glucuronic acid UDP-alpha-D-Glucuronate UDP-alpha-D-Glucuronic acid UDP-alpha-delta-Glucuronate UDP-alpha-delta-Glucuronic acid UDP-D-Glucuronate UDP-D-Glucuronic acid UDP-delta-Glucuronate UDP-delta-Glucuronic acid UDP-GlcUA UDP-Glucuronate UDP-Glucuronic acid UDP-L-Iduronate UDP-L-Iduronic acid UDP-α-D-Glucuronate UDP-α-D-Glucuronic acid UDP-α-δ-Glucuronate UDP-α-δ-Glucuronic acid UDP-δ-Glucuronate UDP-δ-Glucuronic acid UDPGA UDPglucuronate UDPglucuronic acid UGA Uridine 5'-diphospho-a-D-glucuronate Uridine 5'-diphospho-a-D-glucuronic acid Uridine 5'-diphospho-a-delta-glucuronate Uridine 5'-diphospho-a-delta-glucuronic acid Uridine 5'-diphospho-a-δ-glucuronate Uridine 5'-diphospho-a-δ-glucuronic acid Uridine 5'-diphospho-alpha-delta-glucuronate Uridine 5'-diphospho-alpha-delta-glucuronic acid Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronate Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronic acid Uridine 5'-diphospho-α-δ-glucuronate Uridine 5'-diphospho-α-δ-glucuronic acid Uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronate Uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid Uridine 5'-[3-(D-glucopyranosyloxyuronate) dihydrogen diphosphate] Uridine 5'-[3-(D-glucopyranosyloxyuronic acid) dihydrogen diphosphate] Uridine 5'-[3-(D-glucopyranosyloxyuronic acid) dihydrogen diphosphoric acid] Uridine diphosphate glucuronate Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Uridine diphosphate-glucuronate Uridine diphosphate-glucuronic acid Uridine diphospho-D-glucuronate Uridine diphospho-D-glucuronic acid Uridine diphospho-delta-glucuronate Uridine diphospho-delta-glucuronic acid Uridine diphospho-δ-glucuronate Uridine diphospho-δ-glucuronic acid Uridine diphosphoglucuronate Uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid Uridine diphosphoric acid glucuronic acid Uridine diphosphoric acid-glucuronic acid Uridine pyrophosphoglucuronate Uridine pyrophosphoglucuronic acid Uridinediphosphoglucuronate Uridinediphosphoglucuronic acid α-D-Glucopyranuronate 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) α-D-Glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) α-δ-Glucopyranuronate 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphate) α-δ-Glucopyranuronate 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate) α-δ-Glucopyranuronate ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphate α-δ-Glucopyranuronic acid 1->5'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen pyrophosphoric acid) α-δ-Glucopyranuronic acid 1-p'-ester with uridine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphoric acid) α-δ-Glucopyranuronic acid ester with uridine 5'-pyrophosphoric acid C15H22N2O18P2 580.2853 580.034284934 (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid udp-α-D-glucuronic acid 2616-64-0 O[C@@H]1[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(O)=O)O[C@H]([C@@H]1O)N1C=CC(=O)NC1=O InChI=1S/C15H22N2O18P2/c18-5-1-2-17(15(26)16-5)12-9(22)6(19)4(32-12)3-31-36(27,28)35-37(29,30)34-14-10(23)7(20)8(21)11(33-14)13(24)25/h1-2,4,6-12,14,19-23H,3H2,(H,24,25)(H,27,28)(H,29,30)(H,16,18,26)/t4-,6-,7+,8+,9-,10-,11+,12-,14-/m1/s1 HDYANYHVCAPMJV-LXQIFKJMSA-N Solid Cytoplasm Periplasm logp -1.21 ALOGPS logs -1.51 ALOGPS solubility 1.81e+01 g/l ALOGPS logp -4.7 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 1.72 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -3.7 ChemAxon iupac (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-({[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid ChemAxon average_mass 580.2853 ChemAxon mono_mass 580.034284934 ChemAxon smiles O[C@@H]1[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(O)=O)O[C@H]([C@@H]1O)N1C=CC(=O)NC1=O ChemAxon formula C15H22N2O18P2 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C15H22N2O18P2/c18-5-1-2-17(15(26)16-5)12-9(22)6(19)4(32-12)3-31-36(27,28)35-37(29,30)34-14-10(23)7(20)8(21)11(33-14)13(24)25/h1-2,4,6-12,14,19-23H,3H2,(H,24,25)(H,27,28)(H,29,30)(H,16,18,26)/t4-,6-,7+,8+,9-,10-,11+,12-,14-/m1/s1 ChemAxon inchikey HDYANYHVCAPMJV-LXQIFKJMSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 308.61 ChemAxon refractivity 106.32 ChemAxon polarizability 45.33 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 9 ChemAxon acceptor_count 15 ChemAxon donor_count 9 ChemAxon physiological_charge -3 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Starch and sucrose metabolism The metabolism of starch and sucrose begins with D-fructose interacting with a D-glucose in a reversible reaction through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a water molecule and a sucrose. D-fructose is phosphorylated through an ATP driven fructokinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through either a mannose PTS permease or a hexose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. The Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate is isomerized through a phosphoglucose isomerase resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be incorporated by glucose PTS permease or a hexose-6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. The beta-D-glucose 6 phosphate can also be produced by a D-glucose being phosphorylated by an ATP-driven glucokinase resulting in a ADP, a hydrogen ion and a Beta-D-glucose 6 phosphate. The beta-D-glucose can produce alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate by two methods: 1.-Beta-D-glucose is isomerized into an alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate and then interacts in a reversible reaction through a phosphoglucomutase-1 resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate. 2.-Beta-D-glucose interacts with a putative beta-phosphoglucomutase resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate. Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate can be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a glucose PTS permease. This compound is then isomerized into a Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate The beta-D-glucose can cycle back into a D-fructose by first interacting with D-fructose in a reversible reaction through a Polypeptide: predicted glucosyltransferase resulting in the release of a phosphate and a sucrose. The sucrose then interacts in a reversible reaction with a water molecule through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a D-glucose and a D-fructose. Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate can produce glycogen in by two different sets of reactions: 1.-Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate interacts with a hydrogen ion and an ATP through a glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and an ADP-glucose. The ADP-glucose then interacts with an amylose through a glycogen synthase resulting in the release of an ADP and an Amylose. The amylose then interacts with 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme resulting in glycogen 2.- Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate interacts with amylose through a maltodextrin phosphorylase resulting in a phosphate and a glycogen. Alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate can also interacts with UDP-galactose through a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase resulting in a galactose 1-phosphate and a Uridine diphosphate glucose. The UDP-glucose then interacts with an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase resulting in a uridine 5'-diphosphate, a hydrogen ion and a Trehalose 6- phosphate. The latter compound can also be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a trehalose PTS permease. Trehalose interacts with a water molecule through a trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an alpha,alpha-trehalose.The alpha,alpha-trehalose can also be obtained from glycogen being metabolized through a glycogen debranching enzyme resulting in a the alpha, alpha-trehalose. This compound ca then be hydrated through a cytoplasmic trehalase resulting in the release of an alpha-D-glucose and a beta-d-glucose. Glycogen is then metabolized by reacting with a phosphate through a glycogen phosphorylase resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and a dextrin. The dextrin is then hydrated through a glycogen phosphorylase-limit dextrin α-1,6-glucohydrolase resulting in the release of a debranched limit dextrin and a maltotetraose. This compound can also be incorporated into the cytoplasm through a maltose ABC transporter. The maltotetraose interacts with a phosphate through a maltodextrin phosphorylase releasing a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate and a maltotriose. The maltotriose can also be incorporated through a maltose ABC transporter. The maltotriose can then interact with water through a maltodextrin glucosidase resulting in a D-glucose and a D-maltose. D-maltose can also be incorporated through a maltose ABC transporter The D-maltose can then interact with a maltotriose through a amylomaltase resulting in a maltotetraose and a D-glucose. The D-glucose is then phosphorylated through an ATP driven glucokinase resulting in a hydrogen ion, an ADP and a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate PW000941 ec00500 Metabolic Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism ec00053 Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism ec00520 Pentose and glucuronate interconversions ec00040 polymyxin resistance PWY0-1338 colanic acid building blocks biosynthesis COLANSYN-PWY Specdb::CMs 11659 Specdb::CMs 37850 Specdb::CMs 282532 Specdb::CMs 391888 Specdb::CMs 391889 Specdb::CMs 391890 Specdb::CMs 391891 Specdb::CMs 391892 Specdb::CMs 391893 Specdb::CMs 391894 Specdb::CMs 391895 Specdb::CMs 391896 Specdb::CMs 391897 Specdb::CMs 391898 Specdb::CMs 391899 Specdb::CMs 391900 Specdb::CMs 391901 Specdb::CMs 391902 Specdb::CMs 391903 Specdb::CMs 391904 Specdb::CMs 391905 Specdb::CMs 391906 Specdb::CMs 391907 Specdb::CMs 391908 Specdb::CMs 391909 Specdb::NmrOneD 5142 Specdb::NmrOneD 5143 Specdb::NmrOneD 145850 Specdb::NmrOneD 145851 Specdb::NmrOneD 145852 Specdb::NmrOneD 145853 Specdb::NmrOneD 145854 Specdb::NmrOneD 145855 Specdb::NmrOneD 145856 Specdb::NmrOneD 145857 Specdb::NmrOneD 145858 Specdb::NmrOneD 145859 Specdb::NmrOneD 145860 Specdb::NmrOneD 145861 Specdb::NmrOneD 145862 Specdb::NmrOneD 145863 Specdb::NmrOneD 145864 Specdb::NmrOneD 145865 Specdb::NmrOneD 145866 Specdb::NmrOneD 145867 Specdb::NmrOneD 145868 Specdb::NmrOneD 145869 Specdb::MsMs 26240 Specdb::MsMs 26241 Specdb::MsMs 26242 Specdb::MsMs 32798 Specdb::MsMs 32799 Specdb::MsMs 32800 Specdb::MsMs 2255773 Specdb::MsMs 2256872 Specdb::MsMs 2257736 Specdb::MsMs 2258884 Specdb::MsMs 2259675 Specdb::MsMs 2452234 Specdb::MsMs 2452235 Specdb::MsMs 2452236 Specdb::MsMs 2483548 Specdb::MsMs 2483549 Specdb::MsMs 2483550 HMDB00935 17473 16522 C00167 17200 UDP-GLUCURONATE UGA Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. 21097882 Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. 22080510 van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. 17765195 Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). 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Journal Protein ushA P07024 USHA_ECOLI ushA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P07024.xml UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase P76373 UDG_ECOLI ugd http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76373.xml Bifunctional polymyxin resistance protein ArnA P77398 ARNA_ECOLI arnA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77398.xml Outer membrane protein N P77747 OMPN_ECOLI ompN http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xml Outer membrane pore protein E P02932 PHOE_ECOLI phoE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xml Outer membrane protein F P02931 OMPF_ECOLI ompF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xml Outer membrane protein C P06996 OMPC_ECOLI ompC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xml Water + Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid > D-Glucuronate 1-phosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Uridine 5'-monophosphate Water + 2 NAD + UDP-Glucose <>3 Hydrogen ion +2 NADH + Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid + UDP-Glucuronic acid R00286 UGD-RXN NAD + Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid > Carbon dioxide + NADH + UDP-4-Keto-pyranose R07658 RXN0-1861 UDP-Glucose + Water + 2 NAD <> Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid +2 NADH +2 Hydrogen ion R00286 Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid + NAD <> UDP-4-Keto-pyranose + Carbon dioxide + NADH + Hydrogen ion R07658 GDP-L-Fucose + UDP-Glucose + Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid + Uridine diphosphategalactose colanic acid RXN0-5377 UDP-Glucose + Water + NAD > Hydrogen ion + NADH + Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid UGD-RXN NAD + Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid > Carbon dioxide + NADH + UDP-4-Keto-pyranose NAD + Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid > Carbon dioxide + NADH + UDP-4-Keto-pyranose 48 mM Na2HPO4, 22 mM KH2PO4, 10 mM NaCl, 45 mM (NH4)2SO4, supplemented with 1 mM MgSO4, 1 mg/l thiamine·HCl, 5.6 mg/l CaCl2, 8 mg/l FeCl3, 1 mg/l MnCl2·4H2O, 1.7 mg/l ZnCl2, 0.43 mg/l CuCl2·2H2O, 0.6 mg/l CoCl2·2H2O and 0.6 mg/l Na2MoO4·2H2O. 4 g/L Gluco Bioreactor, pH controlled, O2 and CO2 controlled, dilution rate: 0.2/h 83.4 uM 0.0 37 oC BW25113 Stationary Phase, glucose limited 333600 0 Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597. 17379776 Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glucose Shake flask and filter culture 566.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 2264000 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glycerol Shake flask and filter culture 375.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 1500000 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L acetate Shake flask and filter culture 188.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 752000 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 Luria-Bertani (LB) media Shake flask 296.0 uM true 12.0 37 oC BL21 DE3 Stationary phase cultures (overnight culture) 1184000 48000 Lin, Z., Johnson, L. C., Weissbach, H., Brot, N., Lively, M. O., Lowther, W. T. (2007). "Free methionine-(R)-sulfoxide reductase from Escherichia coli reveals a new GAF domain function." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:9597-9602. 17535911