2.0 2012-05-31 13:47:40 -0600 2015-06-03 15:53:51 -0600 ECMDB01206 M2MDB000298 Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA is the thioester formed between coenzyme A (a thiol) and acetic acid (an acyl group carrier). Acetyl-CoA is produced during the second step of aerobic cellular respiration, pyruvate decarboxylation. Its main function is to convey the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. Ac-<i>S</i>-CoA Ac-CoA Ac-Coenzyme A Ac-S-CoA Ac-S-Coenzyme A AcCoA Acetyl coenzyme A Acetyl coenzyme-A Acetyl-<i>S</i>-CoA Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-Coenzyme A Acetyl-S-CoA Acetyl-S-Coenzyme A Acetylcoenzyme A Acetylcoenzyme-A S-Acetate CoA S-Acetate Coenzyme A S-Acetic acid CoA S-Acetic acid Coenzyme A S-Acetyl coenzyme A C23H38N7O17P3S 809.571 809.125773051 {[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-({[({[(3R)-3-[(2-{[2-(acetylsulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropoxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid acetyl-CoA 72-89-9 CC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@H](O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N InChI=1S/C23H38N7O17P3S/c1-12(31)51-7-6-25-14(32)4-5-26-21(35)18(34)23(2,3)9-44-50(41,42)47-49(39,40)43-8-13-17(46-48(36,37)38)16(33)22(45-13)30-11-29-15-19(24)27-10-28-20(15)30/h10-11,13,16-18,22,33-34H,4-9H2,1-3H3,(H,25,32)(H,26,35)(H,39,40)(H,41,42)(H2,24,27,28)(H2,36,37,38)/t13-,16-,17-,18+,22-/m1/s1 ZSLZBFCDCINBPY-ZSJPKINUSA-N Solid Cytosol logp -0.58 ALOGPS logs -2.27 ALOGPS solubility 4.30e+00 g/l ALOGPS logp -5.9 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 0.82 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 4.01 ChemAxon iupac {[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-({[({[(3R)-3-[(2-{[2-(acetylsulfanyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropoxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxyoxolan-3-yl]oxy}phosphonic acid ChemAxon average_mass 809.571 ChemAxon mono_mass 809.125773051 ChemAxon smiles CC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@H](O)C(C)(C)COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@H]1O[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1OP(O)(O)=O)N1C=NC2=C1N=CN=C2N ChemAxon formula C23H38N7O17P3S ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C23H38N7O17P3S/c1-12(31)51-7-6-25-14(32)4-5-26-21(35)18(34)23(2,3)9-44-50(41,42)47-49(39,40)43-8-13-17(46-48(36,37)38)16(33)22(45-13)30-11-29-15-19(24)27-10-28-20(15)30/h10-11,13,16-18,22,33-34H,4-9H2,1-3H3,(H,25,32)(H,26,35)(H,39,40)(H,41,42)(H2,24,27,28)(H2,36,37,38)/t13-,16-,17-,18+,22-/m1/s1 ChemAxon inchikey ZSLZBFCDCINBPY-ZSJPKINUSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 363.63 ChemAxon refractivity 172.21 ChemAxon polarizability 70.62 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 20 ChemAxon acceptor_count 17 ChemAxon donor_count 9 ChemAxon physiological_charge -4 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Glutathione metabolism The biosynthesis of glutathione starts with the introduction of L-glutamic acid through either a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter. Once in the cytoplasm, L-glutamice acid reacts with L-cysteine through an ATP glutamate-cysteine ligase resulting in gamma-glutamylcysteine. This compound reacts which Glycine through an ATP driven glutathione synthetase thus catabolizing Glutathione. This compound is metabolized through a spontaneous reaction with an oxidized glutaredoxin resulting in a reduced glutaredoxin and an oxidized glutathione. This compound is reduced by a NADPH glutathione reductase resulting in a glutathione. PW000833 ec00480 Metabolic Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) ec00020 Benzoate degradation via CoA ligation ec00632 Butanoate metabolism ec00650 Reductive carboxylate cycle (CO2 fixation) ec00720 Arginine and proline metabolism ec00330 Cysteine and methionine metabolism ec00270 Phenylalanine metabolism The pathways of the metabolism of phenylalaline begins with the conversion of chorismate to prephenate through a P-protein (chorismate mutase:pheA). Prephenate then interacts with a hydrogen ion through the same previous enzyme resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, water and a phenolpyruvic acid. Three enzymes those enconde by tyrB, aspC and ilvE are involved in catalyzing the third step of these pathways, all three can contribute to the synthesis of phenylalanine: only tyrB and aspC contribute to biosynthesis of tyrosine. Phenolpyruvic acid can also be obtained from a reversivle reaction with ammonia, a reduced acceptor and a D-amino acid dehydrogenase, resulting in a water, an acceptor and a D-phenylalanine, which can be then transported into the periplasmic space by aromatic amino acid exporter. L-phenylalanine also interacts in two reversible reactions, one involved with oxygen through a catalase peroxidase resulting in a carbon dioxide and 2-phenylacetamide. The other reaction involved an interaction with oxygen through a phenylalanine aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and phenylpyruvic acid. L-phenylalanine can be imported into the cytoplasm through an aromatic amino acid:H+ symporter AroP. The compound can also be imported into the periplasmic space through a transporter: L-amino acid efflux transporter. PW000921 ec00360 Metabolic Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism ec00260 Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis ec00010 Lysine biosynthesis Lysine is biosynthesized from L-aspartic acid. L-aspartic acid can be incorporated into the cell through various methods: C4 dicarboxylate / orotate:H+ symporter , glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP, dicarboxylate transporter , C4 dicarboxylate / C4 monocarboxylate transporter DauA, glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter L-aspartic acid is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven Aspartate kinase resulting in ADP and L-aspartyl-4-phosphate. L-aspartyl-4-phosphate is then dehydrogenated through an NADPH driven aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase resulting in a release of phosphate, NADP and L-aspartic 4-semialdehyde (involved in methionine biosynthesis). L-aspartic 4-semialdehyde interacts with a pyruvic acid through a 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase resulting in a release of hydrogen ion, water and (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate. The latter compound is then reduced by an NADPH driven 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase resulting in a release of water, NADP and (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate, This compound interacts with succinyl-CoA and water through a tetrahydrodipicolinate succinylase resulting in a release of coenzyme A and N-Succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate. This compound interacts with L-glutamic acid through a N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase resulting in oxoglutaric acid, N-succinyl-L,L-2,6-diaminopimelate. The latter compound is then desuccinylated by reacting with water through a N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelate desuccinylase resulting in a succinic acid and L,L-diaminopimelate. This compound is then isomerized through a diaminopimelate epimerase resulting in a meso-diaminopimelate (involved in peptidoglyccan biosynthesis I). This compound is then decarboxylated by a diaminopimelate decarboxylase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and L-lysine. L-lysine is then incorporated into lysine degradation pathway. Lysine also regulate its own biosynthesis by repressing dihydrodipicolinate synthase and also repressing lysine-sensitive aspartokinase 3. A metabolic connection joins synthesis of an amino acid, lysine, to synthesis of cell wall material. Diaminopimelate is a precursor both for lysine and for cell wall components. The synthesis of lysine, methionine and threonine share two reactions at the start of the three pathways, the reactions converting L-aspartate to L-aspartate semialdehyde. The reaction involving aspartate kinase is carried out by three isozymes, one specific for synthesis of each end product amino acid. Each of the three aspartate kinase isozymes is regulated by its corresponding end product amino acid. PW000771 ec00300 Metabolic Pyruvate metabolism ec00620 Methane metabolism ec00680 Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis ec00290 Sulfur metabolism The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. The alkyl sulfate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and an aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described. PW000922 ec00920 Metabolic Tryptophan metabolism The biosynthesis of L-tryptophan begins with L-glutamine interacting with a chorismate through a anthranilate synthase which results in a L-glutamic acid, a pyruvic acid, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminobenzoic acid. The aminobenzoic acid interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through an anthranilate synthase component II resulting in a pyrophosphate and a N-(5-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate. The latter compound is then metabolized by an indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in a 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose 5'-phosphate. This compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, a water molecule and a (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate. The latter compound then interacts with a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and an Indole. The indole interacts with an L-serine through a tryptophan synthase, β subunit dimer resulting in a water molecule and an L-tryptophan. The metabolism of L-tryptophan starts with L-tryptophan being dehydrogenated by a tryptophanase / L-cysteine desulfhydrase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an Indole and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is isomerized into a 2-iminopropanoate. This compound then interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in the release of an Ammonium and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an Acetyl-CoA PW000815 ec00380 Metabolic Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis E. coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane. The pathway can start from the fructose 6-phosphate that is either produced in the glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase or be obtained from the interaction with D-fructose interacting with a mannose PTS permease. Fructose 6-phosphate interacts with L-glutamine through a D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase resulting into a L-glutamic acid and a glucosamine 6-phosphate. The latter compound is isomerized through a phosphoglucosamine mutase resulting a glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound is acetylated, interacting with acetyl-CoA through a bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a Coenzyme A, hydrogen ion and N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound interact with UTP and hydrogen ion through the bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a pyrophosphate and a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a UDP-3-O[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine. This compound interacts with water through UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase resulting in an acetic acid and UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxymyristoyl)-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-glucosamine N-acyltransferase releasing a hydrogen ion, a holo-acp and UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound is hydrolase by interacting with water and a UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolase resulting in UMP, hydrogen ion and 2,3-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-α-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate. This last compound then interacts with a UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine through a lipid A disaccharide synthase resulting in a release of UDP, hydrogen ion and a lipid A disaccharide. The lipid A disaccharide is phosphorylated by an ATP mediated tetraacyldisaccharide 4'-kinase resulting in the release of hydrogen ion and lipid IVA. A D-ribulose 5-phosphate is isomerized with D-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase 2 to result in a D-arabinose 5-phosphate. This compounds interacts with water and phosphoenolpyruvic acid through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase resulting in the release of phosphate and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate. This compound interacts with water through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate phosphatase thus releasing a phosphate and a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate. The latter compound interacts with CTP through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate. CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate and lipid IVA interact with each other through a KDO transferase resulting in CMP, hydrogen ion and alpha-Kdo-(2-->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate through a KDO transferase resulting in a CMP, hydrogen ion, and a a-Kdo-(2->4)-a-Kdo-(2->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound interacts with a dodecanoyl-[acp] lauroyl acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a (KDO)2-(lauroyl)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with a myristoyl-[acp] through a myristoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp], (KDO)2-lipid A. The latter compound reacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase I resulting hydrogen ion, ADP, heptosyl-KDO2-lipid A. The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase II resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. The latter compound UDP-glucose interacts with (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A resulting in UDP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. Glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A (Escherichia coli) is phosphorylated through an ATP-mediated lipopolysaccharide core heptose (I) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate. The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core heptosyl transferase III resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion, and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate. The latter compound is phosphorylated through an ATP-driven lipopolysaccharide core heptose (II) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-alpha-D-galactose through a UDP-D-galactose:(glucosyl)lipopolysaccharide-1,6-D-galactosyltransferase resulting in a UDP, a hydrogen ion and a galactosyl-glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-glucose through a (glucosyl)LPS α-1,3-glucosyltransferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a UDP and galactosyl-(glucosyl)2-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with UDP-glucose through a UDP-glucose:(glucosyl)LPS α-1,2-glucosyltransferase resulting in UDP, a hydrogen ion and galactosyl-(glucosyl)3-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis; heptosyl transferase IV; probably hexose transferase resulting in a Lipid A-core. A lipid A-core is then exported into the periplasmic space by a lipopolysaccharide ABC transporter. The lipid A-core is then flipped to the outer surface of the inner membrane by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, MsbA. An additional integral membrane protein, YhjD, has recently been implicated in LPS export across the IM. The smallest LPS derivative that supports viability in E. coli is lipid IVA. However, it requires mutations in either MsbA or YhjD, to suppress the normally lethal consequence of an incomplete lipid A . Recent studies with deletion mutants implicate the periplasmic protein LptA, the cytosolic protein LptB, and the IM proteins LptC, LptF, and LptG in the subsequent transport of nascent LPS to the outer membrane (OM), where the LptD/LptE complex flips LPS to the outer surface. PW000831 ec00540 Metabolic Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism ec00630 Inositol phosphate metabolism ec00562 beta-Alanine metabolism The Beta-Alanine Metabolism starts with a product of Aspartate metabolism. Aspartate is decarboxylated by aspartate 1-decarboxylase, releasing carbon dioxide and Beta-alanine. Beta alanine is then metabolized through a pantothenate synthetase resulting in Pantothenic acid undergoes phosphorylation through a ATP driven pantothenate kinase, resulting in D-4-phosphopantothenate. Pantothenate (vitamin B5) is the universal precursor for the synthesis of the 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety of coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein. Only plants and microorganismscan synthesize pantothenate de novo - animals require a dietary supplement. The enzymes of this pathway are therefore considered to be antimicrobial drug targets. PW000896 ec00410 Metabolic Propanoate metabolism Starting from L-threonine, this compound is deaminated through a threonine deaminase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and a (2z)-2-aminobut-2-enoate. The latter compound then isomerizes to a 2-iminobutanoate, This compound then reacts spontaneously with hydrogen ion and a water molecule resulting in a ammonium and a 2-Ketobutyric acid. The latter compound interacts with CoA through a pyruvate formate-lyase / 2-ketobutyrate formate-lyase resulting in a formic acid and a propionyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA can then be processed either into a 2-methylcitric acid or into a propanoyl phosphate. Propionyl-CoA interacts with oxalacetic acid and a water molecule through a 2-methylcitrate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a CoA and a 2-Methylcitric acid.The latter compound is dehydrated through a 2-methylcitrate dehydratase resulting in a water molecule and cis-2-methylaconitate. The latter compound is then dehydrated by a bifunctional aconitate hydratase 2 and 2-methylisocitrate dehydratase resulting in a water molecule and methylisocitric acid. The latter compound is then processed by 2-methylisocitrate lyase resulting in a release of succinic acid and pyruvic acid. Succinic acid can then interact with a propionyl-CoA through a propionyl-CoA:succinate CoA transferase resulting in a propionic acid and a succinyl CoA. Succinyl-CoA is then isomerized through a methylmalonyl-CoA mutase resulting in a methylmalonyl-CoA. This compound is then decarboxylated through a methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase resulting in a release of Carbon dioxide and Propionyl-CoA. ropionyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate through a phosphate acetyltransferase / phosphate propionyltransferase resulting in a CoA and a propanoyl phosphate. Propionyl-CoA can react with a phosphate through a phosphate acetyltransferase / phosphate propionyltransferase resulting in a CoA and a propanoyl phosphate. The latter compound is then dephosphorylated through a ADP driven acetate kinase/propionate kinase protein complex resulting in an ATP and Propionic acid. Propionic acid can be processed by a reaction with CoA through a ATP-driven propionyl-CoA synthetase resulting in a pyrophosphate, an AMP and a propionyl-CoA. PW000940 ec00640 Metabolic Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism ec00430 Fatty acid biosynthesis The fatty acid biosynthesis starts from acetyl-CoA reacting either with a holo-[acp] through a 3-oxoacyl-[acp] synthase 3 resulting in an acetyl-[acp] or react with hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven acetyl-CoA carboxylase resulting in a malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA reacts with a holo-acp] through a malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase resulting in a malonyl-[acp]. This compound can react with a KASI protein resulting in an acetyl-[acp]. A malonyl-[acp] can also react with an acetyl-[acp] through KASI and KASII or with acetyl-CoA through a beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase to produce an acetoacetyl-[acp]. An acetoacetyl-[acp] is also known as a 3-oxoacyl-[acp]. A 3-oxoacyl-[acp] is reduced through a NDPH mediated 3-oxoacyl-[acp] reductase resulting in a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acp] (R3 hydroxydecanoyl-[acp]) which can either join the fatty acid metabolism, be dehydrated by an 3R-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase to produce a trans-2-enoyl-[acp] or be dehydrated by a hydroxydecanoyl-[acp] to produce a trans-delta2 decenoyl-[acp]. Trans-2-enoyl-[acp] is reduced by a NADH driven enoyl-[acp] reductase resulting in a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl-[acp]. This product then reacts with malonyl-[acp] through KASI and KASII resulting in a holo-acyl carrier protein and a 3- oxoacyl-[acp]. Trans-delta2 decenoyl-[acp] reacts with a 3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acp] dehydrase producing a cis-delta 3-decenoyl-ACP. This product then reacts with KASI to produce a 3-oxo-cis-delta5-dodecenoyl-[acp], which in turn is reduced by a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acp] resulting in a 3R-hydroxy cis delta5-dodecenoyl-acp. This product is dehydrated by a (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase resulting in a trans-delta 3- cis-delta 5-dodecenoyl-[acp] which in turn is reduced by a NADH driven enoyl-[acp] reductase resulting in a cis-delta5-dodecenoyl-acp which goes into fatty acid metabolism PW000900 ec00061 Metabolic alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism ec00592 Lysine degradation ec00310 Valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation ec00280 Tetracycline biosynthesis ec00253 Trinitrotoluene degradation ec00633 Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids ec01040 Benzoate degradation via hydroxylation ec00362 Fatty acid elongation in mitochondria ec00062 Fatty acid metabolism This pathway depicts the degradation of palmitic acid (C16:0). Fatty acid degradation and synthesis are relatively simple processes that are essentially the reverse of each other. The process of fatty acid degradation, also known as Beta-Oxidation, converts an aliphatic compound into a set of activated acetyl units (acetyl CoA) that can be processed by the citric acid cycle. An activated fatty acid is first oxidized to introduce a double bond; the double bond is then hydrated to introduce an oxygen; the alcohol is then oxidized to a ketone; and, finally, the four carbon fragment is cleaved by coenzyme A to yield acetyl CoA and a fatty acid chain two carbons shorter. If the fatty acid has an even number of carbon atoms and is saturated, the process is simply repeated until the fatty acid is completely converted into acetyl CoA units. Fatty acid synthesis is essentially the reverse of this process. Because the result is a polymer, the process starts with monomers—in this case with activated acyl group and malonyl units. The malonyl unit is condensed with the acetyl unit to form a four-carbon fragment. To produce the required hydrocarbon chain, the carbonyl must be reduced. The fragment is reduced, dehydrated, and reduced again, exactly the opposite of degradation, to bring the carbonyl group to the level of a methylene group with the formation of butyryl CoA. Another activated malonyl group condenses with the butyryl unit and the process is repeated until a C16 fatty acid is synthesized. The first step converts the hydroxydecanoyl into a trans 2decenoyl acp through a protein complex conformed of a hydroxomyristoyl dehydratase and a hydroxydecanoyl dehydratase. The second step leads to the production of a cis 3 decenoyl acp through a 3-hydroxydecanoyl acp dehydratase. For the third step the cis 3 decenoyl acp enters a cycle involving a synthase, reductase, dehydratase and an enoyl reductase which in turn produce a cis x enoyl-acp, hydroxy cis x enoyl, trans x-2 cis x enoyl acp and cis x enoyl respectively.This is done until a palmitoleoyl is produce. In said case the pathway procedes in two different directions. It can either produce a palmitoleic acid through a acyl-coa thioesterase, or produce a Vaccenic acid through a different set of reactions. This process is achieved through a 3-oxoacyl acp synthase, a 3-oxoacyl acp reductase, a 3r hydroxymyristoyl dehydratase and an enoyl acp reductase that produces a transition through 3-oxo cis vaccenoyl acp, 3 hydroxy cis vaccenoyl acp, cis vaccen 2 enoyl acp and a cis vaccenoyl acp respectively. At this point it goes through one final reaction to produce a Vaccenic acid, through an acyl-CoA thioesterase PW000796 ec00071 Metabolic Geraniol degradation ec00281 Ethylbenzene degradation ec00642 Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis ec00900 Biphenyl degradation ec00621 Toluene and xylene degradation ec00622 1,4-Dichlorobenzene degradation ec00627 Synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies ec00072 Microbial metabolism in diverse environments ec01120 Phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism ec00440 Two-component system ec02020 Chloroalkane and chloroalkene degradation ec00625 Metabolic pathways eco01100 2-Oxopent-4-enoate metabolism The pathway starts with trans-cinnamate interacting with a hydrogen ion, an oxygen molecule, and a NADH through a cinnamate dioxygenase resulting in a NAD and a cis-3-(3-Carboxyethenyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol which then interact together through a 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrophenylpropionate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an NADH molecule and a 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate. The second way by which the 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate is acquired is through a 3-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate interacting with a hydrogen ion, a NADH and an oxygen molecule through a 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate 2-hydroxylase resulting in the release of a NAD molecule, a water molecule and a 2,3-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate. The compound 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate then interacts with an oxygen molecule through a 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate 1,2-dioxygenase resulting in a hydrogen ion and a 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4,7-triene-1,9-dioate. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule through a 2-hydroxy-6-oxononatrienedioate hydrolase resulting in a release of a hydrogen ion, a fumarate molecule and (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate. The latter compound reacts spontaneously to isomerize into a 2-oxopent-4-enoate. This compound is then hydrated through a 2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase resulting in a 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate. This compound then interacts with a 4-hydroxy-2-ketovalerate aldolase resulting in the release of a pyruvate, and an acetaldehyde. The acetaldehyde then interacts with a coenzyme A and a NAD molecule through a acetaldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a NADH and an acetyl-coa which can be incorporated into the TCA cycle PW001890 Metabolic Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism I The synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound can either be isomerized or deaminated into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase and a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase respectively. Glucosamine 6-phosphate undergoes a reversible reaction to glucosamine 1 phosphate through a phosphoglucosamine mutase. This compound is then acetylated through a bifunctional protein glmU to produce a N-Acetyl glucosamine 1-phosphate. N-Acetyl glucosamine 1-phosphate enters the nucleotide sugar synthesis by reacting with UTP and hydrogen ion through a bifunctional protein glmU releasing pyrophosphate and a Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine.This compound can either be isomerized into a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine or undergo a reaction with phosphoenolpyruvic acid through UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase releasing a phosphate and a UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-enolpyruvate. UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine undergoes a NAD dependent dehydrogenation through a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine dehydrogenase, releasing NADH, a hydrogen ion and a UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-mannosaminuronate, This compound is then used in the production of enterobacterial common antigens. UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-enolpyruvate is reduced through a NADPH dependent UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase, releasing a NADP and a UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate. This compound is involved in the D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism. PW000886 Metabolic Aminobenzoate Degradation Delete This pathway shows the various process by which various compounds reach Benzoate degradation. The top most reaction catalyzes (3s)-3-hydroxyacyl-Coa from crotonoyl-Coa and Water through 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratase. The second reaction catalyzes Benzoic Acid from benzoyl phosphate through a weak acylphosphatase. The third reaction is 1,2,4 Benzenetriol which is catalyzed from 4-nitrocatechol through a predicted 2Fe-2s cluster-containing protein. This is a isomer of 4-nitrophenol which is produced from 4-phenylphosphate or 4-nitrophenylphosphate through a phosphoanhydride phosphorylase or alkaline phosphatase respectively The fourth reaction is the production of pyrocatechol from phenol, aniline or Nitrobenzene through a predicted 2Fe-2S cluster-containing protein. The fifth reaction is the production of (3s)-3 hydroxyacyl CoA from acetyl oa and 3-hydroxy-5-oxohexanoic through Acetate CoA-transferase (3s)-3-hydroxyacyl-Coa, Benzoic Acid, pyrocatechol and 1,2,4 Benzenetriol then go into Benzoate degradation. PW000757 Metabolic L-glutamate metabolism II PW001886 Metabolic Leucine Biosynthesis Leucine biosynthesis involves a five-step conversion process starting with the valine precursor 2-keto-isovalerate interacting with acetyl-CoA and water through a 2-isopropylmalate synthase resulting in Coenzyme A, hydrogen Ion and 2-isopropylmalic acid. The latter compound reacts with isopropylmalate isomerase which dehydrates the compound resulting in a Isopropylmaleate. This compound reacts with water through a isopropylmalate isomerase resulting in 3-isopropylmalate. This compound interacts with a NAD-driven D-malate / 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase results in 2-isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate. This compound interacts spontaneously with hydrogen resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and ketoleucine. Ketoleucine interacts in a reversible reaction with L-glutamic acid through a branched-chain amino-acid aminotransferase resulting in Oxoglutaric acid and L-leucine L-leucine can then be exported outside the cytoplasm through a transporter: L-amino acid efflux transporter. The final step in this pathway is catalyzed by two transaminases of broad specificity, IlvE and TyrB. Both the first enzyme in the pathway, 2-isopropylmalate synthase, and the terminal transaminase TyrB are suppressed by leucine. TyrB is subject to inhibition by the pathway's starting compound, 2-keto-isovalerate, and by one of its off-pathway products, tyrosine. One consequence of this inhibition by 2-keto-isovalerate is that in the absence of IlvE activity, mutations in earlier steps in the pathway cannot be compensated for by any alternate method of introducing 2-ketoisocaproate for conversion to leucine. PW000811 Metabolic Quorum Sensing Bacterial Autoinducer 2 (AI-2) mediates the quorum sensing 2 system. AI-2 is catalyzed by the luxS enzyme. This enzyme is found in E.coli and S.typhimurium. In E. coli and most pathogenic bacteria that form AI-2 are spontaneous transformations that include cyclization to (2R,4S)-2-methyl-2,4-dihydroxydihydrofuran-3-one and hydration to the final autoinducer (2R,4S)-2-methyl-2,3,3,4-tetrahydroxytetrahydrofuran. This product is released from the cell through the AI-2 transporter (tqsA). As the level of AI-2 increases, other cells detect it and import it through the autoinducer-2 ABC transporter (lsrACDB). AI-2 is then degraded in the cells by phosphorylating the AI-2 which is then isomerized to P-HPD which follows by the transfer of and acetyl group to coenzyme A and releases dihydroxyacetone phosphate PW000836 Signaling S-adenosyl-L-methionine biosynthesis S-adenosyl-L-methionine biosynthesis(SAM) is synthesized in the cytosol of the cell from L-methionine and ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by methionine adenosyltransferase. L methione is taken up from the environment through a complex reaction coupled transport and then proceeds too synthesize the s adenosylmethionine through a adenosylmethionine synthase. The S-adenosylmethionine then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a adenosylmethionine decarboxylase resulting in a carbon dioxide and a S-adenosyl 3-methioninamine.This compound interacts with a putrescine through a spermidine synthase resulting in a spermidine, a hydrogen ion and a S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine. The latter compound is degraded by interacting with a water molecule through a 5' methylthioadenosine nucleosidase resulting in a adenine and a S-methylthioribose which is then release into the environment PW000837 Metabolic Secondary Metabolite: Leucine biosynthesis Leucine biosynthesis involves a five-step conversion process starting with a 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid interacting with acetyl-CoA and a water molecule through a 2-isopropylmalate synthase resulting in Coenzyme A, hydrogen Ion and 2-isopropylmalic acid. The latter compound reacts with isopropylmalate isomerase which dehydrates the compound resulting in a Isopropylmaleate. This compound reacts with water through a isopropylmalate isomerase resulting in 3-isopropylmalate. This compound interacts with a NAD-driven D-malate / 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase results in 2-isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate. This compound interacts spontaneously with hydrogen resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and ketoleucine. Ketoleucine interacts in a reversible reaction with L-glutamic acid through a branched-chain amino-acid aminotransferase resulting in Oxoglutaric acid and L-leucine Both the first enzyme in the pathway, 2-isopropylmalate synthase, and the terminal transaminase TyrB are suppressed by leucine. TyrB is subject to inhibition by the pathway's starting compound, 2-keto-isovalerate, and by one of its off-pathway products, tyrosine. One consequence of this inhibition by 2-keto-isovalerate is that in the absence of IlvE activity, mutations in earlier steps in the pathway cannot be compensated for by any alternate method of introducing 2-ketoisocaproate for conversion to leucine. PW000980 Metabolic Secondary Metabolites: Glyoxylate cycle The glyoxylate cycle starts with the interaction of Acetyl-Coa with a water molecule and Oxalacetic acid interact through a Citrate synthase resulting in a release of a coenzyme a and citric acid. The citric acid gets dehydrated through a citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of a water molecule and cis-Aconitic acid. The cis-Aconitic acid is then hydrated in an reversible reaction through an aconitate hydratase resulting in an Isocitric acid. The isocitric acid then interacts in a reversible reaction through isocitrate lyase resulting in the release of a succinic acid and a glyoxylic acid. The glyoxylic acid then reacts in a reversible reaction with an acetyl-coa, and a water molecule in a reversible reaction, resulting in a release of a coenzyme A, a hydrogen ion and an L-malic acid. The L-malic acid interacts in a reversible reaction through a NAD driven malate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and an Oxalacetic acid. PW000967 Metabolic Secondary Metabolites: Valine and I-leucine biosynthesis from pyruvate The biosynthesis of Valine and L-leucine from pyruvic acid starts with pyruvic acid interacting with a hydrogen ion through a acetolactate synthase / acetohydroxybutanoate synthase resulting in a release of a carbon dioxide, a (S)-2-acetolactate. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH-driven acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase resulting in the release of a NADP, a (R) 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylvalerate. The latter compound is then dehydrated by a dihydroxy acid dehydratase resulting in the release of a water molecule an 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid. The 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid can produce an L-valine by interacting with a L-glutamic acid through a Valine Transaminase resulting in the release of a Oxoglutaric acid and a L-valine. The 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid then interacts with an acetyl-CoA and a water molecule through a 2-isopropylmalate synthase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, a Coenzyme A and a 2-Isopropylmalic acid. The isopropylimalic acid is then hydrated by interacting with a isopropylmalate isomerase resulting in a 3-isopropylmalate. This compound then interacts with an NAD driven 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase resulting in a NADH, a hydrogen ion and a 2-isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate. The latter compound then interacts with hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in a carbon dioxide and a ketoleucine. The ketoleucine then interacts with a L-glutamic acid through a branched-chain amino-acid aminotransferase resulting in the oxoglutaric acid and L-leucine. PW000978 Metabolic Secondary Metabolites: cysteine biosynthesis from serine The pathway starts with a 3-phosphoglyceric acid interacting with an NAD driven D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase / α-ketoglutarate reductase resulting in an NADH, a hydrogen ion and a phosphohydroxypyruvic acid. This compound then interacts with an L-glutamic acid through a 3-phosphoserine aminotransferase / phosphohydroxythreonine aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and a DL-D-phosphoserine. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule through a phosphoserine phosphatase resulting in a phosphate and an L-serine. The L-serine interacts with an acetyl-coa through a serine acetyltransferase resulting in a release of a Coenzyme A and a O-Acetylserine. The O-acetylserine then interacts with a hydrogen sulfide through a O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase A resulting in an acetic acid, a hydrogen ion and an L-cysteine PW000977 Metabolic Secondary Metabolites: enterobacterial common antigen biosynthesis The biosynthesis of a enterobacterial common antigen can begin with a di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate interacts with a Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine through undecaprenyl-phosphate α-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase resulting in a N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol and a Uridine 5'-monophosphate. The N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol then reacts with an UDP-ManNAcA from the Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathway. This reaction is metabolized by a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid transferase resulting in a uridine 5' diphosphate, a hydrogen ion and a Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate. Glucose 1 phosphate can be metabolize by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a thymidine 5-triphosphate by either reacting with a dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase or a dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and a dTDP-D-glucose. The latter compound is then dehydrated through an dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase 2 resulting in water and dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamic acid through a dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose transaminase resulting in the release of oxoglutaric acid and dTDP-thomosamine. The latter compound interacts with acetyl-coa through a dTDP-fucosamine acetyltransferase resulting in a Coenzyme A, a hydrogen Ion and a TDP-Fuc4NAc. Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate then interacts with a TDP--Fuc4NAc through a 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose transferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a dTDP and a Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate. This compound is then transported through a protein wzxE into the periplasmic space so that it can be incorporated into the outer membrane Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is an outer membrane glycolipid common to all members of Enterobacteriaceae. ECA is a unique cell surface antigen that can be found in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. The carbohydrate portion consists of N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. These amino sugars form trisaccharide repeat units which are part of linear heteropolysaccharide chains. PW000959 Metabolic TCA cycle The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase. The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid. The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid. PW000779 Metabolic TCA cycle (ubiquinol-10) The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase. The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid. The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid. PW001010 Metabolic TCA cycle (ubiquinol-2) The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase. The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 2 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-2 and a fumaric acid. The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid. PW001002 Metabolic TCA cycle (ubiquinol-3) The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase. The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone-3 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-3 and a fumaric acid. The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid. PW001003 Metabolic TCA cycle (ubiquinol-4) The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase. The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid. The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid. PW001004 Metabolic TCA cycle (ubiquinol-5) The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase. The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid. The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid. PW001005 Metabolic TCA cycle (ubiquinol-6) The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase. The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid. The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid. PW001006 Metabolic TCA cycle (ubiquinol-7) The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase. The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid. The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid. PW001007 Metabolic TCA cycle (ubiquinol-8) The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase. The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid. The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid. PW001008 Metabolic TCA cycle (ubiquinol-9) The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase. The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid. The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid. PW001009 Metabolic arginine metabolism The metabolism of L-arginine starts with the acetylation of L-glutamic acid resulting in a N-acetylglutamic acid while releasing a coenzyme A and a hydrogen ion. N-acetylglutamic acid is then phosphorylated via an ATP driven acetylglutamate kinase which yields a N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate. This compound undergoes a NDPH dependent reduction resulting in N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde. This compound reacts with L-glutamic acid through a acetylornithine aminotransferase / N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase to produce a N-acetylornithine which is then deacetylated through a acetylornithine deacetylase which yield an ornithine. L-glutamine is used to synthesize carbamoyl phosphate through the interaction of L-glutamine, water, ATP, and hydrogen carbonate. This reaction yields ADP, L-glutamic acid, phosphate, and hydrogen ion. Carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine are used to catalyze the production of citrulline through an ornithine carbamoyltransferase. Citrulline reacts with L-aspartic acid through an ATP dependent enzyme, argininosuccinate synthase to produce pyrophosphate, AMP and argininosuccinic acid. Argininosussinic acid is then lyase to produce L-arginine and fumaric acid. L-arginine can be metabolized into succinic acid by two different sets of reactions: 1. Arginine reacts with succinyl-CoA through a arginine N-succinyltransferase resulting in N2-succinyl-L-arginine while releasing CoA and Hydrogen Ion. N2-succinyl-L-arginine is then dihydrolase to produce a N2-succinyl-L-ornithine through a N-succinylarginine dihydrolase. This compound in turn reacts with oxoglutaric acid through succinylornithine transaminase resulting in L-glutamic acid and N2-succinyl-L-glutamic acid 5-semialdehyde. This compoud in turn reacts with a NAD dependent dehydrogenase resulting in N2-succinylglutamate while releasing NADH and hydrogen ion. N2-succinylglutamate reacts with water through a succinylglutamate desuccinylase resulting in L-glutamic acid and a succinic acid. The succinic acid is then incorporated in the TCA cycle 2.Argine reacts with carbon dioxide and a hydrogen ion through a biodegradative arginine decarboxylase, resulting in Agmatine. This compound is then transformed into putrescine by reacting with water and an agmatinase, and releasing urea. Putrescine can be metabolized by reaction with either l-glutamic acid or oxoglutaric acid. If putrescine reacts with L-glutamic acid, it reacts through an ATP mediated gamma-glutamylputrescine producing a hydrogen ion, ADP, phosphate and gamma-glutamyl-L-putrescine. This compound is reduced by interacting with oxygen, water and a gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidoreductase resulting in ammonium, hydrogen peroxide and 4-gamma-glutamylamino butanal. This compound is dehydrogenated through a NADP mediated reaction lead by gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutaryaldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in hydrogen ion, NADPH and 4-glutamylamino butanoate. In turn, the latter compound reacts with water through a gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase resulting in L-glutamic acid and Gamma aminobutyric acid. On the other hand, if putrescine reacts with oxoglutaric acid through a putrescine aminotransferase, it results in L-glutamic acid, and a 4-aminobutyraldehyde. This compound reacts with water through a NAD dependent gamma aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in hydrogen ion, NADH and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Gamma Aaminobutyric acid reacts with oxoglutaric acid through 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase resulting in L-glutamic acid and succinic acid semialdehyde. This compound in turn can react with with either NADP or NAD to result in the production of succinic acid through succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase or aldehyde dehydrogenase-like protein yneI respectively. Succinic acid can then be integrated in the TCA cycle. L-arginine is eventua lly metabolized into succinic acid which then goes to the TCA cycle PW000790 Metabolic cysteine biosynthesis The pathway of cysteine biosynthesis is a two-step conversion starting from L-serine and yielding L-cysteine. L-serine biosynthesis is shown for context. L-cysteine can also be synthesized from sulfate derivatives. The process through L-serine involves a serine acetyltransferase that produces a O-acetylserine which reacts together with hydrogen sulfide through a cysteine synthase complex in order to produce L-cysteine and acetic acid. Hydrogen sulfide is produced from a sulfate. Sulfate reacts with sulfate adenylyltransferase to produce adenosine phosphosulfate. This compound in turn is phosphorylated through a adenylyl-sulfate kinase into a phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate which in turn reacts with a phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase to produce a sulfite. The sulfite reacts with a sulfite reductase to produce the hydrogen sulfide. This pathway is regulated at the genetic level in its second step, wtih both cysteine synthase isozymes being under the positive control of the cysteine-responsive transcription factor CysB. It is also subject to very strong feedback inhibition of its first step by the final pathway product, cysteine. Although two cysteine synthase isozymes exist, only cysteine synthase A (CysK) forms a complex with serine acetyltransferase. CysK is also the only one of the two cysteine synthases that is required for cell viability on cysteine-free medium. Both steps in this pathway are reversible. Based on genetic and proteomic data, it appears that the cysteine synthases may actually act as a sulfur scavenging system during sulfur starvation, stripping sulfur off of L-cysteine, generating any number of variant amino acids in the process. PW000800 Metabolic fatty acid elongation -- saturated This pathway shows the reactions that constitute one turn of a cycle that lengthens the chain of an acyl-ACP molecule by two carbons. The pathway is fed acetoacetyl-ACP, produces from malonyl acp, acetyl coa and 3-oxoacyl acp synthase 3. The products of multiple turns of this cycle that are drawn off to become components of fatty acid-containing compounds such as phospholipids, lipid A, and lipoproteins are the saturated fatty acids , lauric (dodecanoic), myristic (tetradecanoic), palmitic (hexadecanoic), and stearic (octadecanoic) acids. E. coli also contains unsaturated fatty acids. These are formed by a pathway that branches at the level of the 10-carbon intermediate. The final step of the cycle, the reductase, once thought to be catalyzed by two enzymes, has been shown to be catalyzed by a single enzyme, FabI, that can use either NADH or NADPH as a cofactor. However, the activity with NADH was over 17-fold higher than with NADPH, The production of acetoacetyl-acp is provided for context. Acetoacetyl-acp reacts spontaneously to produce a 3-oxoacyl acp. This compound will undergo the cycles of the elongation. The first step is converting the oxoacyl acp into a (3R) 3-hydroxyacyl(acp) through a 3-oxoacyl[acp] reductase.This second step converts the hydroxyacyl into a trans 2 enoyl acp through a protein complex conformed of a hydroxomyristoyl dehydratase and a hydroxydecanoyl dehydratase. The third step can be reached through two different reactions with a enoyl-acp reductase, involving NADPH or NADH. This leads to the production of a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl acp. For the final step the 2,3,4 fatty acyl acp is turned into a oxoacyl acp through a 3-oxoacyl acp synthase protein complex. This concludes one cycle. PW000798 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW000758 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (Butanoate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001017 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (Decanoate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001018 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (hexanoate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001019 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (laurate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001020 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (myristate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001021 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (octanoate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001022 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (palmitate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001023 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (steareate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001024 Metabolic fructose metabolism Fructose metabolism begins with the transport of Beta-D-fructofuranose through a fructose PTS permease, resulting in a Beta-D-fructofuranose 1-phosphate. This compound is phosphorylated by an ATP driven 1-phosphofructokinase resulting in a fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This compound can either react with a fructose bisphosphate aldolase class 1 resulting in D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or through a fructose biphosphate aldolase class 2 resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This compound can then either react in a reversible triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or react with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000913 Metabolic glycerol metabolism Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through a glycerophosphodiester reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase or it can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000914 Metabolic glycerol metabolism II Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000915 Metabolic glycerol metabolism III (sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through sn-glycero-3-phosphethanolamine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000916 Metabolic glycerol metabolism IV (glycerophosphoglycerol) Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through glycerophosphoglycerol reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000917 Metabolic glycerol metabolism V (glycerophosphoserine) Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through glycerophosphoserine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000918 Metabolic glycolate and glyoxylate degradation Glycolic acid is introduced into the cytoplasm through either a glycolate / lactate:H+ symporter or a acetate / glycolate transporter. Once inside, glycolic acid reacts with an oxidized electron-transfer flavoprotein through a glycolate oxidase resulting in a reduced acceptor and glyoxylic acid. Glyoxylic acid can also be obtained from the introduction of glyoxylic acid. It can also be obtained from the metabolism of (S)-allantoin. S-allantoin is introduced into the cytoplasm through a purine and pyrimidine transporter(allantoin specific). Once inside, the compound reacts with water through a allantoinase resulting in hydrogen ion and allantoic acid. Allantoic acid then reacts with water and hydrogen ion through a allantoate amidohydrolase resulting in a carbon dioxide, ammonium and S-ureidoglycine. The latter compound reacts with water through a S-ureidoglycine aminohydrolase resulting in ammonium and S-ureidoglycolic acid which in turn reacts with a Ureidoglycolate lyase resulting in urea and glyoxylic acid. Glyoxylic acid can either be metabolized into L-malic acid by a reaction with acetyl-CoA and Water through a malate synthase G which also releases hydrogen ion and Coenzyme A. L-malic acid is then incorporated into the TCA cycle. Glyoxylic acid can also be metabolized by glyoxylate carboligase, releasing a carbon dioxide and tartronate semialdehyde. The latter compound is then reduced by an NADH driven tartronate semialdehyde reductase 2 resulting in glyceric acid. Glyceric acid is phosphorylated by a glycerate kinase 2 resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid. This compound is then integrated into various other pathways: cysteine biosynthesis, serine biosynthesis and glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase. PW000827 Metabolic glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase Fructose metabolism begins with the transport of Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose PTS permease, resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is isomerized by a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase resulting in a fructose 6-phosphate. This compound can be phosphorylated by two different enzymes, a pyridoxal phosphatase/fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase or a ATP driven-6-phosphofructokinase-1 resulting in a fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This compound can either react with a fructose bisphosphate aldolase class 1 resulting in D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or through a fructose biphosphate aldolase class 2 resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This compound can then either react in a reversible triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or react with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000785 Metabolic ornithine metabolism In the ornithine biosynthesis pathway of E. coli, L-glutamate is acetylated to N-acetylglutamate by the enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase, encoded by the argA gene. The acetyl donor for this reaction is acetyl-CoA. N-acetylglutamic acid is then phosphorylated via an ATP driven acetylglutamate kinase which yields a N-acetyl-L-glutamyl 5-phosphate. This compound undergoes a NADPH dependent reduction resulting in N-acetyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde. This compound reacts with L-glutamic acid through a acetylornithine aminotransferase / N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase to produce a N-acetylornithine which is then deacetylated through a acetylornithine deacetylase which yield an ornithine. Ornithine interacts with hydrogen ion through a Ornithine decarboxylase resulting in a carbon dioxide release and a putrescine Putrescine can be metabolized by reaction with either l-glutamic acid or oxoglutaric acid. If putrescine reacts with L-glutamic acid, it reacts through an ATP mediated gamma-glutamylputrescine producing a hydrogen ion, ADP, phosphate and gamma-glutamyl-L-putrescine. This compound is reduced by interacting with oxygen, water and a gamma-glutamylputrescine oxidoreductase resulting in ammonium, hydrogen peroxide and 4-gamma-glutamylamino butanal. This compound is dehydrogenated through a NADP mediated reaction lead by gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutaryaldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in hydrogen ion, NADPH and 4-glutamylamino butanoate. In turn, the latter compound reacts with water through a gamma-glutamyl-gamma-aminobutyrate hydrolase resulting in L-glutamic acid and Gamma aminobutyric acid. On the other hand, if putrescine reacts with oxoglutaric acid through a putrescine aminotransferase, it results in L-glutamic acid, and a 4-aminobutyraldehyde. This compound reacts with water through a NAD dependent gamma aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in hydrogen ion, NADH and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Gamma Aaminobutyric acid reacts with oxoglutaric acid through 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase resulting in L-glutamic acid and succinic acid semialdehyde. This compound in turn can react with with either NADP or NAD to result in the production of succinic acid through succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase or aldehyde dehydrogenase-like protein yneI respectively. Succinic acid can then be integrated in the TCA cycle. PW000791 Metabolic palmitate biosynthesis Palmitate is synthesized by stepwise condensation of C2 units to a growing acyl chain. Each elongation cycle results in the addition of two carbons to the acyl chain, and consists of four separate reactions. The pathway starts with acetyl-CoA interacting with hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven acetyl-CoA carboxylase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP , a hydrogen ion and a malonyl-CoA. The latter compound interacts with a holo-[acp] through a malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase resulting in a CoA and a malonyl-[acp]. This compound interacts with hydrogen ion, acetyl-CoA through a KASIII resulting in a CoA, carbon dioxide and an acetoacetyl-[acp]. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxybutanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a crotonyl-[acp](2). The crotonyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a butyryl-[acp](3). The butyryl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-hexanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-hexanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxyhexanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans hex-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans hex-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a hexanoyl-[acp](3). The hexanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-octanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-octanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxyoctanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans oct-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans oct-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a octanoyl-[acp](3). The octanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-decanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-decanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxydecanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans-delta2-decenoyl-[acp](2). The a trans-delta2-decenoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a decanoyl-[acp](3). The decanoyl-[acp] interacts with a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-[acp ]interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans dodec-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans dodec-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a dodecanoyl-[acp](3). This compound can either react with water spontaneously resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-[acp] and a dodecanoic acid or it interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-myristoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-myristoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (3R) 3-Hydroxymyristoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans tetradec-2-enoyl-[acp](2). This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion, through a NADH-driven KASI resulting in a NAD and a myristoyl-[acp]. Myristoyl-[acp] with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-palmitoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-palmitoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (3R) 3-Hydroxypalmitoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans hexadecenoyl-[acp](2). The trans hexadecenoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a palmitoyl-[acp](3). Palmitoyl then reacts with water spontaneously resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-[acp] and palmitic acid. No integral membrane protein required for long chain fatty acid uptake has been identified in E. coli. The transport of long chain fatty acids across the cytoplasmic membrane is dependent on fatty acyl-CoA synthetase. An energised membrane is necessary for fatty acid transport and it has been suggested that uncharged fatty acids flip across the inner membrane by diffusion. PW000797 Metabolic peptidoglycan biosynthesis I Peptidoglycan is a net-like polymer which surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacteria and functions to maintain cell shape and prevent rupture due to the internal turgor.In E. coli K-12, the peptidoglycan consists of glycan strands of alternating subunits of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) which are cross-linked by short peptides. The pathway for constructing this net involves two cell compartments: cytoplasm and periplasmic space. The pathway starts with a beta-D-fructofuranose going through a mannose PTS permease, phosphorylating the compund and producing a beta-D-fructofuranose 6 phosphate. This compound can be obtained from the glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase or from an isomerization reaction of Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase.The compound Beta-D-fructofuranose 6 phosphate and L-Glutamine react with a glucosamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase, thus producing a glucosamine 6-phosphate and a l-glutamic acid. The glucosamine 6-phosphate interacts with phosphoglucosamine mutase in a reversible reaction producing glucosamine-1P. Glucosamine-1p and acetyl coa undergo acetylation throuhg a bifunctional protein glmU releasing Coa and a hydrogen ion and producing a N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate. Glmu, being a bifunctional protein, follows catalyze the interaction of N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate, hydrogen ion and UTP into UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and pyrophosphate. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine then interacts with phosphoenolpyruvic acid and a UDP-N acetylglucosamine 1- carboxyvinyltransferase realeasing a phosphate and the compound UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-enolpyruvate. This compound undergoes a NADPH dependent reduction producing a UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate through a UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate and L-alanine react in an ATP-mediated ligation through a UDP-N-acetylmuramate-alanine ligase releasing an ADP, hydrogen ion, a phosphate and a UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine. This compound interacts with D-glutamic acid and ATP through UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate ligase releasing ADP, A phosphate and UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate. The latter compound then interacts with meso-diaminopimelate in an ATP mediated ligation through a UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate-2,6-diaminopimelate ligase resulting in ADP, phosphate, hydrogen ion and UDP-N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelate. This compound in turn with D-alanyl-D-alanine react in an ATP-mediated ligation through UDP-N-Acetylmuramoyl-tripeptide-D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase to produce UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-gama-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-Dalanyl-D-alanine and hydrogen ion, ADP, phosphate. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-gama-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-Dalanyl-D-alanine interacts with di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate through a phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase, resulting in UMP and Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine which in turn reacts with a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine through a N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase to produce a hydrogen, UDP and ditrans,octacis-undecaprenyldiphospho-N-acetyl-(N-acetylglucosaminyl)muramoyl-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine. This compound ends the cytoplasmic part of the pathway. ditrans,octacis-undecaprenyldiphospho-N-acetyl-(N-acetylglucosaminyl)muramoyl-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine is transported through a lipi II flippase. Once in the periplasmic space, the compound reacts with a penicillin binding protein 1A prodducing a peptidoglycan dimer, a hydrogen ion, and UDP. The peptidoglycan dimer then reacts with a penicillin binding protein 1B producing a peptidoglycan with D,D, cross-links and a D-alanine. PW000906 Metabolic serine biosynthesis and metabolism Serine biosynthesis is a major metabolic pathway in E. coli. Its end product, serine, is not only used in protein synthesis, but also as a precursor for the biosynthesis of glycine, cysteine, tryptophan, and phospholipids. In addition, it directly or indirectly serves as a source of one-carbon units for the biosynthesis of various compounds. The biosynthesis of serine starts with 3-phosphoglyceric acid being metabolized by a NAD driven D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase / α-ketoglutarate reductase resulting in the release of a NADH, a hydrogen ion and a phosphohydroxypyruvic acid. The latter compound then interacts with an L-glutamic acid through a 3-phosphoserine aminotransferase / phosphohydroxythreonine aminotransferase resulting in oxoglutaric acid and DL-D-phosphoserine. The DL-D-phosphoserine can also be imported into the cytoplasm through a phosphonate ABC transporter. The DL-D-phosphoserine is dephosphorylated by interacting with a water molecule through a phosphoserine phosphatase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an L-serine L-serine is then metabolized by being dehydrated through either a L-serine dehydratase 2 or a L-serine dehydratase 1 resulting in the release of a water molecule, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is an isomer of a 2-iminopropanoate which reacts spontaneously with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion resulting in the release of Ammonium and pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an acetyl-CoA. PW000809 Metabolic superpathway of D-glucarate and D-galactarate degradation Galactarate is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid analog of D-galactose. E. coli can use both diacid sugars galactarate and D-glucarate as the sole source of carbon for growth. The initial step in the degradation of galactarate is its dehydration to 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2--) by galactarate dehydratase. Glucaric acid can also be dehydrated by a glucarate dehydratase resulting in water and 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2--). The 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2--) is then metabolized by a alpha-dehydro-beta-deoxy-D-glucarate aldolase resulting in pyruvic acid and a tartonate semialdehyde. Pyruvic acid interacts with coenzyme A through a NAD driven Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide, an NADH and an acetyl-CoA. The tartronate semialdehyde interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven tartronate semialdehyde reductase resulting in a NADP and a glyceric acid. The glyceric acid is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven glycerate kinase 2 resulting in an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 2-phosphoglyceric acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by an enolase resulting in the release of water and a phosphoenolpyruvic acid. The phosphoenolpyruvic acid interacts with a hydrogen ion through an ADP driven pyruvate kinase resulting in an ATP and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with water and an ATP through a phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, a phosphate, an AMP and a Phosphoenolpyruvic acid. PW000795 Metabolic threonine biosynthesis The biosynthesis of threonine starts with oxalacetic acid interacting with an L-glutamic acid through an aspartate aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and an L-aspartic acid. The latter compound is then phosphorylated by an ATP driven Aspartate kinase resulting in an a release of an ADP and an L-aspartyl-4-phosphate. This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a phosphate, an NADP and a L-aspartate-semialdehyde.The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven aspartate kinase / homoserine dehydrogenase resulting in the release of an NADP and a L-homoserine. L-homoserine is phosphorylated through an ATP driven homoserine kinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a O-phosphohomoserine. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule threonine synthase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an L-threonine. PW000817 Metabolic lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis II E. coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane. The pathway can start from the fructose 6-phosphate that is either produced in the glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase or be obtained from the interaction with D-fructose interacting with a mannose PTS permease. Fructose 6-phosphate interacts with L-glutamine through a D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase resulting into a L-glutamic acid and a glucosamine 6-phosphate. The latter compound is isomerized through a phosphoglucosamine mutase resulting a glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound is acetylated, interacting with acetyl-CoA through a bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a Coenzyme A, hydrogen ion and N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound interact with UTP and hydrogen ion through the bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a pyrophosphate and a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a UDP-3-O[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine. This compound interacts with water through UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase resulting in an acetic acid and UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxymyristoyl)-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-glucosamine N-acyltransferase releasing a hydrogen ion, a holo-acp and UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound is hydrolase by interacting with water and a UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolase resulting in UMP, hydrogen ion and 2,3-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-α-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate. This last compound then interacts with a UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine through a lipid A disaccharide synthase resulting in a release of UDP, hydrogen ion and a lipid A disaccharide. The lipid A disaccharide is phosphorylated by an ATP mediated tetraacyldisaccharide 4'-kinase resulting in the release of hydrogen ion and lipid IVA. A D-ribulose 5-phosphate is isomerized with D-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase 2 to result in a D-arabinose 5-phosphate. This compounds interacts with water and phosphoenolpyruvic acid through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase resulting in the release of phosphate and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate. This compound interacts with water through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate phosphatase thus releasing a phosphate and a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate. The latter compound interacts with CTP through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate. CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate and lipid IVA interact with each other through a KDO transferase resulting in CMP, hydrogen ion and alpha-Kdo-(2-->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate through a KDO transferase resulting in a CMP, hydrogen ion, and a a-Kdo-(2->4)-a-Kdo-(2->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound can either interact with a phosphoethanolamine resulting in a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol and a phosphoethanolamine-Kdo2-lipid A which can be exported outside the cell, or it can interact with a dodecanoyl-[acp] lauroyl acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a (KDO)2-(lauroyl)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with a myristoyl-[acp] through a myristoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp], (KDO)2-lipid A. The latter compound reacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase I resulting hydrogen ion, ADP, heptosyl-KDO2-lipid A. The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase II resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. The latter compound UDP-glucose interacts with (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A resulting in UDP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. Glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A (Escherichia coli) is phosphorylated through an ATP-mediated lipopolysaccharide core heptose (I) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate. The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core heptosyl transferase III resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion, and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate. The latter compound is phosphorylated through an ATP-driven lipopolysaccharide core heptose (II) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-alpha-D-galactose through a UDP-D-galactose:(glucosyl)lipopolysaccharide-1,6-D-galactosyltransferase resulting in a UDP, a hydrogen ion and a galactosyl-glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-glucose through a (glucosyl)LPS α-1,3-glucosyltransferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a UDP and galactosyl-(glucosyl)2-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with UDP-glucose through a UDP-glucose:(glucosyl)LPS α-1,2-glucosyltransferase resulting in UDP, a hydrogen ion and galactosyl-(glucosyl)3-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis; heptosyl transferase IV; probably hexose transferase resulting in a Lipid A-core. A lipid A-core is then exported into the periplasmic space by a lipopolysaccharide ABC transporter. The lipid A-core is then flipped to the outer surface of the inner membrane by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, MsbA. An additional integral membrane protein, YhjD, has recently been implicated in LPS export across the IM. The smallest LPS derivative that supports viability in E. coli is lipid IVA. However, it requires mutations in either MsbA or YhjD, to suppress the normally lethal consequence of an incomplete lipid A . Recent studies with deletion mutants implicate the periplasmic protein LptA, the cytosolic protein LptB, and the IM proteins LptC, LptF, and LptG in the subsequent transport of nascent LPS to the outer membrane (OM), where the LptD/LptE complex flips LPS to the outer surface. PW001905 Metabolic tryptophan metabolism II The biosynthesis of L-tryptophan begins with L-glutamine interacting with a chorismate through a anthranilate synthase which results in a L-glutamic acid, a pyruvic acid, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminobenzoic acid. The aminobenzoic acid interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through an anthranilate synthase component II resulting in a pyrophosphate and a N-(5-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate. The latter compound is then metabolized by an indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in a 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose 5'-phosphate. This compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, a water molecule and a (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate. The latter compound then interacts with a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and an Indole. The indole interacts with an L-serine through a tryptophan synthase, β subunit dimer resulting in a water molecule and an L-tryptophan. The metabolism of L-tryptophan starts with L-tryptophan being dehydrogenated by a tryptophanase / L-cysteine desulfhydrase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an Indole and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is isomerized into a 2-iminopropanoate. This compound then interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in the release of an Ammonium and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an Acetyl-CoA PW001916 Metabolic TCA cycle (ubiquinol-0) The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase. The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid. The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid. PW002023 Metabolic glycolate and glyoxylate degradation II Oxaloglycolate (2-Hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate) interacts with a tartrate dehydrogenase resulting in a L-tartrate. L-tartrate then interacts with tartrate dehydrogenase resulting in a Oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate and acetyl-coa interact to result in a citrate which is processed by a aconitate hydratase resulting in a cis-Aconitate and further more into a isocitrate which will eventually be procressed into a glyoxylic acid. Glyoxylic acid can either be metabolized into L-malic acid by a reaction with acetyl-CoA and Water through a malate synthase G which also releases hydrogen ion and Coenzyme A. L-malic acid is then incorporated into the TCA cycle. Glyoxylic acid can also be metabolized by glyoxylate carboligase, releasing a carbon dioxide and tartronate semialdehyde. The latter compound is then reduced by an NADH driven tartronate semialdehyde reductase 2 resulting in glyceric acid. Glyceric acid is phosphorylated by a glycerate kinase 2 resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid. This compound is then integrated into various other pathways: cysteine biosynthesis, serine biosynthesis and glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase. PW002021 Metabolic Phenylethylamine metabolism The process of phenylethylamine metabolism starts with 2-phenylethylamine interacting with an oxygen molecule and a water molecule in the periplasmic space through a phenylethylamine oxidase. This reaction results in the release of a hydrogen peroxide, ammonium and phenylacetaldehyde. Phenylacetaldehyde is introduced into the cytosol and degraded into phenylacetate by reaction with a phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase. This reaction involves phenylacetaldehyde interacting with NAD, and a water molecule and then resulting in the release of NADH, and 2 hydrogen ion. Phenylacetate is then degraded. The first step involves phenylacetate interacting with an coenzyme A and an ATP driven phenylacetate-CoA ligase resulting in the release of a AMP, a diphosphate and a phenylacetyl-CoA. This resulting compound the interacts with a hydrogen ion, NADPH, and oxygen molecule through a ring 1,2-phenylacetyl-CoA epoxidase protein complex resulting in the release of a water molecule, an NADP and a 2-(1,2-epoxy-1,2-dihydrophenyl)acetyl-CoA. This compound is then metabolized by a ring 1,2 epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA isomerase resulting in a 2-oxepin-2(3H)-ylideneacetyl-CoA. This compound is then hydrolated through a oxepin-CoA hydrolase resulting in a 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde. This commpound then interacts with a water molecule and NADP driven 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA semialadehyde dehydrogenase resulting in 2 hydrogen ions, a NADPH and a 3-oxo-5,6-didehydrosuberyl-CoA. The resulting compound interacts with a coenzyme A and a 3-oxo-5,6 dehydrosuberyl-CoA thiolase resulting in an acetyl-CoA and a 2,3-didehydroadipyl-CoA. This resulting compound is the hydrated by a 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA hydratas resulting in a 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA whuch is dehydrogenated through an NAD driven 3-hydroxyadipyl-CoA dehydrogenase resulting in a NADH, a hydrogen ion and a 3-oxoadipyl-CoA. The latter compound then interacts with conezyme A through a beta-ketoadipyl-CoA thiolase resulting in an acetyl-CoA and a succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA is then integrated into the TCA cycle. PW002027 Metabolic 1,6-anhydro-<i>N</i>-acetylmuramic acid recycling Anhydromuropeptides (mainly GlcNAc-1,6-anhMurNAc-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-DAP-D-Ala) are steadily released during growth by lytic transglycosylases and endopeptidases and imported back into the cytoplasm for recycling. During bacterial growth, a very large proportion of the peptidoglycan polymer is degraded and reused in a process termed cell wall recycling. For example, the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli recovers about half of its cell wall within one generation. The anhydromuropeptides are imported by the ampG-encoded muropeptide:H+ symporter. Once inside the cytoplasm, the anhydromuropeptides are hydrolyzed by N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase (ampD), β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (nagZ) and L,D-carboxypeptidase A (ldcA), yielding N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine, 1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-β-muramate, L-alanyl-γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelate and D-alanine. 1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-β-muramate is phosphorylated by anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid kinase (anmK) and then converted into N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate by N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase (murQ). This is a branch point, as this compound could be directed either for further degradation or for recycling into new peptidoglycan monomers, as described in this pathway. The final product of this pathway, UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-muramate, is one of the precursors for peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The tripeptide L-alanyl-γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelate, which is generated by muramoyltetrapeptide carboxypeptidase, can be degraded further, as described in muropeptide degradation. However, the vast majority is recycled by muropeptide ligase (mpl). This enzyme is a dedicated recycling enzyme that attaches the recovered Ala-Glu-DAP tripeptide to UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-muramate, thereby substituting three amino acid ligases of the peptidoglycan de novobiosynthetic pathway. Although exogenously provided 1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-β-muramate can be taken up by Escherichia coli, it can not serve as the sole source of carbon for growth, suggesting that it may be toxic to the cell. (EcoCyc) PW002064 Metabolic 2-Oxopent-4-enoate metabolism 2 The pathway starts with trans-cinnamate interacting with a hydrogen ion, an oxygen molecule, and a NADH through a cinnamate dioxygenase resulting in a NAD and a Cis-3-(3-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol which then interact together through a 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrophenylpropionate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an NADH molecule and a 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate. The second way by which the 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate is acquired is through a 3-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate interacting with a hydrogen ion, a NADH and an oxygen molecule through a 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate 2-hydroxylase resulting in the release of a NAD molecule, a water molecule and a 2,3-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate. The compound 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate then interacts with an oxygen molecule through a 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate 1,2-dioxygenase resulting in a hydrogen ion and a 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4,7-triene-1,9-dioate. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule through a 2-hydroxy-6-oxononatrienedioate hydrolase resulting in a release of a hydrogen ion, a fumarate molecule and (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate. The latter compound reacts spontaneously to isomerize into a 2-oxopent-4-enoate. This compound is then hydrated through a 2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase resulting in a 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate. This compound then interacts with a 4-hydroxy-2-ketovalerate aldolase resulting in the release of a pyruvate, and an acetaldehyde. The acetaldehyde then interacts with a coenzyme A and a NAD molecule through a acetaldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a NADH and an acetyl-coa which can be incorporated into the TCA cycle PW002035 Metabolic Secondary Metabolites: enterobacterial common antigen biosynthesis 2 The biosynthesis of a enterobacterial common antigen can begin with a di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate interacts with a Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine through undecaprenyl-phosphate α-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase resulting in a N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol and a Uridine 5'-monophosphate. The N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol then reacts with an UDP-ManNAcA from the Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathway. This reaction is metabolized by a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid transferase resulting in a uridine 5' diphosphate, a hydrogen ion and a Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate. Glucose 1 phosphate can be metabolize by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a thymidine 5-triphosphate by either reacting with a dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase or a dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and a dTDP-D-glucose. The latter compound is then dehydrated through an dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase 2 resulting in water and dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamic acid through a dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose transaminase resulting in the release of oxoglutaric acid and dTDP-thomosamine. The latter compound interacts with acetyl-coa through a dTDP-fucosamine acetyltransferase resulting in a Coenzyme A, a hydrogen Ion and a TDP-Fuc4NAc. Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate then interacts with a TDP--Fuc4NAc through a 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose transferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a dTDP and a Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate. This compound is then transported through a protein wzxE into the periplasmic space so that it can be incorporated into the outer membrane Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is an outer membrane glycolipid common to all members of Enterobacteriaceae. ECA is a unique cell surface antigen that can be found in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. The carbohydrate portion consists of N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. These amino sugars form trisaccharide repeat units which are part of linear heteropolysaccharide chains. PW002045 Metabolic Secondary Metabolites: enterobacterial common antigen biosynthesis 3 The biosynthesis of a enterobacterial common antigen can begin with a di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate interacts with a Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine through undecaprenyl-phosphate α-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase resulting in a N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol and a Uridine 5'-monophosphate. The N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminyl-diphospho-ditrans,octacis-undecaprenol then reacts with an UDP-ManNAcA from the Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathway. This reaction is metabolized by a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid transferase resulting in a uridine 5' diphosphate, a hydrogen ion and a Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate. Glucose 1 phosphate can be metabolize by interacting with a hydrogen ion and a thymidine 5-triphosphate by either reacting with a dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase or a dTDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and a dTDP-D-glucose. The latter compound is then dehydrated through an dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase 2 resulting in water and dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose. The latter compound interacts with L-glutamic acid through a dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose transaminase resulting in the release of oxoglutaric acid and dTDP-thomosamine. The latter compound interacts with acetyl-coa through a dTDP-fucosamine acetyltransferase resulting in a Coenzyme A, a hydrogen Ion and a TDP-Fuc4NAc. Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate then interacts with a TDP--Fuc4NAc through a 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose transferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a dTDP and a Undecaprenyl N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-mannosaminuronate-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose pyrophosphate. This compound is then transported through a protein wzxE into the periplasmic space so that it can be incorporated into the outer membrane Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is an outer membrane glycolipid common to all members of Enterobacteriaceae. ECA is a unique cell surface antigen that can be found in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane. The carbohydrate portion consists of N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. These amino sugars form trisaccharide repeat units which are part of linear heteropolysaccharide chains. PW002046 Metabolic biotin-carboxyl carrier protein assembly The assembly of a biotin-carboxyl carrier protein starts with a biotin carboxyl carrier protein monomer interacting with an ATP, and a biotin through a biotin -acetyl-coa-carboxylase ligase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an AMP, a diphosphate and a biotynylated BCCP monomer. The latter compound reacts spontaneously to create a biotinylated BCCP dimer. This compound in turn reacts with a hydrogen carbonate and an ATP driven biotin carboxylase resulting in the release of ADP, a hydrogen Ion , a phosphate and a carboxylated biotinylated BCCP dimer. This complex can be degraded by reacting with water, an acetyl0CoA, and an ATP driven acetyl-CoA carboxyltransferase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, a phosphate, an ADP, a malonyl-CoA and a biotynylated BCCP dimer PW002067 Metabolic lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis III E. coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane. The pathway can start from the fructose 6-phosphate that is either produced in the glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase or be obtained from the interaction with D-fructose interacting with a mannose PTS permease. Fructose 6-phosphate interacts with L-glutamine through a D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase resulting into a L-glutamic acid and a glucosamine 6-phosphate. The latter compound is isomerized through a phosphoglucosamine mutase resulting a glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound is acetylated, interacting with acetyl-CoA through a bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a Coenzyme A, hydrogen ion and N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound interact with UTP and hydrogen ion through the bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a pyrophosphate and a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a UDP-3-O[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine. This compound interacts with water through UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase resulting in an acetic acid and UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxymyristoyl)-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-glucosamine N-acyltransferase releasing a hydrogen ion, a holo-acp and UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound is hydrolase by interacting with water and a UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolase resulting in UMP, hydrogen ion and 2,3-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-α-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate. This last compound then interacts with a UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine through a lipid A disaccharide synthase resulting in a release of UDP, hydrogen ion and a lipid A disaccharide. The lipid A disaccharide is phosphorylated by an ATP mediated tetraacyldisaccharide 4'-kinase resulting in the release of hydrogen ion and lipid IVA. A D-ribulose 5-phosphate is isomerized with D-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase 2 to result in a D-arabinose 5-phosphate. This compounds interacts with water and phosphoenolpyruvic acid through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase resulting in the release of phosphate and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate. This compound interacts with water through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate phosphatase thus releasing a phosphate and a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate. The latter compound interacts with CTP through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate. CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate and lipid IVA interact with each other through a KDO transferase resulting in CMP, hydrogen ion and alpha-Kdo-(2-->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate through a KDO transferase resulting in a CMP, hydrogen ion, and a a-Kdo-(2->4)-a-Kdo-(2->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound can either react with a palmitoleoyl-acp through a palmitoleoyl acyltransferase resulting in the release of a holo-acyl carriere protein and a Kdo2-palmitoleoyl-lipid IVa which in turn reacts with a myristoyl-acp through a myristoyl-acp dependent acyltransferase resulting in a release of a holo-acp and a Kdo2-lipid A, cold adapted, or it can interact with a dodecanoyl-[acp] lauroyl acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a (KDO)2-(lauroyl)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with a myristoyl-[acp] through a myristoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp], (KDO)2-lipid A. The latter compound reacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase I resulting hydrogen ion, ADP, heptosyl-KDO2-lipid A. The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase II resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. The latter compound UDP-glucose interacts with (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A resulting in UDP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. Glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A (Escherichia coli) is phosphorylated through an ATP-mediated lipopolysaccharide core heptose (I) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate. The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core heptosyl transferase III resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion, and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate. The latter compound is phosphorylated through an ATP-driven lipopolysaccharide core heptose (II) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-alpha-D-galactose through a UDP-D-galactose:(glucosyl)lipopolysaccharide-1,6-D-galactosyltransferase resulting in a UDP, a hydrogen ion and a galactosyl-glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-glucose through a (glucosyl)LPS α-1,3-glucosyltransferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a UDP and galactosyl-(glucosyl)2-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with UDP-glucose through a UDP-glucose:(glucosyl)LPS α-1,2-glucosyltransferase resulting in UDP, a hydrogen ion and galactosyl-(glucosyl)3-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis; heptosyl transferase IV; probably hexose transferase resulting in a Lipid A-core. A lipid A-core is then exported into the periplasmic space by a lipopolysaccharide ABC transporter. The lipid A-core is then flipped to the outer surface of the inner membrane by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, MsbA. An additional integral membrane protein, YhjD, has recently been implicated in LPS export across the IM. The smallest LPS derivative that supports viability in E. coli is lipid IVA. However, it requires mutations in either MsbA or YhjD, to suppress the normally lethal consequence of an incomplete lipid A . Recent studies with deletion mutants implicate the periplasmic protein LptA, the cytosolic protein LptB, and the IM proteins LptC, LptF, and LptG in the subsequent transport of nascent LPS to the outer membrane (OM), where the LptD/LptE complex flips LPS to the outer surface. PW002059 Metabolic palmitate biosynthesis 2 Palmitate is synthesized by stepwise condensation of C2 units to a growing acyl chain. Each elongation cycle results in the addition of two carbons to the acyl chain, and consists of four separate reactions. The pathway starts with acetyl-CoA interacting with hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven acetyl-CoA carboxylase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP , a hydrogen ion and a malonyl-CoA. The latter compound interacts with a holo-[acp] through a malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase resulting in a CoA and a malonyl-[acp]. This compound interacts with hydrogen ion, acetyl-CoA through a KASIII resulting in a CoA, carbon dioxide and an acetoacetyl-[acp]. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxybutanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a crotonyl-[acp](2). The crotonyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a butyryl-[acp](3). The butyryl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-hexanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-hexanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxyhexanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans hex-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans hex-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a hexanoyl-[acp](3). The hexanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-octanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-octanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxyoctanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans oct-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans oct-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a octanoyl-[acp](3). The octanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-decanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-decanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxydecanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans-delta2-decenoyl-[acp](2). The a trans-delta2-decenoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a decanoyl-[acp](3). The decanoyl-[acp] interacts with a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-[acp ]interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans dodec-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans dodec-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a dodecanoyl-[acp](3). This compound can either react with water spontaneously resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-[acp] and a dodecanoic acid or it interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-myristoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-myristoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (3R) 3-Hydroxymyristoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans tetradec-2-enoyl-[acp](2). This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion, through a NADH-driven KASI resulting in a NAD and a myristoyl-[acp]. Myristoyl-[acp] with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-palmitoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-palmitoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (3R) 3-Hydroxypalmitoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans hexadecenoyl-[acp](2). The trans hexadecenoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a palmitoyl-[acp](3). Palmitoyl then reacts with water spontaneously resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-[acp] and palmitic acid. No integral membrane protein required for long chain fatty acid uptake has been identified in E. coli. The transport of long chain fatty acids across the cytoplasmic membrane is dependent on fatty acyl-CoA synthetase. An energised membrane is necessary for fatty acid transport and it has been suggested that uncharged fatty acids flip across the inner membrane by diffusion. PW002044 Metabolic peptidoglycan biosynthesis I 2 Peptidoglycan is a net-like polymer which surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacteria and functions to maintain cell shape and prevent rupture due to the internal turgor.In E. coli K-12, the peptidoglycan consists of glycan strands of alternating subunits of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) which are cross-linked by short peptides. The pathway for constructing this net involves two cell compartments: cytoplasm and periplasmic space. The pathway starts with a beta-D-fructofuranose going through a mannose PTS permease, phosphorylating the compund and producing a beta-D-fructofuranose 6 phosphate. This compound can be obtained from the glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase or from an isomerization reaction of Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase.The compound Beta-D-fructofuranose 6 phosphate and L-Glutamine react with a glucosamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase, thus producing a glucosamine 6-phosphate and a l-glutamic acid. The glucosamine 6-phosphate interacts with phosphoglucosamine mutase in a reversible reaction producing glucosamine-1P. Glucosamine-1p and acetyl coa undergo acetylation throuhg a bifunctional protein glmU releasing Coa and a hydrogen ion and producing a N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate. Glmu, being a bifunctional protein, follows catalyze the interaction of N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate, hydrogen ion and UTP into UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and pyrophosphate. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine then interacts with phosphoenolpyruvic acid and a UDP-N acetylglucosamine 1- carboxyvinyltransferase realeasing a phosphate and the compound UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-enolpyruvate. This compound undergoes a NADPH dependent reduction producing a UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate through a UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate and L-alanine react in an ATP-mediated ligation through a UDP-N-acetylmuramate-alanine ligase releasing an ADP, hydrogen ion, a phosphate and a UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine. This compound interacts with D-glutamic acid and ATP through UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate ligase releasing ADP, A phosphate and UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate. The latter compound then interacts with meso-diaminopimelate in an ATP mediated ligation through a UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate-2,6-diaminopimelate ligase resulting in ADP, phosphate, hydrogen ion and UDP-N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelate. This compound in turn with D-alanyl-D-alanine react in an ATP-mediated ligation through UDP-N-Acetylmuramoyl-tripeptide-D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase to produce UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-gama-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-Dalanyl-D-alanine and hydrogen ion, ADP, phosphate. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-gama-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-Dalanyl-D-alanine interacts with di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate through a phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase, resulting in UMP and N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol which in turn reacts with a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine through a N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase to produce a hydrogen, UDP and Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetylglucosamine)-L-alanyl-D-glutaminyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine. This compound ends the cytoplasmic part of the pathway. Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetylglucosamine)-L-alanyl-D-glutaminyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine is transported through a lipi II flippase. Once in the periplasmic space, the compound reacts with a penicillin binding protein 1A prodducing a peptidoglycan dimer, a hydrogen ion, and UDP. The peptidoglycan dimer then reacts with a penicillin binding protein 1B producing a peptidoglycan with D,D, cross-links and a D-alanine. PW002062 Metabolic Acetate metabolism The acetate biosynthesis starts with acetyl-CoA reacting with phosphate through a phosphate acetyltransferase resulting in the release of a coenzyme A and an acetyl phosphate. The latter compound in turn reacts with ADP through an acetate kinase resulting in the release of an ATP and an acetate. The acetate reacts with ATP and coenzyme A through an acetyl-CoA synthase resulting in the release of a diphosphate, an AMP and an acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can be biosynthesized by acetoacetate reacting with an acetyl-CoA through an acetoacetyl-CoA transferase resulting in the release of an acetate and an acetoacetyl-CoA. The acetoacetyl-CoA reacts with an acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase resulting in the release of an coenzyme A and 2 acetyl-CoA PW002090 Metabolic O-antigen building blocks biosynthesis Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major outer membrane component, is composed of three domains: Lipid A; the core, which is an oligosaccharide consisting of an inner and outer region; and a distal repeating unit known as O-antigen. E. coli K12 is capable of producing an O-antigen when all the rfb genes are intact. The O-antigen is part of the lipopolysaccharide and is attached to the lipid A-core component, which is separately synthesized. The O-antigen is a repeat unit composed of four sugars: glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and rhamnose. This pathway depicts the synthesis of three of these sugars. UDP-galactose is transformed from its pyranose form to its furanose form. dTTP glucose-1-phosphate is derivatized to dTDP-rhamnose. Fructose-6-phosphate gains an amino group, incorporates an acetate moiety and then acquires a nucleoside diphosphate resulting in UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.(EcoCyc) PW002089 Metabolic pyruvate decarboxylation to acetyl CoA This multi-enzyme complex, which consists of 24 subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase, 24 subunits of lipoate acetyltransferase, and 12 subunits of dihydrolipoate dehydrogenase, catalyzes three reactions, which constitute a cycle. The complex contains a lipoyl active site in the form of lipoyllysine, as well as a thiamin diphosphate. The net consequence of the cycle, in addition to reducing NAD+, is the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and CO2, a key reaction of central metabolism because it links glycolysis I, which generates pyruvate, to the TCA cycle, into which the acetyl-CoA flows. During aerobic growth the cycle is an essential source of acetyl-CoA to feed the TCA cycle and thereby to satisfy the cellular requirements for the precursor metabolites it forms. Mutant strains defective in the complex require an exogenous source of acetate to meet this requirement, but anaerobically such mutants grow without exogenous acetate because under such conditions, pyruvate formate lyase generates acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. Mutant strains lacking pyruvate formate lyase have the reverse phenotype. They require acetate for anaerobic but not for aerobic growth. PW002083 Metabolic pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides degradation PWY0-1298 biotin-carboxyl carrier protein assembly PWY0-1264 purine deoxyribonucleosides degradation PWY0-1297 cysteine biosynthesis I CYSTSYN-PWY acetate formation from acetyl-CoA I PWY0-1312 mixed acid fermentation FERMENTATION-PWY acetoacetate degradation (to acetyl CoA) ACETOACETATE-DEG-PWY ornithine biosynthesis GLUTORN-PWY acetate conversion to acetyl-CoA PWY0-1313 fatty acid &beta;-oxidation I FAO-PWY phenylacetate degradation I (aerobic) PWY0-321 respiration (anaerobic) ANARESP1-PWY glyoxylate cycle GLYOXYLATE-BYPASS TCA cycle I (prokaryotic) TCA ethanol degradation I ETOH-ACETYLCOA-ANA-PWY superpathway of glycol metabolism and degradation GLYOXDEG-PWY threonine degradation II THREONINE-DEG2-PWY threonine degradation IV PWY-5436 UDP-<i>N</i>-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis I UDPNAGSYN-PWY isoleucine biosynthesis I (from threonine) LEUSYN-PWY enterobacterial common antigen biosynthesis ECASYN-PWY acetyl-CoA biosynthesis I (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) PYRUVDEHYD-PWY superpathway of glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, TCA, and glyoxylate bypass GLYCOLYSIS-TCA-GLYOX-BYPASS 2-oxopentenoate degradation PWY-5162 fatty acid biosynthesis initiation I PWY-4381 superpathway of fatty acid biosynthesis initiation (E. coli) FASYN-INITIAL-PWY fatty acid biosynthesis initiation II PWY-5966 Specdb::CMs 789921 Specdb::CMs 789922 Specdb::CMs 789923 Specdb::CMs 789924 Specdb::CMs 789925 Specdb::CMs 789926 Specdb::CMs 789927 Specdb::CMs 789928 Specdb::NmrOneD 87512 Specdb::NmrOneD 87513 Specdb::NmrOneD 87514 Specdb::NmrOneD 87515 Specdb::NmrOneD 87516 Specdb::NmrOneD 87517 Specdb::NmrOneD 87518 Specdb::NmrOneD 87519 Specdb::NmrOneD 87520 Specdb::NmrOneD 87521 Specdb::NmrOneD 87522 Specdb::NmrOneD 87523 Specdb::NmrOneD 87524 Specdb::NmrOneD 87525 Specdb::NmrOneD 87526 Specdb::NmrOneD 87527 Specdb::NmrOneD 87528 Specdb::NmrOneD 87529 Specdb::NmrOneD 87530 Specdb::NmrOneD 87531 Specdb::MsMs 29696 Specdb::MsMs 29697 Specdb::MsMs 29698 Specdb::MsMs 36254 Specdb::MsMs 36255 Specdb::MsMs 36256 Specdb::MsMs 1470771 Specdb::MsMs 1470772 Specdb::MsMs 1471106 Specdb::MsMs 1471107 Specdb::MsMs 1471108 Specdb::MsMs 2240271 Specdb::MsMs 2241450 Specdb::MsMs 2242301 Specdb::MsMs 2243548 Specdb::MsMs 2334370 Specdb::MsMs 2334371 Specdb::MsMs 2334372 Specdb::MsMs 2627849 Specdb::MsMs 2627850 Specdb::MsMs 2627851 HMDB01206 6302 392413 C00024 15351 ACETYL-COA ACO Acetyl-CoA Keseler, I. 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J Clin Invest. 1991 Sep;88(3):960-6. 1885781 Tucek, S. The synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A and acetylcholine from citrate and acetate in the nerve endings of mammalian brain. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, General Subjects (1966), 117(1), 278-80. Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex P06959 ODP2_ECOLI aceF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06959.xml Galactoside O-acetyltransferase P07464 THGA_ECOLI lacA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P07464.xml Malate synthase A P08997 MASY_ECOLI aceB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P08997.xml 2-isopropylmalate synthase P09151 LEU1_ECOLI leuA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P09151.xml Formate acetyltransferase 1 P09373 PFLB_ECOLI pflB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P09373.xml Amino-acid acetyltransferase P0A6C5 ARGA_ECOLI argA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6C5.xml 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase 3 P0A6R0 FABH_ECOLI fabH http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6R0.xml Ribosomal-protein-alanine acetyltransferase P0A944 RIMI_ECOLI rimI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A944.xml Ribosomal-protein-alanine acetyltransferase_ P0A948 RIMJ_ECOLI rimJ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A948.xml Spermidine N(1)-acetyltransferase P0A951 ATDA_ECOLI speG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A951.xml Serine acetyltransferase P0A9D4 CYSE_ECOLI cysE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9D4.xml Citrate lyase subunit beta P0A9I1 CITE_ECOLI citE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9I1.xml Phosphate acetyltransferase P0A9M8 PTA_ECOLI pta http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9M8.xml Pyruvate formate-lyase 1-activating enzyme P0A9N4 PFLA_ECOLI pflA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9N4.xml Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase P0A9P0 DLDH_ECOLI lpdA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9P0.xml Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase carboxyl transferase subunit beta P0A9Q5 ACCD_ECOLI accD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9Q5.xml Aldehyde-alcohol dehydrogenase P0A9Q7 ADHE_ECOLI adhE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9Q7.xml 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase P0AB77 KBL_ECOLI kbl http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AB77.xml Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase carboxyl transferase subunit alpha P0ABD5 ACCA_ECOLI accA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABD5.xml Biotin carboxyl carrier protein of acetyl-CoA carboxylase P0ABD8 BCCP_ECOLI accB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABD8.xml Citrate synthase P0ABH7 CISY_ECOLI gltA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABH7.xml Bifunctional protein glmU P0ACC7 GLMU_ECOLI glmU http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ACC7.xml Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component P0AFG8 ODP1_ECOLI aceE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFG8.xml Beta-ketoadipyl-CoA thiolase P0C7L2 PAAJ_ECOLI paaJ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0C7L2.xml 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase P21151 FADA_ECOLI fadA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P21151.xml Biotin carboxylase P24182 ACCC_ECOLI accC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P24182.xml Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase P27550 ACSA_ECOLI acs http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P27550.xml Formate acetyltransferase 2 P32674 PFLD_ECOLI pflD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P32674.xml Pyruvate formate-lyase 2-activating enzyme P32675 PFLC_ECOLI pflC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P32675.xml Malate synthase G P37330 MASZ_ECOLI glcB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37330.xml Keto-acid formate acetyltransferase P42632 TDCE_ECOLI tdcE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P42632.xml Probable pyruvate-flavodoxin oxidoreductase P52647 NIFJ_ECOLI ydbK http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P52647.xml Citrate lyase alpha chain P75726 CILA_ECOLI citF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75726.xml Putative formate acetyltransferase 3 P75793 PFLF_ECOLI ybiW http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75793.xml Acetate CoA-transferase subunit alpha P76458 ATOD_ECOLI atoD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76458.xml Acetate CoA-transferase subunit beta P76459 ATOA_ECOLI atoA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76459.xml Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase P76461 ATOB_ECOLI atoB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76461.xml 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase_ P76503 FADI_ECOLI fadI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76503.xml Probable enoyl-CoA hydratase paaG P77467 PAAG_ECOLI paaG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77467.xml N-hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferase P77567 NHOA_ECOLI nhoA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77567.xml Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase P77580 ACDH_ECOLI mhpF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77580.xml Maltose O-acetyltransferase P77791 MAA_ECOLI maa http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77791.xml Probable acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase Q46939 YQEF_ECOLI yqeF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/Q46939.xml Putative lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis O-acetyl transferase wbbJ P37750 WBBJ_ECOLI wbbJ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37750.xml Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein rffC P27832 RFFC_ECOLI rffC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P27832.xml Flavodoxin-2 P0ABY4 FLAW_ECOLI fldB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABY4.xml Flavodoxin-1 P61949 FLAV_ECOLI fldA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P61949.xml Ethanolamine utilization protein eutD P77218 EUTD_ECOLI eutD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77218.xml Autonomous glycyl radical cofactor P68066 GRCA_ECOLI grcA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P68066.xml Acyl carrier protein P0A6A8 ACP_ECOLI acpP http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6A8.xml aldehyde oxidoreductase, ethanolamine utilization protein P77445 eutE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77445.xml predicted acyltransferase with acyl-CoA N-acyltransferase domain P76112 yncA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76112.xml Uncharacterized protein ypfI P76562 YPFI_ECOLI ypfI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76562.xml Coenzyme A + 2 flavodoxin semi oxidized + Pyruvic acid <> Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide +2 Flavodoxin reduced + Hydrogen ion Coenzyme A + Pyruvic acid <> Acetyl-CoA + Formic acid R00212 PYRUVFORMLY-RXN Coenzyme A + NAD + Pyruvic acid > Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + NADH PYRUVDEH-RXN Acetyl-CoA + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen carbonate <> ADP + Hydrogen ion + Malonyl-CoA + Phosphate R00742 ACETYL-COA-CARBOXYLTRANSFER-RXN Acetaldehyde + Coenzyme A + NAD <> Acetyl-CoA + Hydrogen ion + NADH R00228 ACETALD-DEHYDROG-RXN acyl carrier protein + Acetyl-CoA <> Acetyl-ACP + Coenzyme A 3-Oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA + Coenzyme A <> 5-Carboxy-2-pentenoyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA R09839 Acetoacetic acid + Acetyl-CoA > Acetoacetyl-CoA + Acetic acid R01359 ACETOACETYL-COA-TRANSFER-RXN Acetyl-CoA + Butyric acid > Acetic acid + Butyryl-CoA Acetyl-CoA + Hexanoate (N-C6:0) > Acetic acid + Hexanoyl-CoA 2 Acetyl-CoA <> Acetoacetyl-CoA + Coenzyme A R00238 ACETYL-COA-ACETYLTRANSFER-RXN Acetyl-CoA + Phosphate <> Acetylphosphate + Coenzyme A R00230 PHOSACETYLTRANS-RXN Acetyl-CoA + Octanoyl-CoA <> 3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A R03778 Acetyl-CoA + Butyryl-CoA <> 3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A Acetyl-CoA + Tetradecanoyl-CoA <> 3-Oxohexadecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A R03991 Acetyl-CoA + Hexanoyl-CoA <> 3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A R04747 Acetyl-CoA + Lauroyl-CoA <> 3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A R03858 Acetyl-CoA + Decanoyl-CoA (N-C10:0CoA) <> 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A R04742 3-Oxooctadecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A <> Acetyl-CoA + Palmityl-CoA Acetyl-CoA + Glyoxylic acid + Water <> Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + L-Malic acid R00472 MALSYN-RXN alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Acetyl-CoA + Water + a-Ketoisovaleric acid <> 2-Isopropylmalic acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion R01213 Acetyl-CoA + D-Glucose <> 6-Acetyl-D-glucose + Coenzyme A Acetyl-CoA + D-Maltose <> Acetyl-maltose + Coenzyme A MALTACETYLTRAN-RXN Acetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid <> Citric acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion R00351 CITSYN-RXN Acetyl-CoA + Hydrogen ion + Malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] > Acetoacetyl-ACP + Carbon dioxide + Coenzyme A Coenzyme A + 3-Oxoadipyl-CoA <> Acetyl-CoA + Succinyl-CoA R00829 RXN-3641 Acetyl-CoA + 2-Aminobenzoic acid > N-Acetylanthranilate + Coenzyme A Acetyl-CoA + Spermidine > N1-Acetylspermidine + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion SPERMACTRAN-RXN Acetyl-CoA + Spermidine > Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + N8-Acetylspermidine Acetyl-CoA + Rhamanosyl-N-acetylglucosamyl-undecaprenyl diphosphate > O-Acetyl-rhamanosyl-N-acetylglucosamyl-undecaprenyl diphosphate + Coenzyme A Acetyl-CoA + L-Glutamate <> N-Acetyl-L-alanine + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + N-Acetylglutamic acid R00259 Acetyl-CoA + L-Serine <> O-Acetylserine + Coenzyme A R00586 SERINE-O-ACETTRAN-RXN Acetyl-CoA + Glycine <> L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid + Coenzyme A R00371 AKBLIG-RXN Acetyl-CoA + N-Acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate > N-Acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion Acetyl-CoA + dTDP-D-Fucosamine > Coenzyme A + dTDP-4-Acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose + Hydrogen ion TDPFUCACTRANS-RXN Acetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A <> Acetyl-CoA + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate R00235 ACETATE--COA-LIGASE-RXN Acetyl-CoA + Formic acid <> Coenzyme A + Pyruvic acid R00212 Acetyl adenylate + Coenzyme A <> Adenosine monophosphate + Acetyl-CoA R00236 Acetyl-CoA + L-Glutamate <> Coenzyme A + N-Acetyl-L-alanine R00259 Citric acid + Coenzyme A <> Acetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid R00351 L-Malic acid + Coenzyme A <> Acetyl-CoA + Water + Glyoxylic acid R00472 Adenosine triphosphate + Acetyl-CoA + Hydrogen carbonate <> ADP + Phosphate + Malonyl-CoA R00742 Succinyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA <> Coenzyme A + 3-Oxoadipyl-CoA R00829 Propionyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA <> Coenzyme A + 2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA R00927 Acetyl-CoA + Putrescine <> Coenzyme A + N-Acetylputrescine R01154 Acetyl-CoA + Butanoyl-CoA <> Coenzyme A + 3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA R01177 Butanoyl-CoA + Acetic acid <> Butyric acid + Acetyl-CoA R01179 2 Reduced ferredoxin + Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + 2 Hydrogen ion + Oxidized ferredoxin <>2 Oxidized ferredoxin + Pyruvic acid + Coenzyme A + Reduced ferredoxin R01196 2-Isopropylmalic acid + Coenzyme A <> Acetyl-CoA + alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Water R01213 Acetoacetyl-CoA + Acetic acid <> Acetoacetic acid + Acetyl-CoA R01359 Acetyl-CoA + Acyl-carrier protein <> Coenzyme A + Acetyl-[acyl-carrier protein] R01624 Acetyl-CoA + Enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine + Enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine <> Coenzyme A + [Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine R02569 Acetyl-CoA + Carboxybiotin-carboxyl-carrier protein <> Malonyl-CoA + Holo-[carboxylase] R04386 Acetyl-CoA + alpha-D-Glucosamine 1-phosphate <> Coenzyme A + Glucosamine-1P R05332 Benzoyl acetyl-CoA + Coenzyme A <> Benzoyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA R05506 3-Hydroxy-5-oxohexanoate + Acetyl-CoA <> 3-Hydroxy-5-oxohexanoyl-CoA + Acetic acid R07832 OPC6-CoA + Acetyl-CoA <> Coenzyme A + 3-Oxo-OPC8-CoA R07891 OPC4-CoA + Acetyl-CoA <> Coenzyme A + 3-Oxo-OPC6-CoA R07895 (+)-7-Isojasmonic acid CoA + Acetyl-CoA <> Coenzyme A + 3-Oxo-OPC4-CoA R07899 7-Methyl-3-oxo-6-octenoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A <> 5-Methylhex-4-enoyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA R08091 5-Methyl-3-oxo-4-hexenoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A <> 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA R08095 Demethylphosphinothricin + Acetyl-CoA <> N-Acetyldemethylphosphinothricin + Coenzyme A R08871 Acetyl-CoA + + Glufosinate <> Coenzyme A + N-Acetylphosphinothricin + N-Acetylphosphinothricin R08938 L-Methionine + Acetyl-CoA N-&alpha;-acetyl-L-methionine + Coenzyme A RXN0-6948 alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Acetyl-CoA + Water > Hydrogen ion + 3-Carboxy-3-hydroxy-isocaproate + Coenzyme A 2-ISOPROPYLMALATESYN-RXN an <i>N</i>-hydroxy-arylamine + Acetyl-CoA <> an <i>N</i>-acetoxyarylamine + Coenzyme A 2.3.1.118-RXN Glucosamine-1P + Acetyl-CoA > Hydrogen ion + <i>N</i>-acetyl-&alpha;-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate + Coenzyme A 2.3.1.157-RXN a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl CoA + Acetic acid <> a fatty acid + Acetyl-CoA ACECOATRANS-RXN Coenzyme A + Acetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate > Acetyl-CoA + Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate R00235 ACETATE--COA-LIGASE-RXN Acetoacetic acid + Acetyl-CoA <> Acetoacetyl-CoA + Acetic acid ACETOACETYL-COA-TRANSFER-RXN Acetyl-CoA <> Acetoacetyl-CoA + Coenzyme A ACETYL-COA-ACETYLTRANSFER-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Acetyl-CoA + Hydrogen carbonate > Hydrogen ion + Malonyl-CoA + Phosphate + ADP ACETYL-COA-CARBOXYLTRANSFER-RXN Glycine + Acetyl-CoA <> Hydrogen ion + L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid + Coenzyme A AKBLIG-RXN an aliphatic &alpha;,&omega;-diamine + Acetyl-CoA <> an aliphatic <i>N</i>-acetyl-diamine + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion DIAMACTRANS-RXN Acetyl-CoA + Dihydrolipoamide Coenzyme A + S-Acetyldihydrolipoamide DIHYDLIPACETRANS-RXN a &beta;-D-galactoside + Acetyl-CoA <> a 6-acetyl-&beta;-D-galactoside + Coenzyme A GALACTOACETYLTRAN-RXN a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl CoA + Acetyl-CoA < a 3-oxoacyl-CoA + Coenzyme A KETOACYLCOATHIOL-RXN Acetyl-CoA + Water + Glyoxylic acid > Hydrogen ion + L-Malic acid + Coenzyme A MALSYN-RXN L-Glutamate + Acetyl-CoA <> Hydrogen ion + <i>N</i>-acetyl-L-glutamate + Coenzyme A N-ACETYLTRANSFER-RXN Pyruvic acid + Coenzyme A + NAD > Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + NADH PYRUVDEH-RXN Succinyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA < 3-Oxoadipyl-CoA + Coenzyme A RXN-3641 3-Oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA + Coenzyme A > 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA RXN0-6512 Acetyl-CoA + Spermidine <> N1-Acetylspermidine + Hydrogen ion + Coenzyme A SPERMACTRAN-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Acetyl-CoA + Carbonic acid > ADP + Inorganic phosphate + Malonyl-CoA Acetaldehyde + CoA + NAD > Acetyl-CoA + NADH Adenosine triphosphate + Acetic acid + CoA > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA + L-Glutamate > CoA + N-acetyl-L-glutamate Acetyl-CoA + an alkane-alpha,omega-diamine > CoA + an N-acetyldiamine Acyl-CoA + Acetic acid > a fatty acid anion + Acetyl-CoA 2 Acetyl-CoA > CoA + Acetoacetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA + Citric acid > Acetic acid + (3S)-Citryl-CoA Acetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid > Citric acid + CoA (3S)-Citryl-CoA > Acetyl-CoA + Oxalacetic acid Acetyl-CoA + L-Serine > CoA + O-Acetylserine Acetyl-CoA + malonyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] > acetoacetyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + CoA + Carbon dioxide Acyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA > CoA + 3-oxoacyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA + alpha-D-Glucosamine 1-phosphate > CoA + N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate Acetyl-CoA + Glycine > CoA + L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid Acetyl-CoA + a-Ketoisovaleric acid + Water > 2-Isopropylmalic acid + CoA Acetyl-CoA + D-Maltose > CoA + Acetyl-maltose Acetyl-CoA + Water + Glyoxylic acid > L-Malic acid + CoA Acetyl-CoA + an N-hydroxyarylamine > CoA + an N-acetoxyarylamine Pyruvic acid + CoA + oxidized flavodoxin > Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + reduced flavodoxin Acetyl-CoA + enzyme N(6)-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine > CoA + enzyme N(6)-(S-acetyldihydrolipoyl)lysine Succinyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA > CoA + 3-Oxoadipyl-CoA 2,3-dehydroadipyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA > CoA + 3-Oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA + Formic acid > CoA + Pyruvic acid Acetyl-CoA + Inorganic phosphate > CoA + Acetylphosphate Acetyl-CoA + ribosomal-protein L-alanine > CoA + ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-alanine Acetyl-CoA + ribosomal-protein L-serine > CoA + ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-serine Acetyl-CoA + a beta-D-galactoside > CoA + a 6-acetyl-beta-D-galactoside (Elongator tRNA(Met))-cytidine(34) + Adenosine triphosphate + Acetyl-CoA > (elongator tRNA(Met))-N(4)-acetylcytidine(34) + ADP + Inorganic phosphate + CoA Acetyl-CoA + L-Methionine > CoA + N-Acetyl-L-methionine Acetyl-CoA + Ribosomal-protein L-alanine <> Coenzyme A + Ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-alanine R04316 Acetyl-CoA + N-Hydroxyarylamine <> Coenzyme A + N-Acetoxyarylamine R08386 Acetyl-CoA + Alkane-alpha,omega-diamine <> Coenzyme A + N-Acetyldiamine R03910 Acyl-CoA + Acetic acid <> Fatty acid anion + Acetyl-CoA R00393 Acetyl-CoA + dTDP-D-Fucosamine <> Coenzyme A + dTDP-4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-galactose R10142 Acetyl-CoA + beta-D-Galactoside <> Coenzyme A + 6-Acetyl-beta-D-galactoside R02616 Acetyl-CoA + Citric acid <> Acetic acid + (3S)-Citryl-CoA R01323 (3S)-Citryl-CoA <> Acetyl-CoA + Oxalacetic acid R00354 Acetyl-CoA + Oxalic acid <> Acetic acid + Oxalyl-CoA R10614 Acyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA <> Coenzyme A + 3-Oxoacyl-CoA R00391 Acetyl-CoA + Malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] <> Acetoacetyl-[acp] + Coenzyme A + Carbon dioxide R10707 Acetyl-CoA + 3-Hydroxy-5-oxohexanoate > Acetic acid + 3-Hydroxy-5-oxohexanoyl-CoA + 3-Hydroxy-5-oxohexanoyl-CoA PW_R002438 a 3-oxoacyl-CoA  + Coenzyme A > Acetyl-CoA + a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl CoA  PW_R002909 Acetoacetyl-CoA + Coenzyme A + Acetoacetyl-CoA > Acetyl-CoA + Succinyl-CoA + Succinyl-CoA PW_R003770 3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A > Acetyl-CoA + Lauroyl-CoA PW_R003775 3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A > Acetyl-CoA + Octanoyl-CoA + Octanoyl-CoA PW_R003780 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A > Acetyl-CoA + Tetradecanoyl-CoA PW_R003785 3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A > Acetyl-CoA + Palmityl-CoA PW_R003790 3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A > Acetyl-CoA + Decanoyl-CoA (n-C10:0CoA) + Decanoyl-CoA (N-C10:0CoA) PW_R003795 3-Oxohexadecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A > Acetyl-CoA + Stearoyl-CoA + Stearoyl-CoA PW_R003800 3-Oxooctadecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A + 3-Oxooctadecanoyl-CoA > Acetyl-CoA + Stearoyl-CoA + Stearoyl-CoA PW_R003805 Coenzyme A + 7-Methyl-3-oxo-6-octenoyl-CoA > Acetyl-CoA + 5-Methylhex-4-enoyl-CoA PW_R002503 Coenzyme A + 5-Methyl-3-oxo-4-hexenoyl-CoA > Acetyl-CoA + 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA PW_R002507 2 Acetyl-CoA <> Acetoacetyl-CoA + Coenzyme A + Acetoacetyl-CoA PW_R002482 Acetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid > Citric acid + Coenzyme A PW_R002575 Oxalacetic acid + Water + Acetyl-CoA > Citric acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion PW_R002588 L-Glutamic acid + Acetyl-CoA + L-Glutamate > Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + N-Acetylglutamic acid + N-Acetylglutamic acid PW_R002670 Tetradecanoyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA <> 3-Oxohexadecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A PW_R002732 Lauroyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA > 3-Oxotetradecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A PW_R002736 Decanoyl-CoA (n-C10:0CoA) + Acetyl-CoA + Decanoyl-CoA (N-C10:0CoA) > 3-Oxododecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A PW_R002738 Octanoyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA + Octanoyl-CoA <> 3-Oxodecanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A PW_R002741 Acetyl-CoA + Hexanyl-CoA <> 3-Oxooctanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A PW_R002744 Acetyl-CoA + Butyryl-CoA + Butyryl-CoA > 3-Oxohexanoyl-CoA + Coenzyme A PW_R002748 Acetyl-CoA + Hydrogen carbonate + Adenosine triphosphate > Adenosine diphosphate + Phosphate + Hydrogen ion + Malonyl-CoA + ADP + Malonyl-CoA PW_R002783 a malonyl-[acp] + Hydrogen ion + Acetyl-CoA > Carbon dioxide + Coenzyme A + acetoacetyl-[acp] PW_R002785 Acetyl-CoA + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein] > Coenzyme A + an acetyl-[acp] PW_R003386 L-Serine + Acetyl-CoA + L-Serine > Coenzyme A + O-Acetylserine PW_R002846 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid + Water + Acetyl-CoA + 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric acid > Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + 2-Isopropylmalic acid PW_R002875 Glyoxylic acid + Water + Acetyl-CoA > Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + L-Malic acid + L-Malic acid PW_R002980 3-hydroxy-2,4-pentanedione 5-phosphate + Coenzyme A + 3-hydroxy-2,4-pentanedione 5-phosphate > Acetyl-CoA + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate PW_R003073 Glucosamine-1P + Acetyl-CoA + Glucosamine-1P > N-Acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + N-Acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate PW_R003313 a malonyl-[acp] + Hydrogen ion + Acetyl-CoA > Carbon dioxide + Coenzyme A + acetoacetyl-[acp] PW_R003385 Acetyl-CoA + dTDP-thomosamine > TDP-Fuc4NAc + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion PW_R003703 Acetyl-CoA + L-Glutamic acid + L-Glutamate <> N-Acetyl-L-alanine + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + N-Acetylglutamic acid + N-Acetyl-L-alanine + N-Acetylglutamic acid PW_R005149 Acetaldehyde + Coenzyme A + NAD > Hydrogen ion + NADH + Acetyl-CoA PW_R005163 L-2-Amino-3-oxobutanoic acid + Coenzyme A > Acetyl-CoA + Glycine PW_R005169 Acetyl-CoA + Dihydrolipoamide + Dihydrolipoamide <> Coenzyme A + S-Acetyldihydrolipoamide PW_R005172 3-Oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA + Coenzyme A > Acetyl-CoA + 2,3-didehydroadipyl-CoA PW_R005923 3-Oxoadipyl-CoA + Coenzyme A > Acetyl-CoA + Succinyl-CoA PW_R005926 a [pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 protein] N6-S-acetyldihydrolipoyl-L-lysine + Coenzyme A > a [pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 protein] N6-dihydrolipoyl-L-lysine + Acetyl-CoA PW_R006083 a biotinylated [BCCP dimer] + Hydrogen ion + Phosphate + ADP + Malonyl-CoA < Water + Acetyl-CoA + Adenosine triphosphate + carboxylated-biotinylated [BCCP dimer] PW_R006043 Acetyl-CoA + Phosphate > Coenzyme A + Acetylphosphate PW_R006095 Acetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A > Pyrophosphate + Adenosine monophosphate + Acetyl-CoA PW_R006099 Acetoacetyl-CoA > Coenzyme A + Acetyl-CoA PW_R006101 3 3-Oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA + Coenzyme A <>5 5-Carboxy-2-pentenoyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA + Glyoxylic acid + Water <> Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + L-Malic acid Acetyl-CoA + Phosphate <> Acetylphosphate + Coenzyme A Acetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A <> Acetyl-CoA + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate Acetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid <> Citric acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion Acetyl-CoA + Ribosomal-protein L-alanine <> Coenzyme A + Ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-alanine 2 Acetyl-CoA <> Acetoacetyl-CoA + Coenzyme A Acetyl-CoA + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen carbonate <> ADP + Hydrogen ion + Malonyl-CoA + Phosphate alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Acetyl-CoA + Water + a-Ketoisovaleric acid <>2 2-Isopropylmalic acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion Acetyl-CoA + L-Serine <> O-Acetylserine + Coenzyme A Acetyl-CoA + L-Glutamate <> N-Acetyl-L-alanine + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + N-Acetylglutamic acid Acetyl-CoA + alpha-D-Glucosamine 1-phosphate <> Coenzyme A + Glucosamine-1P 3 3-Oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA + Coenzyme A <>5 5-Carboxy-2-pentenoyl-CoA + Acetyl-CoA Acetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A <> Acetyl-CoA + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate Acetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid <> Citric acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion 2 Acetyl-CoA <> Acetoacetyl-CoA + Coenzyme A Acetyl-CoA + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen carbonate <> ADP + Hydrogen ion + Malonyl-CoA + Phosphate Acetyl-CoA + Adenosine triphosphate + Hydrogen carbonate <> ADP + Hydrogen ion + Malonyl-CoA + Phosphate Acetyl-CoA + Ribosomal-protein L-alanine <> Coenzyme A + Ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-alanine Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glucose Shake flask and filter culture 606.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 2424000 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glycerol Shake flask and filter culture 734.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 2936000 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L acetate Shake flask and filter culture 628.0 uM 0.0 37 oC K12 NCM3722 Mid-Log Phase 2512000 0 Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. 19561621 4.0 g/L Na2SO4; 5.36 g/L (NH4)2SO4; 1.0 g/L NH4Cl; 7.3 g/L K2HPO4; 1.8 g/L NaH2PO4 H2O; 12.0 g/L (NH4)2-H-citrate; 4.0 mL/L MgSO4 (1 M); 6.0 mL/L trace element solution; 0.02 g/L thiamine, 20 g/L glucose Bioreactor, pH controlled, aerated 63.4 uM 0.0 37 oC W3110 Stationary Phase 253600 0 Park, C., Park, C., Lee, Y., Lee, S.Y., Oh, H.B., Lee, J. (2011) Determination of the Intracellular Concentration of Metabolites in Escherichia coli Collected during the Exponential and Stationary Growth Phases using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Bull Korean Chem. Soc. 32: 524-530. 0.2 g/L NH4Cl, 2.0 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 3.25 g/L KH2PO4, 2.5 g/L K2HPO4, 1.5 g/L NaH2PO4, 0.5 g/L MgSO4; trace substances: 10 mg/L CaCl2, 0.5 mg/L ZnSO4, 0.25 mg/L CuCl2, 0.25 mg/L MnSO4, 0.175 mg/L CoCl2, 0.125 mg/L H3BO3, 2.5 mg/L AlCl3, 0.5 mg/L Na2MoO4, 10 Bioreactor, pH controlled, aerated, dilution rate=0.125 L/h 300.0 uM 19.0 37 oC K12 Stationary Phase, glucose limited 1200000 76000 Buchholz, A., Takors, R., Wandrey, C. (2001). "Quantification of intracellular metabolites in Escherichia coli K12 using liquid chromatographic-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric techniques." Anal Biochem 295:129-137. 11488613 M9 Minimal Media, 4 g/L Glucose Bioreactor, pH controlled, O2 controlled, dilution rate: 0.2/h 130.0 uM 40.0 37 oC BW25113 Mid-Log Phase 520000 160000 Peng, L., Arauzo-Bravo, M. J., Shimizu, K. (2004). "Metabolic flux analysis for a ppc mutant Escherichia coli based on 13C-labelling experiments together with enzyme activity assays and intracellular metabolite measurements." FEMS Microbiol Lett 235:17-23. 15158257 4.0 g/L Na2SO4; 5.36 g/L (NH4)2SO4; 1.0 g/L NH4Cl; 7.3 g/L K2HPO4; 1.8 g/L NaH2PO4 H2O; 12.0 g/L (NH4)2-H-citrate; 4.0 mL/L MgSO4 (1 M); 6.0 mL/L trace element solution; 0.02 g/L thiamine, 20 g/L glucose Bioreactor, pH controlled, aerated, dilution rate=0.125 L/h 8.3 uM 0.0 37 oC W3110 Mid Log Phase 33200 0 Park, C., Park, C., Lee, Y., Lee, S.Y., Oh, H.B., Lee, J. (2011) Determination of the Intracellular Concentration of Metabolites in Escherichia coli Collected during the Exponential and Stationary Growth Phases using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Bull Korean Chem. Soc. 32: 524-530.