<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<compound>
  <version>2.0</version>
  <creation_date>2012-05-31 13:00:48 -0600</creation_date>
  <update_date>2015-09-13 12:56:09 -0600</update_date>
  <accession>ECMDB00725</accession>
  <m2m_id>M2MDB000179</m2m_id>
  <name>Hydroxyproline</name>
  <description>Hydroxyproline is a common proteinogenic amino acid. Hydroxyproline differs from proline by the presence of a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the C (gamma) atom. Hydroxyproline differs from proline by the presence of a hydroxyl (OH) group attached to the C (gamma) atom. It is produced by hydroxylation of the amino acid proline. It is not directly coded for by DNA, however, and is hydroxylated after protein synthesis. (Wikipedia)</description>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>(2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate</synonym>
    <synonym>(2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>(2S,4R)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylate</synonym>
    <synonym>(2S,4R)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>(4R)-4-hydroxy-L-proline</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxy-L-proline</synonym>
    <synonym>4-Hydroxyproline</synonym>
    <synonym>4-L-Hydroxyproline</synonym>
    <synonym>Delta-Hydroxyproline</synonym>
    <synonym>Hydroxiproline</synonym>
    <synonym>Hydroxy-L-proline</synonym>
    <synonym>Hydroxy-proline</synonym>
    <synonym>Hydroxyproline</synonym>
    <synonym>L-4-Hydroxyproline</synonym>
    <synonym>L-Hydroxyproline</synonym>
    <synonym>L-Threo-4-hydroxyproline</synonym>
    <synonym>LS-hydroxyproline</synonym>
    <synonym>Oxaceprol</synonym>
    <synonym>Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline</synonym>
    <synonym>Trans-4-Hydroxyproline</synonym>
    <synonym>Trans-hydroxyproline</synonym>
    <synonym>Trans-L-hydroxyproline</synonym>
    <synonym>δ-Hydroxyproline</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C5H9NO3</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>131.1299</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>131.058243159</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>(2S,4R)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>hypro</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>51-35-4</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>O[C@H]1CN[C@@H](C1)C(O)=O</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C5H9NO3/c7-3-1-4(5(8)9)6-2-3/h3-4,6-7H,1-2H2,(H,8,9)/t3-,4+/m1/s1</inchi>
  <inchikey>PMMYEEVYMWASQN-DMTCNVIQSA-N</inchikey>
  <state>Solid</state>
  <cellular_locations>
    <cellular_location>Cytoplasm</cellular_location>
    <cellular_location>Periplasm</cellular_location>
  </cellular_locations>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-3.31</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>0.57</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>solubility</kind>
      <value>4.92e+02 g/l</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <experimental_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>melting_point</kind>
      <value>274-275 oC</value>
    </property>
  </experimental_properties>
  <property>
    <kind>logp</kind>
    <value>-3.7</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_acidic</kind>
    <value>1.64</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_basic</kind>
    <value>10.62</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>iupac</kind>
    <value>(2S,4R)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>average_mass</kind>
    <value>131.1299</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>mono_mass</kind>
    <value>131.058243159</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>smiles</kind>
    <value>O[C@H]1CN[C@@H](C1)C(O)=O</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formula</kind>
    <value>C5H9NO3</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchi</kind>
    <value>InChI=1S/C5H9NO3/c7-3-1-4(5(8)9)6-2-3/h3-4,6-7H,1-2H2,(H,8,9)/t3-,4+/m1/s1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchikey</kind>
    <value>PMMYEEVYMWASQN-DMTCNVIQSA-N</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
    <value>69.56</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>refractivity</kind>
    <value>29.38</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polarizability</kind>
    <value>12.29</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
    <value>1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
    <value>4</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>donor_count</kind>
    <value>3</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formal_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <pathways>
    <pathway>
      <name>Arginine and proline metabolism</name>
      <description/>
      <pathwhiz_id/>
      <kegg_map_id>ec00330</kegg_map_id>
      <subject/>
    </pathway>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>625</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>626</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>627</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1160</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1212</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2536</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>30060</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>30701</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>30805</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31214</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31215</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31837</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31838</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>31839</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>37723</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>170170</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072785</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072786</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072788</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072790</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072792</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072794</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072795</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072797</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1072799</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::EiMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1984</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1263</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1501</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>4955</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>166503</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>166594</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1017</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1018</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1019</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>4548</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>4549</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>178380</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>178381</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>178382</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>180699</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>180700</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>180701</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>439113</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>440070</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>440077</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>447334</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>448070</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>451900</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>451909</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2226802</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2227892</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2229166</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2230309</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2231591</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2232584</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2234040</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrTwoD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1034</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrTwoD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1447</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <hmdb_id>HMDB00725</hmdb_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id>5810</pubchem_compound_id>
  <chemspider_id>5605</chemspider_id>
  <kegg_id>C01157</kegg_id>
  <chebi_id>18095</chebi_id>
  <biocyc_id>L-4-HYDROXY-PROLINE</biocyc_id>
  <het_id>HYP</het_id>
  <wikipidia>Hydroxyproline</wikipidia>
  <foodb_id/>
  <general_references>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>22080510</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>19212411</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
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      <pubmed_id>12297216</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Kelleher PC: Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and hydroxylysine glycosides by patients with Paget's disease of bone and carcinoma with metastases in bone. Clin Chim Acta. 1979 Mar 15;92(3):373-9.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>436278</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Matsuda Y, Matsumoto K, Yamada A, Ichida T, Asakura H, Komoriya Y, Nishiyama E, Nakamura T: Preventive and therapeutic effects in rats of hepatocyte growth factor infusion on liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1997 Jul;26(1):81-9.</reference_text>
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    <reference>
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      <pubmed_id>10548826</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Akalin FA, Sengun D, Eratalay K, Renda N, Caglayan G: Hydroxyproline and total protein levels in gingiva and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with juvenile, rapidly progressive, and adult periodontitis. J Periodontol. 1993 May;64(5):323-9.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>8515361</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
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      <pubmed_id>1287145</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Lee HS, Shun CT, Chiou LL, Chen CH, Huang GT, Sheu JC: Hydroxyproline content of needle biopsies as an objective measure of liver fibrosis: Emphasis on sampling variability. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Jul;20(7):1109-14.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>15955222</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
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      <pubmed_id>8648408</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
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    <reference>
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      <pubmed_id>15980055</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Kondo A, Ishikawa O, Okada K, Miyachi Y, Abe S, Kuboki Y: Measurement of histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine and hydroxyproline in skin collagen by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography after 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate labeling. Anal Biochem. 1997 Oct 15;252(2):255-9.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>9344411</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
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      <pubmed_id>8836905</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Bienkowski RS: A criterion to determine whether cis-4-hydroxyproline is produced in animal tissues. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1984 Mar;229(2):455-8.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>6703705</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Bellon G, Berg R, Chastang F, Malgras A, Borel JP: Separation and evaluation of the cis and trans isomers of hydroxyprolines: effect of hydrolysis on the epimerization. Anal Biochem. 1984 Feb;137(1):151-5.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>6731795</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Lindblad WJ, Diegelmann RF: Quantitation of hydroxyproline isomers in acid hydrolysates by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem. 1984 May 1;138(2):390-5.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>6742416</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Shibasaki T, Mori H, Ozaki A: Enzymatic production of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline by regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of L-proline. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000 Apr;64(4):746-50.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>10830487</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Pickersgill IF, Rapoport H: Preparation of functionalized, conformationally constrained DTPA analogues from L- or D-serine and trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline. Hydroxymethyl substituents on the central acetic acid and on the backbone. J Org Chem. 2000 Jun 30;65(13):4048-57.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>10866623</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Song IK, Kang YK: Conformational preference and cis-trans isomerization of 4(R)-substituted proline residues. J Phys Chem B. 2006 Feb 2;110(4):1915-27.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>16471763</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Baldwin JE, Pritchard GJ, Williamson DS: The synthesis of 4-arylsulfanyl-substituted kainoid analogues from trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2000 Sep 4;10(17):1927-9.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>10987419</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Miskolzie M, Gera L, Stewart JM, Kotovych G: The importance of the N-terminal beta-turn in bradykinin antagonists.  J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2000 Oct;18(2):249-60.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>11089646</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Kofoed J, Darbre T, Reymond JL: Dual mechanism of zinc-proline catalyzed aldol reactions in water.  Chem Commun (Camb). 2006 Apr 14;(14):1482-4. Epub 2006 Mar 2.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>16575434</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Kuttan R, Radhakrishnan AN: Studies on bound trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline in sandal (Santalum album L.).  Biochem J. 1970 Oct;119(4):651-7.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>5493503</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Koike K, Li Y, Seo M, Sakurada I, Tezuka K, Uchikura K: Free 4-hydroxyproline content in serum of bedridden aged people is elevated due to fracture. Biol Pharm Bull. 2000 Jan;23(1):101-3.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>10706420</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Nogueira Ade C, Vale RG, Gomes AL, Dantas EH: The effect of muscle actions on the level of connective tissue damage. Res Sports Med. 2011 Oct;19(4):259-70. doi: 10.1080/15438627.2011.608046.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>21988268</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Lee KW, Kim SJ, Park JB, Lee KJ: Relationship between depression anxiety stress scale (DASS) and urinary hydroxyproline and proline concentrations in hospital workers. J Prev Med Public Health. 2011 Jan;44(1):9-13. doi: 10.3961/jpmph.2011.44.1.9.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>21483218</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
  </general_references>
  <synthesis_reference>Adams, Elijah; Goldstone, Alfred. Hydroxyproline metabolism. II. Enzymic preparation and properties of D1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylic acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry (1960), 235 3492-8.</synthesis_reference>
  <msds_url>http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/644/original/HMDB00725.pdf?1358463273</msds_url>
  <enzymes>
    <enzyme>
      <name>Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase</name>
      <uniprot_id>P0A9L8</uniprot_id>
      <uniprot_name>P5CR_ECOLI</uniprot_name>
      <gene_name>proC</gene_name>
      <protein_url>http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9L8.xml</protein_url>
    </enzyme>
  </enzymes>
  <transporters>
  </transporters>
  <reactions>
    <reaction_text>Hydroxyproline + NAD &lt;&gt; Pyrroline hydroxycarboxylic acid + NADH + Hydrogen ion</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id>R03291</kegg_reaction_id>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
    <reaction_text>Hydroxyproline + NADP &lt;&gt; Pyrroline hydroxycarboxylic acid + NADPH + Hydrogen ion</reaction_text>
    <kegg_reaction_id>R03293</kegg_reaction_id>
    <ecocyc_id/>
    <pw_reaction_id/>
  </reactions>
  <concentrations>
    <growth_media>Luria-Bertani (LB) media</growth_media>
    <growth_system>Shake flask</growth_system>
    <concentration>0.31</concentration>
    <concentration_units>uM</concentration_units>
    <internal>true</internal>
    <error>0.04</error>
    <temperature>37 oC</temperature>
    <strain>BL21 DE3</strain>
    <growth_status>Stationary phase cultures (overnight culture)</growth_status>
    <molecules>1225</molecules>
    <molecules_error>146</molecules_error>
    <reference>
      <reference_text>Lin, Z., Johnson, L. C., Weissbach, H., Brot, N., Lively, M. O., Lowther, W. T. (2007). "Free methionine-(R)-sulfoxide reductase from Escherichia coli reveals a new GAF domain function." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:9597-9602.</reference_text>
      <pubmed_id>17535911</pubmed_id>
    </reference>
  </concentrations>
</compound>
