2.02012-05-31 14:06:58 -06002015-06-03 15:54:49 -0600ECMDB04165M2MDB000645UDP-D-Galacto-1,4-furanoseUDP-D-galacto-1,4-furanose is a member of the chemical class known as Pyrimidine Nucleotide Sugars. These are pyrimidine nucleotides bound to a saccharide derivative through the terminal phosphate group. Uridine diphosphogalactofuranose (UDP-Galf) is the precursor of the d-galactofuranose (Galf) residues found in bacterial and parasitic cell walls, including those of many pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Trypanosoma cruzi. (PMID 11573090) UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) is a flavin-containing enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of UDP-galactopyranose to UDP-galactofuranose, the precursor of galactofuranose, which is an important cell wall component in Aspergillus fumigatus and other pathogenic microbes. (PMID 20615386)UDP-a-D-galacto-1,4-FuranoseUDP-a-D-GalactofuranoseUDP-alpha-D-galacto-1,4-furanoseUDP-alpha-D-galactofuranoseUDP-D-galacto-1,4-furanoseUDP-Gal<i>f</i>UDP-galactofuranoseUDP-GalfUDP-α-D-galacto-1,4-FuranoseUDP-α-D-GalactofuranoseC15H24N2O17P2566.3018566.055020376[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-5-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy})phosphinic acidudp-D-galacto-1,4-furanose638-23-3[H][C@@](O)(CO)[C@]1([H])O[C@]([H])(OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@]2([H])O[C@@]([H])(N3C=CC(O)=NC3=O)[C@]([H])(O)[C@]2([H])O)[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]1([H])OInChI=1S/C15H24N2O17P2/c18-3-5(19)12-9(22)11(24)14(32-12)33-36(28,29)34-35(26,27)30-4-6-8(21)10(23)13(31-6)17-2-1-7(20)16-15(17)25/h1-2,5-6,8-14,18-19,21-24H,3-4H2,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)(H,16,20,25)/t5-,6-,8-,9-,10-,11-,12+,13-,14-/m1/s1ZQLQOXLUCGXKHS-SIAUPFDVSA-NSolidCytosollogp-1.31ALOGPSlogs-1.36ALOGPSsolubility2.46e+01 g/lALOGPSmelting_point206 oClogp-4.6ChemAxonpka_strongest_acidic1.73ChemAxonpka_strongest_basic-3.5ChemAxoniupac[({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methoxy}(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy]({[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-5-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy})phosphinic acidChemAxonaverage_mass566.3018ChemAxonmono_mass566.055020376ChemAxonsmiles[H][C@@](O)(CO)[C@]1([H])O[C@]([H])(OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@]2([H])O[C@@]([H])(N3C=CC(O)=NC3=O)[C@]([H])(O)[C@]2([H])O)[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]1([H])OChemAxonformulaC15H24N2O17P2ChemAxoninchiInChI=1S/C15H24N2O17P2/c18-3-5(19)12-9(22)11(24)14(32-12)33-36(28,29)34-35(26,27)30-4-6-8(21)10(23)13(31-6)17-2-1-7(20)16-15(17)25/h1-2,5-6,8-14,18-19,21-24H,3-4H2,(H,26,27)(H,28,29)(H,16,20,25)/t5-,6-,8-,9-,10-,11-,12+,13-,14-/m1/s1ChemAxoninchikeyZQLQOXLUCGXKHS-SIAUPFDVSA-NChemAxonpolar_surface_area295.03ChemAxonrefractivity106.78ChemAxonpolarizability46.19ChemAxonrotatable_bond_count10ChemAxonacceptor_count15ChemAxondonor_count9ChemAxonphysiological_charge-2ChemAxonformal_charge0ChemAxonGalactose metabolismGalactose can be synthesized through two pathways: melibiose degradation involving an alpha galactosidase and lactose degradation involving a beta galactosidase. Melibiose is first transported inside the cell through the melibiose:Li+/Na+/H+ symporter. Once inside the cell, melibiose is degraded through alpha galactosidase into an alpha-D-galactose and a beta-D-glucose. The beta-D-glucose is phosphorylated by a glucokinase to produce a beta-D-glucose-6-phosphate which can spontaneously be turned into a alpha D glucose 6 phosphate. This alpha D-glucose-6-phosphate is metabolized into a glucose -1-phosphate through a phosphoglucomutase-1. The glucose -1-phosphate is transformed into a uridine diphosphate glucose through UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The product, uridine diphosphate glucose, can undergo a reversible reaction in which it can be turned into uridine diphosphategalactose through an UDP-glucose 4-epimerase.
Galactose can also be produced by lactose degradation involving a lactose permease to uptake lactose from the environment and a beta-galactosidase to turn lactose into Beta-D-galactose.
Beta-D-galactose can also be uptaken from the environment through a galactose proton symporter.
Galactose is degraded through the following process:
Beta-D-galactose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a galactose proton symporter, or it can be synthesized from an alpha lactose that is introduced into the cytoplasm through a lactose permease. Alpha lactose interacts with water through a beta-galactosidase resulting in a beta-D-glucose and beta-D-galactose. Beta-D-galactose is isomerized into D-galactose. D-Galactose undergoes phosphorylation through a galactokinase, hence producing galactose 1 phosphate. On the other side of the pathway, a gluose-1-phosphate (product of the interaction of alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate with a phosphoglucomutase resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate, an isomer of Glucose 1-phosphate, or an isomer of Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate) interacts with UTP and a hydrogen ion in order to produce a uridine diphosphate glucose. This is followed by the interaction of galactose-1-phosphate with an established amount of uridine diphosphate glucose through a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, which in turn output a glucose-1-phosphate and a uridine diphosphate galactose. The glucose -1-phosphate is transformed into a uridine diphosphate glucose through UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The product, uridine diphosphate glucose, can undergo a reversible reaction in which it can be turned into uridine diphosphategalactose through an UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, and so the cycle can keep going as long as more lactose or galactose is imported into the cell
PW000821ec00052MetabolicAmino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolismec00520Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesisE. coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane. The pathway can start from the fructose 6-phosphate that is either produced in the glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase or be obtained from the interaction with D-fructose interacting with a mannose PTS permease. Fructose 6-phosphate interacts with L-glutamine through a D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase resulting into a L-glutamic acid and a glucosamine 6-phosphate. The latter compound is isomerized through a phosphoglucosamine mutase resulting a glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound is acetylated, interacting with acetyl-CoA through a bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a Coenzyme A, hydrogen ion and N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound interact with UTP and hydrogen ion through the bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a pyrophosphate and a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a UDP-3-O[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine. This compound interacts with water through UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase resulting in an acetic acid and UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxymyristoyl)-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through
UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-glucosamine N-acyltransferase releasing a hydrogen ion, a holo-acp and UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound is hydrolase by interacting with water and a UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolase resulting in UMP, hydrogen ion and 2,3-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-α-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate. This last compound then interacts with a UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine through a lipid A disaccharide synthase resulting in a release of UDP, hydrogen ion and a lipid A disaccharide. The lipid A disaccharide is phosphorylated by an ATP mediated
tetraacyldisaccharide 4'-kinase resulting in the release of hydrogen ion and lipid IVA.
A D-ribulose 5-phosphate is isomerized with D-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase 2 to result in a D-arabinose 5-phosphate. This compounds interacts with water and phosphoenolpyruvic acid through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase resulting in the release of phosphate and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate. This compound interacts with water through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate phosphatase thus releasing a phosphate and a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate. The latter compound interacts with CTP through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and
CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate.
CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate and lipid IVA interact with each other through a KDO transferase resulting in CMP, hydrogen ion and alpha-Kdo-(2-->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate through a KDO transferase resulting in a CMP, hydrogen ion, and a a-Kdo-(2->4)-a-Kdo-(2->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound interacts with a dodecanoyl-[acp] lauroyl acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a (KDO)2-(lauroyl)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with a myristoyl-[acp] through a myristoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp], (KDO)2-lipid A. The latter compound reacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase I resulting hydrogen ion, ADP, heptosyl-KDO2-lipid A. The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase II resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. The latter compound UDP-glucose interacts with (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A resulting in UDP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. Glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A (Escherichia coli) is phosphorylated through an ATP-mediated lipopolysaccharide core heptose (I) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate.
The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core heptosyl transferase III resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion, and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate. The latter compound is phosphorylated through an ATP-driven lipopolysaccharide core heptose (II) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-alpha-D-galactose through a UDP-D-galactose:(glucosyl)lipopolysaccharide-1,6-D-galactosyltransferase resulting in a UDP, a hydrogen ion and a galactosyl-glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-glucose through a (glucosyl)LPS α-1,3-glucosyltransferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a UDP and galactosyl-(glucosyl)2-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with UDP-glucose through a UDP-glucose:(glucosyl)LPS α-1,2-glucosyltransferase resulting in UDP, a hydrogen ion and galactosyl-(glucosyl)3-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis; heptosyl transferase IV; probably hexose transferase resulting in a Lipid A-core.
A lipid A-core is then exported into the periplasmic space by a lipopolysaccharide ABC transporter.
The lipid A-core is then flipped to the outer surface of the inner membrane by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, MsbA. An additional integral membrane protein, YhjD, has recently been implicated in LPS export across the IM. The smallest LPS derivative that supports viability in E. coli is lipid IVA. However, it requires mutations in either MsbA or YhjD, to suppress the normally lethal consequence of an incomplete lipid A . Recent studies with deletion mutants implicate the periplasmic protein LptA, the cytosolic protein LptB, and the IM proteins LptC, LptF, and LptG in the subsequent transport of nascent LPS to the outer membrane (OM), where the LptD/LptE complex flips LPS to the outer surface. PW000831ec00540MetabolicO-antigen building blocks biosynthesisLipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major outer membrane component, is composed of three domains: Lipid A; the core, which is an oligosaccharide consisting of an inner and outer region; and a distal repeating unit known as O-antigen.
E. coli K12 is capable of producing an O-antigen when all the rfb genes are intact. The O-antigen is part of the lipopolysaccharide and is attached to the lipid A-core component, which is separately synthesized. The O-antigen is a repeat unit composed of four sugars: glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and rhamnose.
This pathway depicts the synthesis of three of these sugars. UDP-galactose is transformed from its pyranose form to its furanose form. dTTP glucose-1-phosphate is derivatized to dTDP-rhamnose. Fructose-6-phosphate gains an amino group, incorporates an acetate moiety and then acquires a nucleoside diphosphate resulting in UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.(EcoCyc)PW002089Metabolic<i>O</i>-antigen building blocks biosynthesis (<i>E. coli</i>)OANTIGEN-PWYSpecdb::CMs1083756Specdb::NmrOneD279458Specdb::NmrOneD279459Specdb::NmrOneD279460Specdb::NmrOneD279461Specdb::NmrOneD279462Specdb::NmrOneD279463Specdb::NmrOneD279464Specdb::NmrOneD279465Specdb::NmrOneD279466Specdb::NmrOneD279467Specdb::NmrOneD279468Specdb::NmrOneD279469Specdb::NmrOneD279470Specdb::NmrOneD279471Specdb::NmrOneD279472Specdb::NmrOneD279473Specdb::NmrOneD279474Specdb::NmrOneD279475Specdb::NmrOneD279476Specdb::NmrOneD279477Specdb::MsMs28358Specdb::MsMs28359Specdb::MsMs28360Specdb::MsMs34916Specdb::MsMs34917Specdb::MsMs3491825244316C0373318251UDP-D-GALACTO-14-FURANOSEKeseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590.21097882Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114.22080510Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948.18331064Sanders, D. A., Staines, A. G., McMahon, S. A., McNeil, M. R., Whitfield, C., Naismith, J. H. (2001). "UDP-galactopyranose mutase has a novel structure and mechanism." Nat Struct Biol 8:858-863.11573090Oppenheimer, M., Poulin, M. B., Lowary, T. L., Helm, R. F., Sobrado, P. (2010). "Characterization of recombinant UDP-galactopyranose mutase from Aspergillus fumigatus." Arch Biochem Biophys 502:31-38.20615386UDP-galactopyranose mutaseP37747GLF_ECOLIglfhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37747.xmlUncharacterized protein yefGP37749YEFG_ECOLIyefGhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37749.xmlGlucosyl-O-acetyl-rhamanosyl-N-acetylglucosamyl-undecaprenyl diphosphate + UDP-D-Galacto-1,4-furanose > Galactofuranosyl-glucosyl-O-acetyl-rhamanosyl-N-acetylglucosamyl-undecaprenyl diphosphate + Hydrogen ion + Uridine 5'-diphosphateUridine diphosphategalactose > UDP-D-Galacto-1,4-furanoseGALPMUT-RXNUridine diphosphategalactose <> UDP-D-Galacto-1,4-furanoseGALPMUT-RXNoctyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside + UDP-D-Galacto-1,4-furanose Hydrogen ion + octyl beta-1,6-D-galactofuranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + Uridine 5'-diphosphateRXN0-5210UDP-α-D-galactose <> UDP-D-Galacto-1,4-furanosePW_R005887