Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2012-05-31 13:54:52 -0600
Update Date2015-09-13 12:56:11 -0600
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • ECMDB01881
Identification
Name:Propylene glycol
DescriptionPropylene glycol (1,2-propanediol) is an organic compound (a diol alcohol), usually a tasteless, odorless, and colorless clear oily liquid that is hygroscopic and miscible with water, acetone, and chloroform. It is manufactured by the hydration of propylene oxide. Propylene glycol is used as a solvent for intravenous, oral, and topical pharmaceutical preparations. It is generally considered safe. However in large doses it can be toxic, especially if given over a short period of time.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms:
  • (RS)-1,2-Propanediol
  • (S)-propane-1,2-diol
  • 1,2-(RS)-Propanediol
  • 1,2-Dihydroxypropane
  • 1,2-Propane-diol
  • 1,2-Propanediol
  • 1,2-Propylene glycol
  • 1,2-Propylenglykol
  • 2,3-Propanediol
  • 2-Hydroxypropanol
  • A-Propylene glycol
  • Aliphatic alcohol
  • Alpha-Propylene glycol
  • Chilisa FE
  • DL-1,2-Propanediol
  • Dl-Propylene glycol
  • Dowfrost
  • Glycol
  • Ilexan P
  • Inhibited 1,2-propylene glycol
  • Isopropylene glycol
  • Methyl glycol
  • Methylethyl glycol
  • Methylethylene glycol
  • Monopropylene glycol
  • Prolugen
  • Propane-1,2-diol
  • Propanediol
  • Propylene glycol
  • Propylene glycol usp
  • Propylenglycol
  • Sentry Propylene Glycol
  • Sirlene
  • Solar Winter Ban
  • Solargard P
  • Trimethyl glycol
  • Ucar 35
  • α-Propylene glycol
Chemical Formula:C3H8O2
Weight:Average: 76.0944
Monoisotopic: 76.0524295
InChI Key:DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI:InChI=1S/C3H8O2/c1-3(5)2-4/h3-5H,2H2,1H3
CAS number:57-55-6
IUPAC Name:propane-1,2-diol
Traditional IUPAC Name:1,2-propanediol
SMILES:CC(O)CO
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 1,2-diols. These are polyols containing an alcohol group at two adjacent positions.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic oxygen compounds
ClassOrganooxygen compounds
Sub ClassAlcohols and polyols
Direct Parent1,2-diols
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Secondary alcohol
  • 1,2-diol
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Primary alcohol
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
State:Liquid
Charge:0
Melting point:-60 °C
Experimental Properties:
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility:1000 mg/mL at 20 oC [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)]PhysProp
LogP:-0.92 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)]PhysProp
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility952 g/LALOGPS
logP-1.1ALOGPS
logP-0.79ChemAxon
logS1.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)14.47ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.9ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area40.46 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity18.97 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability8.01 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations:Cytoplasm
Reactions:
SMPDB Pathways:
fucose and rhamnose degradationPW000826 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
methylglyoxal degradation IIIPW002079 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
KEGG Pathways:
EcoCyc Pathways:
Concentrations
Not Available
Spectra
Spectra:
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-014j-0900000000-d90655d5a614c4ddf998View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)splash10-014i-1900000000-ab4a1ff05d1275711170View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-9000000000-a18bede40461dace657bView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-9000000000-6d2345a66e2cf8d2d379View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-014j-0900000000-d90655d5a614c4ddf998View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-014i-1900000000-ab4a1ff05d1275711170View in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-055g-9000000000-594a84f802409d0a8265View in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0kp0-9520000000-ffe4848ba88742d1a4d6View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a7i-9000000000-6c96c59f8ba2e0e5353eView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-005d-9000000000-ae07e4049d24341335ecView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-00aj-9000000000-f455f8f0f79f9970711aView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M) , Positivesplash10-0002-9000000000-c5bf57086deb14e12495View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80B) , Positivesplash10-0002-9000000000-6d2345a66e2cf8d2d379View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-004i-9000000000-0a1a58ae50ca7bfbc92fView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0a6r-9000000000-0c246d88e88be8375dd1View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-052f-9000000000-5e6c0456bbcc20afb607View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-004i-9000000000-5bf5d9d3c7cf604af9a3View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-056r-9000000000-3499fb432cd119926640View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-36c6bc6082b188beb665View in MoNA
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0002-9000000000-cbc512db1a4c5510015eView in MoNA
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
References
References:
  • Brucks R, Nanavaty M, Jung D, Siegel F: The effect of ultrasound on the in vitro penetration of ibuprofen through human epidermis. Pharm Res. 1989 Aug;6(8):697-701. Pubmed: 2813262
  • Casazza JP, Frietas J, Stambuk D, Morgan MY, Veech RL: The measurement of 1,2-propanediol, D, L-2,3-butanediol and meso-2,3-butanediol in controls and alcoholic cirrhotics. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1987;1:607-9. Pubmed: 3426740
  • Claverie F, Giordano-Labadie F, Bazex J: [Contact eczema induced by propylene glycol. Concentration and vehicle adapted for for patch tests] Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1997;124(4):315-7. Pubmed: 9739936
  • Decherchi P, Lammari-Barreault N, Cochard P, Carin M, Rega P, Pio J, Pellissier JF, Ladaique P, Novakovitch G, Gauthier P: CNS axonal regeneration with peripheral nerve grafts cryopreserved by vitrification: cytological and functional aspects. Cryobiology. 1997 May;34(3):214-39. Pubmed: 9160994
  • Fare JC, Guesnon P, Helouis JJ, Normand S, Andre JL, Duvaldestin P: [Intramuscular premedication with diazepam in a fat emulsion] Cah Anesthesiol. 1984 May-Jun;32(4):303-6. Pubmed: 6529665
  • Fernandez C, Marti-Mestres G, Ramos J, Maillols H: LC analysis of benzophenone-3: II application to determination of 'in vitro' and 'in vivo' skin penetration from solvents, coarse and submicron emulsions. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2000 Dec;24(1):155-65. Pubmed: 11108549
  • Gancevici GG: Role of complement inhibition in topical therapy of muco-cutaneous herpes simplex virus infections. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol. 1993 Oct-Dec;52(4):293-303. Pubmed: 7827366
  • Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. Pubmed: 22080510
  • Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. Pubmed: 21097882
  • Li GL, van der Geest R, Chanet L, van Zanten E, Danhof M, Bouwstra JA: In vitro iontophoresis of R-apomorphine across human stratum corneum. Structure-transport relationship of penetration enhancement. J Control Release. 2002 Nov 7;84(1-2):49-57. Pubmed: 12399167
  • Li N, Liu Z, Jia X, Cui W, Wang W, Zhang X, Han C, Chen J, Wang M: [Study on the toxicological effect of chloropropanols on rats] Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2003 Jul;32(4):349-52. Pubmed: 14535099
  • Liu JH, Gao D, He LQ, Moey LK, Hua K, Liu ZB: The phase diagram for the ternary system propylene glycol-sodium chloride-water and their application to platelet cryopreservation. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2003 Feb;11(1):92-5. Pubmed: 12667299
  • Maltaris T, Dimmler A, Muller A, Binder H, Hoffmann I, Kohl J, Siebzehnrubl E, Beckmann MW, Dittrich R: The use of an open-freezing system with self-seeding for cryopreservation of mouse ovarian tissue. Reprod Domest Anim. 2005 Jun;40(3):250-4. Pubmed: 15943700
  • Miller DL, Wildnauer RH: Thermoanalytical probes for the analysis of physical properties of stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol. 1977 Sep;69(3):287-9. Pubmed: 894064
  • Rajasenan RS, Riley RJ, Leeder JS: Expression and inducibility of antigens in severe combined immunodeficient mice recognized by human anti-P450 antibodies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1995 Nov;135(1):89-99. Pubmed: 7482543
  • Reichard GA Jr, Skutches CL, Hoeldtke RD, Owen OE: Acetone metabolism in humans during diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes. 1986 Jun;35(6):668-74. Pubmed: 3086164
  • Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. Pubmed: 12097436
  • Trottet L, Owen H, Holme P, Heylings J, Collin IP, Breen AP, Siyad MN, Nandra RS, Davis AF: Are all aciclovir cream formulations bioequivalent? Int J Pharm. 2005 Nov 4;304(1-2):63-71. Epub 2005 Sep 1. Pubmed: 16139970
  • Vaddi HK, Ho PC, Chan SY: Terpenes in propylene glycol as skin-penetration enhancers: permeation and partition of haloperidol, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. J Pharm Sci. 2002 Jul;91(7):1639-51. Pubmed: 12115825
  • Vaddi HK, Ho PC, Chan YW, Chan SY: Oxide terpenes as human skin penetration enhancers of haloperidol from ethanol and propylene glycol and their modes of action on stratum corneum. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003 Feb;26(2):220-8. Pubmed: 12576684
  • van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. Pubmed: 17765195
  • Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948. Pubmed: 18331064
  • Zar T, Graeber C, Perazella MA: Recognition, treatment, and prevention of propylene glycol toxicity. Semin Dial. 2007 May-Jun;20(3):217-9. Pubmed: 17555487
Synthesis Reference:Tuck, Michael William Marshall. Preparation of propylene glycol by hydrogenation of glycerol. PCT Int. Appl. (2008), 20pp.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
External Links:
ResourceLink
CHEBI ID16196
HMDB IDHMDB01881
Pubchem Compound ID1030
Kegg IDC00583
ChemSpider ID13835224
Wikipedia1,2-Propanediol
BioCyc IDPROPANE-1-2-DIOL
EcoCyc IDPROPANE-1-2-DIOL

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
(R)-propane-1,2-diol + NAD(+) = (R)- lactaldehyde + NADH
Gene Name:
fucO
Uniprot ID:
P0A9S1
Molecular weight:
40644
Reactions
(R)-propane-1,2-diol + NAD(+) = (R)-lactaldehyde + NADH.
(S)-propane-1,2-diol + NAD(+) = (S)-lactaldehyde + NADH.
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone (glycerone). Allows microorganisms to utilize glycerol as a source of carbon under anaerobic conditions. In E.coli, an important role of gldA is also likely to regulate the intracellular level of dihydroxyacetone by catalyzing the reverse reaction, i.e. the conversion of dihydroxyacetone into glycerol. Possesses a broad substrate specificity, since it is also able to oxidize 1,2-propanediol and to reduce glycolaldehyde, methylglyoxal and hydroxyacetone into ethylene glycol, lactaldehyde and 1,2-propanediol, respectively
Gene Name:
gldA
Uniprot ID:
P0A9S5
Molecular weight:
38712
Reactions
Glycerol + NAD(+) = glycerone + NADH.