Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2012-05-31 13:57:38 -0600
Update Date2015-09-13 12:56:12 -0600
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • ECMDB03035
Identification
Name:Glycolic acid
DescriptionGlycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). In its pure form, glycolic acid is a colorless crystalline solid. Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, glycolic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel. Glycolic acid is also used for tattoo removal. In E coli it is involved in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms:
  • 2-Hydroxyacetate
  • 2-Hydroxyacetic acid
  • A-Hydroxyacetate
  • A-Hydroxyacetic acid
  • Alpha-Hydroxyacetate
  • Alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid
  • Glycocide
  • Glycolate
  • Glycolic acid
  • Glycollate
  • Glycollic acid
  • GlyPure
  • GlyPure 70
  • Hydroxyacetate
  • Hydroxyacetic acid
  • Hydroxyethanoate
  • Hydroxyethanoic acid
  • Sodium glycolate
  • Sodium glycolic acid
  • α-Hydroxyacetate
  • α-Hydroxyacetic acid
Chemical Formula:C2H4O3
Weight:Average: 76.0514
Monoisotopic: 76.016043994
InChI Key:AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI:InChI=1S/C2H4O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h3H,1H2,(H,4,5)
CAS number:79-14-1
IUPAC Name:2-hydroxyacetic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name:glycolic acid
SMILES:OCC(O)=O
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassHydroxy acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAlpha hydroxy acids and derivatives
Direct ParentAlpha hydroxy acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alpha-hydroxy acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary alcohol
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
State:Solid
Charge:-1
Melting point:75-80 °C
Experimental Properties:
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility:SolublePhysProp
LogP:-1.11 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)]PhysProp
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility608 g/LALOGPS
logP-1ALOGPS
logP-1ChemAxon
logS0.9ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.53ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.6ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area57.53 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity14.35 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability6.2 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations:Cytoplasm
Reactions:
Glyoxylic acid + Hydrogen ion + NADPH + Glycolate <> Glycolic acid + NADP
Glycolic acid + Ubiquinone-8 > Glyoxylic acid + Ubiquinol-8
Glycolic acid + Menaquinone 8 > Glyoxylic acid + Menaquinol 8
2-Demethylmenaquinone 8 + Glycolic acid > 2-Demethylmenaquinol 8 + Glyoxylic acid
Glyoxylic acid + Hydrogen ion + NADH > Glycolic acid + NAD
Glycolaldehyde + Water + NAD > Glycolic acid +2 Hydrogen ion + NADH
Phosphoglycolic acid + Water <> Glycolic acid + Phosphate + Glycolate
Glycolic acid + NADP <> Glyoxylic acid + NADPH + Hydrogen ion
Glycolic acid + Oxygen <> Glyoxylic acid + Hydrogen peroxide
Glycolaldehyde + NAD + Water <> Glycolic acid + NADH + Hydrogen ion
Phosphoglycolic acid + Water <> Glycolic acid + Phosphate
Water + NAD + Glycolaldehyde > Hydrogen ion + NADH + Glycolic acid
an oxidized electron acceptor + Glycolic acid > a reduced electron acceptor + Glyoxylic acid
Glycolic acid + NADP < Hydrogen ion + NADPH + Glyoxylic acid
Water + Phosphoglycolic acid > Glycolic acid + Phosphate
Glycolaldehyde + NAD + Water > Glycolic acid + NADH
Glycolic acid + NADP > Glyoxylic acid + NADPH
Phosphoglycolic acid + Water > Glycolic acid + Inorganic phosphate
Glycolic acid + an oxidized electron-transfer flavoprotein  > Reduced acceptor + Glyoxylic acid
2 Glycolic acid + 2 an oxidized electron-transfer flavoprotein  >2 Reduced acceptor +2 Glyoxylic acid
Glyoxylic acid + Hydrogen ion + NADPH + Glycolate <> Glycolic acid + NADP
Glycolic acid + Oxygen <> Glyoxylic acid + Hydrogen peroxide
Glyoxylic acid + Hydrogen ion + NADPH + Glycolate <> Glycolic acid + NADP
Glycolic acid + Oxygen <> Glyoxylic acid + Hydrogen peroxide
Glycolic acid + Oxygen <> Glyoxylic acid + Hydrogen peroxide
SMPDB Pathways:
D-arabinose degradation IPW002038 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
Ethylene Glycol DegradationPW002093 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
glycolate and glyoxylate degradationPW000827 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
inner membrane transportPW000786 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
KEGG Pathways:
  • Chloroalkane and chloroalkene degradation ec00625
  • Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism ec00630
  • Microbial metabolism in diverse environments ec01120
  • gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane degradation ec00361
EcoCyc Pathways:
Concentrations
Not Available
Spectra
Spectra:
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0900000000-ed8b8e4a9e2556ea02e2View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)splash10-00dj-9600000000-8bafc88c7bf4e90fb5e8View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)splash10-003r-2910000000-bd50bf5bab6f5327eaf4View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-001i-9000000000-cadf899be6b15d008330View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-001i-9000000000-e66ed28d8419895e0fb4View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0900000000-7f84fac3284d17fa3ba6View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0900000000-ed8b8e4a9e2556ea02e2View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00dj-9600000000-8bafc88c7bf4e90fb5e8View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-003r-2910000000-bd50bf5bab6f5327eaf4View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0900000000-d724c85a3b30e3c2e4bcView in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0a7l-9000000000-1e9466549305eb20257bView in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-05i9-9520000000-5f0019fe63eb6e692109View in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Negative (Annotated)splash10-004i-9000000000-e942bdae1d60e5f5d649View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Negative (Annotated)splash10-00di-9000000000-f225de2de3540c3f50a4View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Negative (Annotated)splash10-00di-9000000000-7de217d97b44f53aad82View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-88af2b259f82cd1d8938View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-c968a24f0640b154325bView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negativesplash10-0059-9000000000-1dfacf30bf94ce3bf8bbView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-00di-9000000000-88af2b259f82cd1d8938View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-c968a24f0640b154325bView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-0059-9000000000-1dfacf30bf94ce3bf8bbView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 1V, positivesplash10-004i-9000000000-fa715ee3ce9abbc94edbView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 2V, positivesplash10-004i-9000000000-ace3c5f526d28fd24de9View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 3V, positivesplash10-004i-9000000000-ff7f922c2460adb6a10dView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 4V, positivesplash10-004i-9000000000-1d63aaaf9cbc6d3bb3b4View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 5V, positivesplash10-004j-9000000000-e9c74e7df728e016450cView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 6V, positivesplash10-002b-9000000000-d0963403f3a8ff9e576dView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 7V, positivesplash10-002b-9000000000-9e1d6b2e2b889232d610View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 8V, positivesplash10-0002-9000000000-e9824f68b2176db90d33View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 9V, positivesplash10-000t-9000000000-02329982bc7150d972bfView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - QqQ 10V, positivesplash10-000t-9000000000-216d8ece56b0a44e5289View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-004i-9000000000-d961c3c14ec415e3141eView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0a6r-9000000000-67f73be970ba9f885c4aView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-f2ccf0b88e0ad65ed4c6View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-7445713a5fe347bbc8b8View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-26e13242443efc1aa846View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-6ba976b949118cd0a86aView in MoNA
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-001i-9000000000-2885890e3bb8c015742fView in MoNA
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
References
References:
  • Bernstein EF, Lee J, Brown DB, Yu R, Van Scott E: Glycolic acid treatment increases type I collagen mRNA and hyaluronic acid content of human skin. Dermatol Surg. 2001 May;27(5):429-33. Pubmed: 11359487
  • Booth ED, Dofferhoff O, Boogaard PJ, Watson WP: Comparison of the metabolism of ethylene glycol and glycolic acid in vitro by precision-cut tissue slices from female rat, rabbit and human liver. Xenobiotica. 2004 Jan;34(1):31-48. Pubmed: 14742135
  • Dietzen DJ, Wilhite TR, Kenagy DN, Milliner DS, Smith CH, Landt M: Extraction of glyceric and glycolic acids from urine with tetrahydrofuran: utility in detection of primary hyperoxaluria. Clin Chem. 1997 Aug;43(8 Pt 1):1315-20. Pubmed: 9267307
  • DiNardo JC, Grove GL, Moy LS: Clinical and histological effects of glycolic acid at different concentrations and pH levels. Dermatol Surg. 1996 May;22(5):421-4. Pubmed: 8634803
  • Effendy I, Kwangsukstith C, Lee JY, Maibach HI: Functional changes in human stratum corneum induced by topical glycolic acid: comparison with all-trans retinoic acid. Acta Derm Venereol. 1995 Nov;75(6):455-8. Pubmed: 8651024
  • Guneral F, Bachmann C: Age-related reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy Turkish pediatric population. Clin Chem. 1994 Jun;40(6):862-6. Pubmed: 8087979
  • Hoffmann GF, Meier-Augenstein W, Stockler S, Surtees R, Rating D, Nyhan WL: Physiology and pathophysiology of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(4):648-69. Pubmed: 8412012
  • Horikoshi T, Matsumoto M, Usuki A, Igarashi S, Hikima R, Uchiwa H, Hayashi S, Brysk MM, Ichihashi M, Funasaka Y: Effects of glycolic acid on desquamation-regulating proteinases in human stratum corneum. Exp Dermatol. 2005 Jan;14(1):34-40. Pubmed: 15660917
  • Jacobsen D, Hewlett TP, Webb R, Brown ST, Ordinario AT, McMartin KE: Ethylene glycol intoxication: evaluation of kinetics and crystalluria. Am J Med. 1988 Jan;84(1):145-52. Pubmed: 3337119
  • Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. Pubmed: 22080510
  • Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. Pubmed: 21097882
  • Leumann EP, Dietl A, Matasovic A: Urinary oxalate and glycolate excretion in healthy infants and children. Pediatr Nephrol. 1990 Sep;4(5):493-7. Pubmed: 2242313
  • Mahul P, Molliex S, Auboyer C, Levigne F, Jospe R, Dumont A, Gilloz A: [Neurotoxic role of glycocolle and derivatives in transurethral resection of the prostate] Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 1993;12(5):512-4. Pubmed: 8311360
  • Marangella M, Petrarulo M, Bianco O, Vitale C, Finocchiaro P, Linari F: Glycolate determination detects type I primary hyperoxaluria in dialysis patients. Kidney Int. 1991 Jan;39(1):149-54. Pubmed: 2002628
  • Marangella M, Petrarulo M, Vitale C, Cosseddu D, Linari F: Plasma and urine glycolate assays for differentiating the hyperoxaluria syndromes. J Urol. 1992 Sep;148(3 Pt 2):986-9. Pubmed: 1507356
  • Newman N, Newman A, Moy LS, Babapour R, Harris AG, Moy RL: Clinical improvement of photoaged skin with 50% glycolic acid. A double-blind vehicle-controlled study. Dermatol Surg. 1996 May;22(5):455-60. Pubmed: 8634809
  • Pien K, van Vlem B, van Coster R, Dacremont G, Piette M: An inherited metabolic disorder presenting as ethylene glycol intoxication in a young adult. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2002 Mar;23(1):96-100. Pubmed: 11953504
  • Porter WH, Rutter PW, Bush BA, Pappas AA, Dunnington JE: Ethylene glycol toxicity: the role of serum glycolic acid in hemodialysis. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2001;39(6):607-15. Pubmed: 11762669
  • Porter WH, Rutter PW, Yao HH: Simultaneous determination of ethylene glycol and glycolic acid in serum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 1999 Nov-Dec;23(7):591-7. Pubmed: 10595845
  • Roe FJ: Perspectives in carbohydrate toxicology with special reference to carcinogenicity. Swed Dent J. 1984;8(3):99-111. Pubmed: 6592775
  • Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH: Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. J Chromatogr. 1991 Jan 2;562(1-2):125-38. Pubmed: 2026685
  • Tsiafoulis CG, Prodromidis MI, Karayannis MI: Development of amperometric biosensors for the determination of glycolic acid in real samples. Anal Chem. 2002 Jan 1;74(1):132-9. Pubmed: 11795781
  • van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. Pubmed: 17765195
  • Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948. Pubmed: 18331064
Synthesis Reference:Witzemann, Edgar J. Preparation of glycollic acid. Journal of the American Chemical Society (1917), 39 109-12.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
External Links:
ResourceLink
CHEBI ID29805
HMDB IDHMDB00115
Pubchem Compound ID757
Kegg IDC03547
ChemSpider ID737
WikipediaGlycolic acid
BioCyc IDGLYCOLLATE
EcoCyc IDGLYCOLLATE
Ligand ExpoGOA

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Specific function unknown
Gene Name:
glcD
Uniprot ID:
P0AEP9
Molecular weight:
53811
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Acts on lactaldehyde as well as other aldehydes
Gene Name:
aldA
Uniprot ID:
P25553
Molecular weight:
52272
Reactions
(S)-lactaldehyde + NAD(+) + H(2)O = (S)-lactate + NADH.
Glycolaldehyde + NAD(+) + H(2)O = glycolate + NADH.
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Specifically catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 2- phosphoglycolate. Is involved in the dissimilation of the intracellular 2-phosphoglycolate formed during the DNA repair of 3'-phosphoglycolate ends, a major class of DNA lesions induced by oxidative stress
Gene Name:
gph
Uniprot ID:
P32662
Molecular weight:
27389
Reactions
2-phosphoglycolate + H(2)O = glycolate + phosphate.
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Specific function:
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate into glycolate and glycerate, respectively. Can also reduce 2,5-diketo-D-gluconate (25DKG) to 5-keto-D- gluconate (5KDG), 2-keto-D-gluconate (2KDG) to D-gluconate, and 2- keto-L-gulonate (2KLG) to L-idonate (IA), but it is not its physiological function. Inactive towards 2-oxoglutarate, oxaloacetate, pyruvate, 5-keto-D-gluconate, D-fructose and L- sorbose. Activity with NAD is very low
Gene Name:
ghrB
Uniprot ID:
P37666
Molecular weight:
35395
Reactions
Glycolate + NADP(+) = glyoxylate + NADPH.
D-glycerate + NAD(P)(+) = hydroxypyruvate + NAD(P)H.
D-gluconate + NADP(+) = 2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH.
General function:
Involved in iron-sulfur cluster binding
Specific function:
Specific function unknown
Gene Name:
glcF
Uniprot ID:
P52074
Molecular weight:
45110
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Specific function:
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate into glycolate and glycerate, respectively. Inactive towards 2-oxo-D-gluconate, 2-oxoglutarate, oxaloacetate and pyruvate. Only D- and L-glycerate are involved in the oxidative activity with NADP. Activity with NAD is very low
Gene Name:
ghrA
Uniprot ID:
P75913
Molecular weight:
35343
Reactions
Glycolate + NADP(+) = glyoxylate + NADPH.
D-glycerate + NAD(P)(+) = hydroxypyruvate + NAD(P)H.
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Specific function unknown
Gene Name:
glcE
Uniprot ID:
P52073
Molecular weight:
38361

Transporters

General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Transports acetate. Also able to transport glycolate
Gene Name:
actP
Uniprot ID:
P32705
Molecular weight:
59197
General function:
Involved in lactate transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Transports L-lactate across the membrane. Can also transport D-lactate and glycolate. Seems to be driven by a proton motive force
Gene Name:
lldP
Uniprot ID:
P33231
Molecular weight:
59168
General function:
Involved in lactate transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Transports glycolate across the membrane. Can also transport L-lactate and D-lactate. Seems to be driven by a proton motive force
Gene Name:
glcA
Uniprot ID:
Q46839
Molecular weight:
58920
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Non-specific porin
Gene Name:
ompN
Uniprot ID:
P77747
Molecular weight:
41220
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Uptake of inorganic phosphate, phosphorylated compounds, and some other negatively charged solutes
Gene Name:
phoE
Uniprot ID:
P02932
Molecular weight:
38922
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
OmpF is a porin that forms passive diffusion pores which allow small molecular weight hydrophilic materials across the outer membrane. It is also a receptor for the bacteriophage T2
Gene Name:
ompF
Uniprot ID:
P02931
Molecular weight:
39333
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Forms passive diffusion pores which allow small molecular weight hydrophilic materials across the outer membrane
Gene Name:
ompC
Uniprot ID:
P06996
Molecular weight:
40368