2.0 2012-05-31 13:59:51 -0600 2015-10-15 16:15:08 -0600 ECMDB03556 M2MDB000515 Chitobiose Chitobiose is a dimer of beta-1,4-linked glucosamine units. There is ambiguity as to which structure the name refers, owing to the method by which it was first isolated. 2-(acetylamino)-4-O-[2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-&beta;-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-&beta;-D-glucopyranose 2-(acetylamino)-4-O-[2-(acetylamino)-2-Deoxy-b-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-b-D-glucopyranose 2-(Acetylamino)-4-O-[2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose 2-(acetylamino)-4-O-[2-(acetylamino)-2-Deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranose <i>N</i>-[2-[5-acetylamino-4,6-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihyrdoxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl]acetamide CBS Chitobiose Chitodextrin Diacetylchitobiose N-[2-[5-Acetylamino-4,6-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihyrdoxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-3-yl]acetamide C16H28N2O11 424.403 424.16930973 N-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide N,N-diacetylchitobiose 577-76-4 CC(=O)N[C@H]1C(O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2NC(C)=O)[C@@H]1O InChI=1S/C16H28N2O11/c1-5(21)17-9-13(25)14(8(4-20)27-15(9)26)29-16-10(18-6(2)22)12(24)11(23)7(3-19)28-16/h7-16,19-20,23-26H,3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,17,21)(H,18,22)/t7-,8-,9-,10-,11-,12-,13-,14-,15?,16+/m1/s1 CDOJPCSDOXYJJF-CBTAGEKQSA-N Solid Extra-organism Periplasm logp -2.60 ALOGPS logs -0.58 ALOGPS solubility 1.11e+02 g/l ALOGPS logp -5.3 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 11.5 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -3 ChemAxon iupac N-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]acetamide ChemAxon average_mass 424.403 ChemAxon mono_mass 424.16930973 ChemAxon smiles CC(=O)N[C@H]1C(O)O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2NC(C)=O)[C@@H]1O ChemAxon formula C16H28N2O11 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C16H28N2O11/c1-5(21)17-9-13(25)14(8(4-20)27-15(9)26)29-16-10(18-6(2)22)12(24)11(23)7(3-19)28-16/h7-16,19-20,23-26H,3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,17,21)(H,18,22)/t7-,8-,9-,10-,11-,12-,13-,14-,15?,16+/m1/s1 ChemAxon inchikey CDOJPCSDOXYJJF-CBTAGEKQSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 207.27 ChemAxon refractivity 90.54 ChemAxon polarizability 40.89 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 6 ChemAxon acceptor_count 11 ChemAxon donor_count 8 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism ec00520 Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism I The synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound can either be isomerized or deaminated into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase and a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase respectively. Glucosamine 6-phosphate undergoes a reversible reaction to glucosamine 1 phosphate through a phosphoglucosamine mutase. This compound is then acetylated through a bifunctional protein glmU to produce a N-Acetyl glucosamine 1-phosphate. N-Acetyl glucosamine 1-phosphate enters the nucleotide sugar synthesis by reacting with UTP and hydrogen ion through a bifunctional protein glmU releasing pyrophosphate and a Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine.This compound can either be isomerized into a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine or undergo a reaction with phosphoenolpyruvic acid through UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase releasing a phosphate and a UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-enolpyruvate. UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine undergoes a NAD dependent dehydrogenation through a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine dehydrogenase, releasing NADH, a hydrogen ion and a UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-mannosaminuronate, This compound is then used in the production of enterobacterial common antigens. UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-enolpyruvate is reduced through a NADPH dependent UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase, releasing a NADP and a UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate. This compound is involved in the D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism. PW000886 Metabolic Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism II The synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound is then deaminased into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase. The beta-D-fructofuranose 6 -phosphate is isomerized in a reversible reaction into an alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be introduced into the cell from the periplasmic space through a mannose PTS permease that phosphorylates an alpha-D-mannose. Alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate undergoes a reversible reaction through a phosphomannomutase to produce an alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate. The alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate enters the nucleotide sugar metabolism through a reaction with GTP producing a GDP-mannose and releasing a pyrophosphate, all through a mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase. GDP-mannose is then dehydrated to produce GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose through a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase. This compound is then used to synthesize GDP-Beta-L-fucose through a NADPH dependent GDP-L-fucose synthase. Alpha-D-glucose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glucose PTS permease, which phosphorylates the compound in order to produce an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is then modified through a phosphoglucomutase 1 to yield alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound can either be adenylated to produce ADP-glucose or uridylylated to produce galactose 1-phosphate through glucose-1-phosphate adenyllyltransferase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase respectively. PW000887 Metabolic Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism III The synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound is then deaminased into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase. Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate is isomerized into a beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. The compound is then isomerized by a putative beta-phosphoglucomutase to produce a beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound enters the nucleotide sugar metabolism through uridylation resulting in a UDP-glucose. UDP-glucose is then dehydrated through a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase to produce a UDP-glucuronic acid. This compound undergoes a NAD dependent reaction through a bifunctional polymyxin resistance protein to produce UDP-Beta-L-threo-pentapyranos-4-ulose. This compound then reacts with L-glutamic acid through a UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose--oxoglutarate aminotransferase to produce an oxoglutaric acid and UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-L-arabinopyranose The latter compound interacts with a N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate through a bifunctional polymyxin resistance protein ArnA, resulting in a tetrahydrofolate, a hydrogen ion and a UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinopyranose, which in turn reacts with a product of the methylerythritol phosphate and polysoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate to produce a 4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl ditrans, octacis-undecaprenyl phosphate. Alpha-D-glucose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glucose PTS permease, which phosphorylates the compound in order to produce an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is then modified through a phosphoglucomutase 1 to yield alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound can either be adenylated to produce ADP-glucose or uridylylated to produce galactose 1-phosphate through glucose-1-phosphate adenyllyltransferase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase respectively. PW000895 Metabolic Specdb::CMs 34136 Specdb::CMs 49018 Specdb::CMs 154292 Specdb::CMs 154294 Specdb::CMs 154296 Specdb::CMs 154298 Specdb::CMs 154300 Specdb::CMs 154302 Specdb::CMs 154304 Specdb::CMs 154306 Specdb::CMs 154309 Specdb::CMs 154311 Specdb::CMs 172907 Specdb::CMs 279975 Specdb::NmrOneD 69172 Specdb::NmrOneD 69173 Specdb::NmrOneD 69174 Specdb::NmrOneD 69175 Specdb::NmrOneD 69176 Specdb::NmrOneD 69177 Specdb::NmrOneD 69178 Specdb::NmrOneD 69179 Specdb::NmrOneD 69180 Specdb::NmrOneD 69181 Specdb::NmrOneD 69182 Specdb::NmrOneD 69183 Specdb::NmrOneD 69184 Specdb::NmrOneD 69185 Specdb::NmrOneD 69186 Specdb::NmrOneD 69187 Specdb::NmrOneD 69188 Specdb::NmrOneD 69189 Specdb::NmrOneD 69190 Specdb::NmrOneD 69191 Specdb::MsMs 890446 Specdb::MsMs 890447 Specdb::MsMs 890448 Specdb::MsMs 932776 Specdb::MsMs 932777 Specdb::MsMs 932778 Specdb::MsMs 2268547 Specdb::MsMs 2268548 Specdb::MsMs 2268549 Specdb::MsMs 3071016 Specdb::MsMs 3071017 Specdb::MsMs 3071018 HMDB03556 656440 17216232 C01674 CHITOBIOSE Chitobiose Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. 21097882 Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. 22080510 Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948. 18331064 van Pelt J, Hard K, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF, Reuser AJ, Galjaard H: Isolation and structural characterization of twenty-one sialyloligosaccharides from galactosialidosis urine. An intact N,N'-diacetylchitobiose unit at the reducing end of a diantennary structure. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1989 Mar;370(3):191-203. 2713102 Collin M, Olsen A: EndoS, a novel secreted protein from Streptococcus pyogenes with endoglycosidase activity on human IgG. EMBO J. 2001 Jun 15;20(12):3046-55. 11406581 Nimtz M, Grabenhorst E, Gambert U, Costa J, Wray V, Morr M, Thiem J, Conradt HS: In vitro alpha1-3 or alpha1-4 fucosylation of type I and II oligosaccharides with secreted forms of recombinant human fucosyltransferases III and VI. Glycoconj J. 1998 Sep;15(9):873-83. 10052591 Cottaz, Sylvain; Samain, Eric. Genetic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of NI,NII-diacetylchitobiose (chitinbiose) and its utilization as a primer for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. Metabolic Engineering (2005), 7(4), 311 Phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferase P08839 PT1_ECOLI ptsI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P08839.xml Probable bifunctional chitinase/lysozyme P13656 CHIA_ECOLI chiA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P13656.xml Beta-hexosaminidase P75949 NAGZ_ECOLI nagZ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75949.xml Probable bifunctional chitinase/lysozyme P13656 CHIA_ECOLI chiA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P13656.xml Sugar efflux transporter C P31436 SETC_ECOLI setC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31436.xml N,N'-diacetylchitobiose permease IIC component P17334 PTQC_ECOLI chbC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P17334.xml Outer membrane protein N P77747 OMPN_ECOLI ompN http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xml Outer membrane pore protein E P02932 PHOE_ECOLI phoE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xml Outer membrane protein F P02931 OMPF_ECOLI ompF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xml Outer membrane protein C P06996 OMPC_ECOLI ompC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xml Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Chitobiose > Diacetylchitobiose-6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-155B Chitobiose + Water <>2 N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine R00022 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Chitobiose > Pyruvic acid + Diacetylchitobiose-6-phosphate TRANS-RXN-155B Water + Chitobiose + Chitobiose >2 N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine +2 N-Acetylglucosamine PW_R003309 Chitin + Water > Chitobiose + Chitin + Chitobiose PW_R003310 Chitobiose + Water <>2 N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine Chitobiose + Water <>2 N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine