<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<compound>
  <version>2.0</version>
  <creation_date>2012-05-31 13:53:50 -0600</creation_date>
  <update_date>2015-06-03 15:54:10 -0600</update_date>
  <accession>ECMDB01517</accession>
  <m2m_id>M2MDB000407</m2m_id>
  <name>AICAR</name>
  <description>AICAR (5-amino-4-carboxamide imidazole riboside 5'-phosphate), is  a by-product of histidine biosynthesis, and its (ribo)triphosphate derivative, ZTP, has been detected in E. coli. It is also an intermediate in the generation of inosine monophosphate. The purH gene product catalyzes the conversion of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) to 5-form-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (FAICAR) and inosine.</description>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>5'-P-Ribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide</synonym>
    <synonym>5'-Phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide</synonym>
    <synonym>5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide</synonym>
    <synonym>5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide</synonym>
    <synonym>AICA ribonucleotide</synonym>
    <synonym>AICAR</synonym>
    <synonym>Aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide</synonym>
    <synonym>Z-Nucleotide</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C9H15N4O8P</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>338.2112</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>338.062749988</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-amino-4-carbamoyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acid</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>aica ribonucleotide</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>3031-94-5</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>NC(=O)C1=C(N)N(C=N1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C9H15N4O8P/c10-7-4(8(11)16)12-2-13(7)9-6(15)5(14)3(21-9)1-20-22(17,18)19/h2-3,5-6,9,14-15H,1,10H2,(H2,11,16)(H2,17,18,19)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1</inchi>
  <inchikey>NOTGFIUVDGNKRI-UUOKFMHZSA-N</inchikey>
  <state>Solid</state>
  <cellular_locations>
    <cellular_location>Cytoplasm</cellular_location>
    <cellular_location>Periplasm</cellular_location>
  </cellular_locations>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-2.16</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>-2.08</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>solubility</kind>
      <value>2.79e+00 g/l</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <experimental_properties>
  </experimental_properties>
  <property>
    <kind>logp</kind>
    <value>-4.8</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_acidic</kind>
    <value>1.22</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_basic</kind>
    <value>4.8</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>iupac</kind>
    <value>{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(5-amino-4-carbamoyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acid</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>average_mass</kind>
    <value>338.2112</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>mono_mass</kind>
    <value>338.062749988</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>smiles</kind>
    <value>NC(=O)C1=C(N)N(C=N1)[C@@H]1O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formula</kind>
    <value>C9H15N4O8P</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchi</kind>
    <value>InChI=1S/C9H15N4O8P/c10-7-4(8(11)16)12-2-13(7)9-6(15)5(14)3(21-9)1-20-22(17,18)19/h2-3,5-6,9,14-15H,1,10H2,(H2,11,16)(H2,17,18,19)/t3-,5-,6-,9-/m1/s1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchikey</kind>
    <value>NOTGFIUVDGNKRI-UUOKFMHZSA-N</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
    <value>203.38</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>refractivity</kind>
    <value>69.14</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polarizability</kind>
    <value>28.57</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
    <value>5</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
    <value>9</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>donor_count</kind>
    <value>6</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
    <value>-2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formal_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <pathways>
    <pathway>
      <name>Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism</name>
      <description/>
      <pathwhiz_id/>
      <kegg_map_id>ec00250</kegg_map_id>
      <subject/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Purine metabolism</name>
      <description/>
      <pathwhiz_id/>
      <kegg_map_id>ec00230</kegg_map_id>
      <subject/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Histidine metabolism</name>
      <description/>
      <pathwhiz_id/>
      <kegg_map_id>ec00340</kegg_map_id>
      <subject/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>One carbon pool by folate</name>
      <description>Dihydrofolic acid, a product of the folate biosynthesis pathway, can be metabolized by multiple enzymes. 
Dihydrofolic acid can be reduced by a NADP-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADPH, hydrogen ion and folic acid. 
Dihydrofolic acid can also be reduced by an NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADP and a tetrahydrofolic acid. Folic acid can also produce a tetrahydrofolic acid through a NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase. 
Dihydrofolic acid also interacts with 5-thymidylic acid through a thymidylate synthase resulting in the release of dUMP and 5,10-methylene-THF
Tetrahydrofolic acid can be converted into 5,10-methylene-THF through two different reversible reactions.
Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with a S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein through a aminomethyltransferase resulting in the release of ammonia, a dihydrolipoylprotein and 5,10-Methylene-THF
Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with L-serine through a glycine hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a glycine, water and 5,10-Methylene-THF.
The compound 5,10-methylene-THF reacts with an NADPH dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H] resulting in NADP and 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid. This compound interacts with homocysteine through a methionine synthase resulting in L-methionine and tetrahydrofolic acid.
Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 10-formyltetrahydrofolate through 4 different enzymes:

1.- Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with FAICAR through a phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase resulting in a 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
2.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with 5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a Glycineamideribotide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
3.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with Formic acid through a formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase resulting in water and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
4.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with  N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) through a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:L-methionyl-tRNA(fMet) N-formyltransferase resulting in a L-methionyl-tRNA(Met) and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate

10-formyltetrahydrofolate can interact with a hydrogen ion through a bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in water and 
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid.
 
Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid  by reacting with a 
5'-phosphoribosyl-a-N-formylglycineamidine through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in water, glycineamideribotide and  5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. The latter compound can either interact with water through an aminomethyltransferase resulting in a N5-Formyl-THF, or it can interact with a NADPH driven bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in a NADP and 5,10-Methylene THF.



</description>
      <pathwhiz_id>PW000773</pathwhiz_id>
      <kegg_map_id>ec00670</kegg_map_id>
      <subject>Metabolic</subject>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Metabolic pathways</name>
      <description/>
      <pathwhiz_id/>
      <kegg_map_id>eco01100</kegg_map_id>
      <subject/>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>One Carbon Pool by Folate I</name>
      <description>Dihydrofolic acid, a product of the folate biosynthesis pathway, can be metabolized by multiple enzymes. 
Dihydrofolic acid can be reduced by a NADP-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADPH, hydrogen ion and folic acid. 
Dihydrofolic acid can also be reduced by an NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a NADP and a tetrahydrofolic acid. Folic acid can also produce a tetrahydrofolic acid through a NADPH-driven dihydrofolate reductase. 
Dihydrofolic acid also interacts with 5-thymidylic acid through a thymidylate synthase resulting in the release of dUMP and 5,10-methylene-THF
Tetrahydrofolic acid can be converted into 5,10-methylene-THF through two different reversible reactions.
Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with a S-Aminomethyldihydrolipoylprotein through a aminomethyltransferase resulting in the release of ammonia, a dihydrolipoylprotein and 5,10-Methylene-THF
Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with L-serine through a glycine hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a glycine, water and 5,10-Methylene-THF.
The compound 5,10-methylene-THF reacts with an NADPH dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [NAD(P)H] resulting in NADP and 5-Methyltetrahydrofolic acid. This compound interacts with homocysteine through a methionine synthase resulting in L-methionine and tetrahydrofolic acid.
Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 10-formyltetrahydrofolate through 4 different enzymes:

1.- Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with FAICAR through a phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase resulting in a 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
2.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with 5'-Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a Glycineamideribotide and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
3.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with Formic acid through a formyltetrahydrofolate hydrolase resulting in water and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate
4.-Tetrahydrofolic acid interacts with  N-formylmethionyl-tRNA(fMet) through a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate:L-methionyl-tRNA(fMet) N-formyltransferase resulting in a L-methionyl-tRNA(Met) and a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate

10-formyltetrahydrofolate can interact with a hydrogen ion through a bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in water and 
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid.
 
Tetrahydrofolic acid can be metabolized into 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid  by reacting with a 
5'-phosphoribosyl-a-N-formylglycineamidine through a phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in water, glycineamideribotide and  5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid. The latter compound can either interact with water through an aminomethyltransferase resulting in a N5-Formyl-THF, or it can interact with a NADPH driven bifunctional 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase resulting in a NADP and 5,10-Methylene THF.
</description>
      <pathwhiz_id>PW001735</pathwhiz_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
      <subject>Metabolic</subject>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>Secondary Metabolites: Histidine biosynthesis</name>
      <description>Histidine biosynthesis starts with a product of PRPP biosynthesis pathway, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate which interacts with a hydrogen ion through an ATP phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in an pyrophosphate and a phosphoribosyl-ATP. This compound interacts with water through a phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase / phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase resulting in the release of pyrophosphate, hydrogen ion and a phosphoribosyl-AMP. This enzyme proceeds to interact with phosphoribosyl-AMP and water resulting in a 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide. This compound is then isomerized by a N-(5'-phospho-L-ribosyl-formimino)-5-amino-1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-4-imidazolecarboxamide isomerase resulting in a PhosphoribosylformiminoAICAR-phosphate. This compound reacts with L-glutamine through an imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase resulting in a L-glutamic acid, hydrogen ion, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide and a D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate. This compound reacts with a imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase / histidinol-phosphatase, dehydrating the compound and resulting in a imidazole acetol-phosphate.
This compound interacts with L-glutamic acid through a histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase, releasing oxoglutaric acid and L-histidinol-phosphate. The latter compound interacts with water and a imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase / histidinol-phosphatase resulting in L-histidinol and phosphate. L-histidinol interacts with a NAD-driven histidinol dehydrogenase resulting in a Histidinal. This in turn reacts with water in a NAD driven histidinal dehydrogenase resulting in L-Histidine.
L-Histidine then represses ATP phosphoribosyltransferase, regulation its own biosynthesis.</description>
      <pathwhiz_id>PW000984</pathwhiz_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
      <subject>Metabolic</subject>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>histidine biosynthesis</name>
      <description>Histidine biosynthesis starts with a product of PRPP biosynthesis pathway, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate which interacts with a hydrogen ion through an ATP phosphoribosyltransferase resulting in an pyrophosphate and a phosphoribosyl-ATP. This compound interacts with water through a phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase / phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase resulting in the release of pyrophosphate, hydrogen ion and a phosphoribosyl-AMP. This enzyme proceeds to interact with phosphoribosyl-AMP and water resulting in a 1-(5'-Phosphoribosyl)-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide. This compound is then isomerized by a N-(5'-phospho-L-ribosyl-formimino)-5-amino-1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-4-imidazolecarboxamide isomerase resulting in a PhosphoribosylformiminoAICAR-phosphate. This compound reacts with L-glutamine through an imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase resulting in a L-glutamic acid, hydrogen ion, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide and a D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate. This compound reacts with a imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase / histidinol-phosphatase, dehydrating the compound and resulting in a imidazole acetol-phosphate.
This compound interacts with L-glutamic acid through a histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase, releasing oxoglutaric acid and L-histidinol-phosphate. The latter compound interacts with water and a imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase / histidinol-phosphatase resulting in L-histidinol and phosphate. L-histidinol interacts with a NAD-driven histidinol dehydrogenase resulting in a Histidinal. This in turn reacts with water in a NAD driven histidinal dehydrogenase resulting in L-Histidine.
L-Histidine then represses ATP phosphoribosyltransferase, regulation its own biosynthesis.</description>
      <pathwhiz_id>PW000810</pathwhiz_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
      <subject>Metabolic</subject>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis</name>
      <description>The biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is a complex process that begins with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. This compound interacts with water and L-glutamine through a 
amidophosphoribosyl transferase resulting in a pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid and a 5-phosphoribosylamine. The latter compound proceeds to interact with a glycine through an ATP driven phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase resulting in the addition of glycine to the compound. This reaction releases an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)glycinamide. The latter compound interacts with formic acid, through an ATP driven phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 5-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP-driven 
phosphoribosylformylglycinamide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion, a L-glutamic acid and a 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine. The latter compound interacts with an ATP driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide cyclo-ligase resulting in a release of ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide.The latter compound then interacts with a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase resulting in a 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate. This compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through an ATP driven phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a SAICAR. SAICAR interacts with an adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an AICAR. AICAR interacts with a formyltetrahydrofolate through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of a tetrahydropterol mono-l-glutamate and a FAICAR. The latter compound, FAICAR, interacts in a reversible reaction through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of water and Inosinic acid. 
Inosinic acid can be metabolized to produce dGTP and dATP   three different methods each.

dGTP:
 Inosinic acid, water and NAD are processed by IMP dehydrogenase resulting in a release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and Xanthylic acid. Xanthylic acid interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP driven GMP synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, L-glutamic acid, a hydrogen ion and Guanosine monophosphate. The latter compound is the phosphorylated by reacting with an ATP driven guanylate kinase resulting in a release of ADP and a Gaunosine diphosphate. Guanosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways:
       1.-Guanosine diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a Guanosine triphosphate. This compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin protein through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in a oxidized flavodoxin a water moleculer and a dGTP
       2.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like proteins through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein, a water molecule and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP.
       3.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP.

dATP:
Inosinic acid interacts with L-aspartic acid through an GTP driven adenylosuccinate synthase results in the release of GDP, a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP. The latter compound is then cleaved by a adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an Adenosine monophosphate. This compound is then phosphorylated by an adenylate kinase resulting in the release of ATP and an adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways:
        1.-Adenosine diphosphate is involved in a reversible reaction by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a phosphate through a ATP synthase / thiamin triphosphate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and an Adenosine triphosphate. The adenosine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a dATP
        2.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized thioredoxin and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP
        3.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized glutaredoxin-like protein and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP


</description>
      <pathwhiz_id>PW000910</pathwhiz_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
      <subject>Metabolic</subject>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis 1435709748</name>
      <description/>
      <pathwhiz_id>PW000960</pathwhiz_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
      <subject>Metabolic</subject>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis 2</name>
      <description>The biosynthesis of purine nucleotides is a complex process that begins with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate. This compound interacts with water and L-glutamine through a amidophosphoribosyl transferase resulting in a pyrophosphate, L-glutamic acid and a 5-phosphoribosylamine. The latter compound proceeds to interact with a glycine through an ATP driven phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase resulting in the addition of glycine to the compound. This reaction releases an ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a N1-(5-phospho-β-D-ribosyl)glycinamide. The latter compound interacts with formic acid, through an ATP driven phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 5-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP-driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion, a L-glutamic acid and a 2-(formamido)-N1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)acetamidine. The latter compound interacts with an ATP driven phosphoribosylformylglycinamide cyclo-ligase resulting in a release of ADP, a phosphate, a hydrogen ion and a 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide synthetase resulting in a release of a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide(5-Phosphoribosyl-5-carboxyaminoimidazole).The latter compound then interacts with a N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide mutase resulting in a 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate. This compound interacts with an L-aspartic acid through an ATP driven phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a SAICAR. SAICAR interacts with an adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an AICAR. AICAR interacts with a formyltetrahydrofolate through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of a tetrahydropterol mono-l-glutamate and a FAICAR. The latter compound, FAICAR, interacts in a reversible reaction through a AICAR transformylase / IMP cyclohydrolase resulting in a release of water and Inosinic acid. Inosinic acid can be metabolized to produce dGTP and dATP three different methods each. dGTP: Inosinic acid, water and NAD are processed by IMP dehydrogenase resulting in a release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and Xanthylic acid. Xanthylic acid interacts with L-glutamine, and water through an ATP driven GMP synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, L-glutamic acid, a hydrogen ion and Guanosine monophosphate. The latter compound is the phosphorylated by reacting with an ATP driven guanylate kinase resulting in a release of ADP and a Gaunosine diphosphate. Guanosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Guanosine diphosphate is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and a Guanosine triphosphate. This compound interacts with a reduced flavodoxin protein through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in a oxidized flavodoxin a water moleculer and a dGTP 2.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like proteins through a ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in the release of an oxidized NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein, a water molecule and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. 3.-Guanosine diphosphate interacts with a reduced thioredoxin ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, an oxidized thioredoxin and a dGDP. The dGDP is then phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP-driven nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in an ADP and dGTP. dATP: Inosinic acid interacts with L-aspartic acid through an GTP driven adenylosuccinate synthase results in the release of GDP, a hydrogen ion, a phosphate and N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP. The latter compound is then cleaved by a adenylosuccinate lyase resulting in a fumaric acid and an Adenosine monophosphate. This compound is then phosphorylated by an adenylate kinase resulting in the release of ATP and an adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate can be metabolized in three different ways: 1.-Adenosine diphosphate is involved in a reversible reaction by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a phosphate through a ATP synthase / thiamin triphosphate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and an Adenosine triphosphate. The adenosine triphosphate interacts with a reduced flavodoxin through a ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase resulting in an oxidized flavodoxin, a water molecule and a dATP 2.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced thioredoxin through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 1 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized thioredoxin and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP 3.- Adenosine diphosphate interacts with an reduced NrdH glutaredoxin-like protein through a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase 2 resulting in a release of a water molecule, a oxidized glutaredoxin-like protein and a dADP. The dADP is then phosphorylated by a nucleoside diphosphate kinase resulting in the release of ADP and a dATP</description>
      <pathwhiz_id>PW002033</pathwhiz_id>
      <kegg_map_id/>
      <subject>Metabolic</subject>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>histidine biosynthesis</name>
      <ecocyc_pathway_id>HISTSYN-PWY</ecocyc_pathway_id>
    </pathway>
    <pathway>
      <name>inosine-5'-phosphate biosynthesis I</name>
      <ecocyc_pathway_id>PWY-6123</ecocyc_pathway_id>
    </pathway>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2367</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>38104</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>175259</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147980</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147981</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147982</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147983</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147984</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147985</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147986</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147987</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147988</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147989</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147990</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147991</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147992</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147993</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147994</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147995</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147996</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147997</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147998</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>147999</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>24635</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>24636</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>24637</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31193</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31194</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31195</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437236</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437237</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437238</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437239</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437240</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>439179</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>445706</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>445707</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>445708</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>445709</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>445710</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>448130</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2226474</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2228257</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2228871</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2230551</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2231346</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2232876</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2233694</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <hmdb_id>HMDB01517</hmdb_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id>65110</pubchem_compound_id>
  <chemspider_id>58620</chemspider_id>
  <kegg_id>C04677</kegg_id>
  <chebi_id>18406</chebi_id>
  <biocyc_id>AICAR</biocyc_id>
  <het_id>AMZ</het_id>
  <wikipidia>AICA ribonucleotide</wikipidia>
  <foodb_id/>
  <general_references>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>21097882</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>22080510</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>17765195</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>18331064</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Jakobsen SN, Hardie DG, Morrice N, Tornqvist HE: 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates IRS-1 on Ser-789 in mouse C2C12 myotubes in response to 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside. J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 14;276(50):46912-6. Epub 2001 Oct 11.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>11598104</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Koistinen HA, Galuska D, Chibalin AV, Yang J, Zierath JR, Holman GD, Wallberg-Henriksson H: 5-amino-imidazole carboxamide riboside increases glucose transport and cell-surface GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle from subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2003 May;52(5):1066-72.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>12716734</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Koistinen HA, Chibalin AV, Zierath JR: Aberrant p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in skeletal muscle from Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2003 Oct;46(10):1324-8. Epub 2003 Aug 23.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>12937895</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
  </general_references>
  <synthesis_reference>Schmitt, Laurent; Caperelli, Carol A.  Enantiospecific synthesis of carbocyclic aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (C-AICAR), succinoaminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (C-SAICAR), and a new intermediate for SAICAR analogs.    Nucleosides &amp; N</synthesis_reference>
  <msds_url/>
  <enzymes>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Histidine biosynthesis bifunctional protein hisIE</name>
      <uniprot_id>P06989</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>HIS2_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>hisI</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06989.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Adenylosuccinate lyase</name>
      <uniprot_id>P0AB89</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>PUR8_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>purB</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AB89.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-[(5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino] imidazole-4-carboxamide isomerase</name>
      <uniprot_id>P10371</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>HIS4_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>hisA</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P10371.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein purH</name>
      <uniprot_id>P15639</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>PUR9_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>purH</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P15639.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase</name>
      <uniprot_id>P69503</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>APT_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>apt</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69503.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase subunit hisH</name>
      <uniprot_id>P60595</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>HIS5_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>hisH</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P60595.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase subunit hisF</name>
      <uniprot_id>P60664</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>HIS6_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>hisF</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P60664.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
  </enzymes>
  <transporters>
  </transporters>
  <reactions>
    <reaction_text>AICAR + Pyrophosphate &lt;&gt; 5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxyamide + Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id>R04378</kegg_reaction_id>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
    <reaction_text>Phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P + L-Glutamine &lt;&gt; D-Erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate + AICAR + L-Glutamate</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id>R04558</kegg_reaction_id>
    <ecocyc_id>GLUTAMIDOTRANS-RXN</ecocyc_id>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
    <reaction_text>SAICAR &lt;&gt; Fumaric acid + AICAR</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id>R04559</kegg_reaction_id>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
    <reaction_text>N10-Formyl-THF + AICAR &lt;&gt; Tetrahydrofolic acid + Phosphoribosyl formamidocarboxamide</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id>R04560</kegg_reaction_id>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
    <reaction_text>SAICAR &gt; Fumaric acid + AICAR</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id>R04559</kegg_reaction_id>
    <ecocyc_id>AICARSYN-RXN</ecocyc_id>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
    <reaction_text>Phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P + L-Glutamine &gt; Hydrogen ion + L-Glutamate + D-Erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate + AICAR</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id/>
    <ecocyc_id>GLUTAMIDOTRANS-RXN</ecocyc_id>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
    <reaction_text>N10-Formyl-THF + AICAR &gt; Tetrahydrofolic acid + Phosphoribosyl formamidocarboxamide</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id>R04560</kegg_reaction_id>
    <ecocyc_id>AICARTRANSFORM-RXN</ecocyc_id>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
    <reaction_text>Adenylsuccinic acid + SAICAR &lt;&gt; Fumaric acid + Adenosine monophosphate + AICAR</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id>R01083 </kegg_reaction_id>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
    <reaction_text>Tetrahydrofolic acid + FAICAR + Tetrahydrofolic acid &gt; 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate + AICAR + N10-Formyl-THF</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id/>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id>PW_R002545</pw_reaction_id>
    <reaction_text>Phosphoribosyl-AMP + Water &gt; AICAR</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id/>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id>PW_R002867</pw_reaction_id>
    <reaction_text>AICAR &gt; PhosphoribosylformiminoAICAR-phosphate</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id/>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id>PW_R002868</pw_reaction_id>
    <reaction_text>SAICAR + SAICAR &gt; AICAR + Fumaric acid</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id/>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id>PW_R003420</pw_reaction_id>
    <reaction_text>AICAR + 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate + N10-Formyl-THF &gt; FAICAR + tetrahydropteroyl mono-L-glutamate</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id/>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id>PW_R003421</pw_reaction_id>
    <reaction_text>SAICAR &lt;&gt; Fumaric acid + AICAR</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id/>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
    <reaction_text>N10-Formyl-THF + AICAR &lt;&gt; Tetrahydrofolic acid + Phosphoribosyl formamidocarboxamide</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id/>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
  </reactions>
  <concentrations>
  </concentrations>
</compound>
