2.0 2012-05-31 14:04:48 -0600 2015-06-03 15:54:43 -0600 ECMDB04092 M2MDB000606 alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid Alpha-ketoisovaleric acid is a branched chain organic acid which is a precursor to leucine and valine synthesis. It is also a degradation product from valine. The enzyme dihydroxy-acid dehydratase catalyzes the fourth step in the biosynthesis of isoleucine and valine, through the dehydration of 2, 3-dihydroxy-isovaleic acid into alpha-ketoisovaleric acid. &alpha;-keto-isovalerate &alpha;-keto-isovaleric acid &alpha;-keto-valine &alpha;-ketoisopentanoate &alpha;-ketoisopentanoic acid &alpha;-ketovaline &alpha;-oxoisovalerate &alpha;-oxoisovaleric acid 2-Keto-3-Methylbutyrate 2-Keto-3-Methylbutyric acid 2-Keto-isovalerate 2-Keto-isovaleric acid 2-Ketoisovalerate 2-Ketoisovaleric acid 2-Ketoisvalerate 2-ketoisvaleric acid 2-Ketovaline 2-KIV 2-Oxo-3-methyl-butyrate 2-oxo-3-Methyl-butyric acid 2-Oxo-3-methylbutanoate 2-Oxo-3-methylbutanoic acid 2-Oxo-3-methylbutyrate 2-Oxo-3-methylbutyric acid 2-Oxoisopentanoate 2-Oxoisopentanoic acid 2-Oxoisovalerate 2-Oxoisovaleric acid 3-Methyl-2-oxo-Butanoate 3-Methyl-2-oxo-Butanoic acid 3-Methyl-2-oxo-Butyrate 3-Methyl-2-oxo-Butyric acid 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoate 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid 3-Methyl-2-oxobutinoate 3-Methyl-2-oxobutinoic acid 3-Methyl-2-oxobutyrate 3-Methyl-2-oxobutyric acid A-Keto-b-Methylbutyrate A-Keto-b-Methylbutyric acid A-Keto-Isovalerate A-Keto-Isovaleric acid a-keto-Valine a-Ketoisopentanoate a-Ketoisopentanoic acid a-Ketoisovalerate a-Ketoisovaleric acid a-Ketovaline A-Oxo-b-methylbutyrate A-Oxo-b-methylbutyric acid A-Oxoisovalerate A-Oxoisovaleric acid Alpha-Keto-beta-Methylbutyrate Alpha-Keto-beta-Methylbutyric acid Alpha-Keto-Isovalerate Alpha-Keto-Isovaleric acid Alpha-Keto-valine Alpha-Ketoisopentanoate Alpha-Ketoisopentanoic acid Alpha-Ketoisovalerate Alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid Alpha-Ketovaline Alpha-Oxo-beta-methylbutyrate Alpha-Oxo-beta-methylbutyric acid Alpha-Oxoisovalerate Alpha-Oxoisovaleric acid Dimethylpyruvate Dimethylpyruvic acid Isopropylglyoxylate Isopropylglyoxylic acid Ketovaline α-keto-Isovalerate α-keto-Isovaleric acid α-keto-Valine α-keto-β-Methylbutyrate α-keto-β-Methylbutyric acid α-Ketoisopentanoate α-Ketoisopentanoic acid α-Ketoisovalerate α-Ketoisovaleric acid α-Ketovaline α-oxo-β-Methylbutyrate α-oxo-β-Methylbutyric acid α-Oxoisovalerate α-Oxoisovaleric acid C5H8O3 116.1152 116.047344122 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid α-ketoisovalerate 759-05-7 CC(C)C(=O)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C5H8O3/c1-3(2)4(6)5(7)8/h3H,1-2H3,(H,7,8) QHKABHOOEWYVLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Solid Outer membrane Inner membrane logp 0.49 ALOGPS logs -0.59 ALOGPS solubility 3.02e+01 g/l ALOGPS melting_point 31.5 oC logp 1.31 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 3.37 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -9.7 ChemAxon iupac 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid ChemAxon average_mass 116.1152 ChemAxon mono_mass 116.047344122 ChemAxon smiles CC(C)C(=O)C(O)=O ChemAxon formula C5H8O3 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C5H8O3/c1-3(2)4(6)5(7)8/h3H,1-2H3,(H,7,8) ChemAxon inchikey QHKABHOOEWYVLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 54.37 ChemAxon refractivity 27.19 ChemAxon polarizability 11.04 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 2 ChemAxon acceptor_count 3 ChemAxon donor_count 1 ChemAxon physiological_charge -1 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis ec00290 Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis The CoA biosynthesis requires compounds from two other pathways: aspartate metabolism and valine biosynthesis. It requires a Beta-Alanine and R-pantoate. The compound (R)-pantoate is generated in two reactions, as shown by the interaction of alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, 5,10 methylene-THF and water through a 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a tetrahydrofolic acid and a 2-dehydropantoate. This compound interacts with hydrogen through a NADPH driven acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase resulting in the release of NADP and R-pantoate. On the other hand L-aspartic acid interacts with a hydrogen ion and gets decarboxylated through an Aspartate 1- decarboxylase resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Beta-alanine. Beta-alanine and R-pantoate interact with an ATP driven pantothenate synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, hydrogen ion and pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid is phosphorylated through a ATP-driven pantothenate kinase resulting in a ADP, a hydrogen ion and D-4'-Phosphopantothenate. This compound interacts with a CTP and a L-cysteine resulting in a fused 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase and phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a pyrophosphate, a CMP and 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a fused 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase and phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase resulting in a carbon dioxide release and a 4-phosphopantetheine. This compound interacts with an ATP, hydrogen ion and an phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase resulting in a release of pyrophosphate, and dephospho-CoA. Dephospho-CoA reacts with an ATP driven dephospho-CoA kinase resulting in a ADP , a hydrogen ion and a Coenzyme A. . The latter is converted into (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate is two steps, involving a β-alanine ligase and a kinase. In most organsims the ligase acts before the kinase (EC 6.3.2.1, pantoate—β-alanine ligase (AMP-forming) followed by EC 2.7.1.33, pantothenate kinase, as described in phosphopantothenate biosynthesis I and phosphopantothenate biosynthesis II. However, in archaea the order is reversed, and EC 2.7.1.169, pantoate kinase acts before EC 6.3.2.36, 4-phosphopantoate—β-alanine ligase, as described in phosphopantothenate biosynthesis III. The kinases are feedback inhibited by CoA itself, accounting for the primary regulatory mechanism of CoA biosynthesis. The addition of L-cysteine to (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate, resulting in the formation of R-4'-phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine (PPC), is followed by decarboxylation of PPC to 4'-phosphopantetheine. The ultimate reaction is catalyzed by EC 2.7.1.24, dephospho-CoA kinase, which converts 4'-phosphopantetheine to CoA. All enzymes of this pathway are essential for growth. The reactions in the biosynthetic route towards CoA are identical in most organisms, although there are differences in the functionality of the involved enzymes. In plants every step is catalyzed by single monofunctional enzymes, whereas in bacteria and mammals bifunctional enzymes are often employed [Rubio06]. PW000828 ec00770 Metabolic Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation ec00280 phosphopantothenate biosynthesis I PANTO-PWY isoleucine biosynthesis I (from threonine) LEUSYN-PWY alanine biosynthesis I ALANINE-VALINESYN-PWY valine biosynthesis VALSYN-PWY Specdb::CMs 282 Specdb::CMs 283 Specdb::CMs 938 Specdb::CMs 966 Specdb::CMs 2985 Specdb::CMs 30050 Specdb::CMs 30051 Specdb::CMs 30583 Specdb::CMs 30584 Specdb::CMs 30953 Specdb::CMs 30954 Specdb::CMs 31977 Specdb::CMs 31978 Specdb::CMs 37247 Specdb::CMs 137030 Specdb::CMs 144764 Specdb::CMs 1047012 Specdb::CMs 1047014 Specdb::CMs 1047015 Specdb::NmrOneD 1033 Specdb::NmrOneD 4866 Specdb::NmrOneD 4867 Specdb::NmrOneD 5352 Specdb::NmrOneD 5353 Specdb::NmrOneD 5354 Specdb::NmrOneD 5355 Specdb::NmrOneD 5356 Specdb::NmrOneD 5357 Specdb::NmrOneD 5358 Specdb::NmrOneD 5359 Specdb::NmrOneD 5360 Specdb::NmrOneD 5361 Specdb::NmrOneD 5362 Specdb::NmrOneD 5363 Specdb::NmrOneD 5364 Specdb::NmrOneD 5365 Specdb::NmrOneD 5366 Specdb::NmrOneD 5367 Specdb::NmrOneD 5368 Specdb::NmrOneD 5369 Specdb::NmrOneD 5370 Specdb::NmrOneD 5371 Specdb::NmrOneD 166590 Specdb::MsMs 31 Specdb::MsMs 32 Specdb::MsMs 2549 Specdb::MsMs 2550 Specdb::MsMs 2551 Specdb::MsMs 2552 Specdb::MsMs 7013 Specdb::MsMs 7014 Specdb::MsMs 7015 Specdb::MsMs 13685 Specdb::MsMs 13686 Specdb::MsMs 13687 Specdb::MsMs 438056 Specdb::MsMs 438057 Specdb::MsMs 438058 Specdb::MsMs 438059 Specdb::MsMs 438656 Specdb::MsMs 2231662 Specdb::MsMs 2232510 Specdb::MsMs 2234104 Specdb::MsMs 2234852 Specdb::MsMs 3043420 Specdb::MsMs 3043421 Specdb::MsMs 3043422 Specdb::MsMs 3099565 Specdb::NmrTwoD 926 Specdb::NmrTwoD 935 HMDB00019 49 48 C00141 16530 2-KETO-ISOVALERATE KIV Keseler, I. 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Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase P05791 ILVD_ECOLI ilvD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P05791.xml Valine--pyruvate aminotransferase P09053 AVTA_ECOLI avtA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P09053.xml 2-isopropylmalate synthase P09151 LEU1_ECOLI leuA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P09151.xml 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase P31057 PANB_ECOLI panB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31057.xml Uncharacterized aminotransferase yfbQ P0A959 YFBQ_ECOLI yfbQ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A959.xml Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase P0AB80 ILVE_ECOLI ilvE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AB80.xml alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Acetyl-CoA + Water + a-Ketoisovaleric acid <> 2-Isopropylmalic acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion R01213 alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Water + 5,10-Methylene-THF + a-Ketoisovaleric acid <> 2-Dehydropantoate + Tetrahydrofolic acid R01226 3-CH3-2-OXOBUTANOATE-OH-CH3-XFER-RXN alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + L-Alanine <> Pyruvic acid + L-Valine + a-Ketoisovaleric acid R01215 VALINE-PYRUVATE-AMINOTRANSFER-RXN alpha-Ketoglutarate + L-Valine <> alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + L-Glutamate R01214 (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate > alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Water R04441 DIHYDROXYISOVALDEHYDRAT-RXN 2,3-Dihydroxyisovaleric acid <> alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Water + a-Ketoisovaleric acid R01209 2-Isopropylmalic acid + Coenzyme A <> Acetyl-CoA + alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Water R01213 L-Valine + Pyruvic acid <> alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + L-Alanine R01215 5,10-Methylene-THF + alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Water <> Tetrahydrofolic acid + 2-Dehydropantoate R01226 (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate <> alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Water R04441 alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Acetyl-CoA + Water > Hydrogen ion + 3-Carboxy-3-hydroxy-isocaproate + Coenzyme A 2-ISOPROPYLMALATESYN-RXN L-Valine + Oxoglutaric acid <> alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + L-Glutamate BRANCHED-CHAINAMINOTRANSFERVAL-RXN (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate > alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Water alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Acetyl-CoA + Water + a-Ketoisovaleric acid <>2 2-Isopropylmalic acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Water + 5 5,10-Methylene-THF + a-Ketoisovaleric acid <>2 2-Dehydropantoate + Tetrahydrofolic acid