2.0 2012-05-31 13:50:31 -0600 2015-09-17 15:41:10 -0600 ECMDB01349 M2MDB000349 Selenium Selenium salts are toxic in large amounts, but trace amounts of the element are necessary for cellular function in most. From about three billion years ago, prokaryotic selenoprotein families drive selenocysteine evolution. Selenium is incorporated into several prokaryotic selenoprotein families in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes as selenocysteine, where selenoprotein peroxiredoxins protect bacterial and eukaryotic cells against oxidative damage. Selenium is an intermediate of selenoamino acid metabolism. (Wikipedia) Se-2 Se^-2 Selanediide Selenide Selenide ion Selenide(2-) Selenium Selenium ion (Se2+) Se 78.96 79.916521828 selandiide selandiide 7782-49-2 [Se++] InChI=1S/Se/q+2 MFSBVGSNNPNWMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Solid Cytosol melting_point 221 oC logp -0.5 ChemAxon iupac selandiide ChemAxon average_mass 78.96 ChemAxon mono_mass 79.916521828 ChemAxon smiles [Se++] ChemAxon formula Se ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/Se/q+2 ChemAxon inchikey MFSBVGSNNPNWMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 0 ChemAxon refractivity 13.11 ChemAxon polarizability 1.78 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 0 ChemAxon acceptor_count 0 ChemAxon donor_count 0 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge -2 ChemAxon Selenium metabolism The selenium metabolism begins with the introduction of selenate and selenite to the cytosol through a sulphate permease system. Once in the cell, selenate can be reduced to selenite through nitrate reductases A and Z. Selenite then interacts with glutathione and 2 hydrogen ions resulting in the release of 2 water molecules, a hydroxide molecule, a glutathione disulfide and a selenodiglutathione. The latter compound then reacts with NADPH+H resulting in the release of a NADP, a glutathione and a glutathioselenol. Glutathiolselenol can then be oxidize resulting in a a glutathiolselenol ion which can then interact with a water molecule resulting in a release of glutathion and selenium Glutathiolselenol can also react with NADPH and hydrogen ion resulting in a release of glutathione, NADP, a hydroxide molecule and a hydrogen selenide. This compound can react in a reversible reaction by being oxidized resulting in a hydrogen selenide ion . This compound can then be phosphorylated by interacting with an ATP and releasing a AMP, a phosphate and a selenophosphate. PW001894 Metabolic Specdb::MsMs 29357 Specdb::MsMs 29358 Specdb::MsMs 29359 Specdb::MsMs 35915 Specdb::MsMs 35916 Specdb::MsMs 35917 HMDB01349 107674 96846 C01529 27568 SE-2 Selenium Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. 21097882 Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. 22080510 Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948. 18331064 Zhu, Shihui; Zhu, Liu; Kaisuya, Romeo; Shou, Jianchuan. Apparatus and process for production of high purity selenium. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2007), 12pp. http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/001/211/original/HMDB01349.pdf?1358895596 Selenide, water dikinase P16456 SELD_ECOLI selD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P16456.xml Adenosine triphosphate + Water + Selenium > Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphate + Phosphoroselenoic acid Water + Selenium + Adenosine triphosphate > Phosphate + Selenophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate 2.7.9.3-RXN a reduced electron acceptor + Selenocysteine <> L-Alanine + Selenium + an oxidized electron acceptor + Hydrogen ion SELENOCYSTEINE-LYASE-RXN