2.0 2012-05-31 10:24:41 -0600 2015-09-13 15:15:18 -0600 ECMDB00243 M2MDB000102 Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid is an alpha-keto acid. It can be made from glucose through glycolysis, converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis, or to fatty acids through acetyl-CoA. It can also be used to construct the amino acid alanine and be converted into ethanol. Pyruvic acid supplies energy to living cells through the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) when oxygen is present (aerobic respiration), and alternatively ferments to produce lactic acid when oxygen is lacking (fermentation). &alpha;-ketopropionate &alpha;-ketopropionic acid 2-Oxo-propionate 2-Oxo-propionic acid 2-Oxopropanoate 2-Oxopropanoic acid 2-Oxopropionate 2-Oxopropionic acid A-Ketopropionate A-Ketopropionic acid Acetylformate Acetylformic acid Alpha-Ketopropionate Alpha-Ketopropionic acid BTS Pyroracemate Pyroracemic acid Pyruvate Pyruvic acid α-Ketopropionate α-Ketopropionic acid C3H4O3 88.0621 88.016043994 2-oxopropanoic acid pyruvic acid 127-17-3 CC(=O)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C3H4O3/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h1H3,(H,5,6) LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N Liquid Cytosol Extra-organism Periplasm logp -0.38 ALOGPS logs 0.18 ALOGPS solubility 1.34e+02 g/l ALOGPS melting_point 13.8 oC logp 0.066 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 2.93 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -9.6 ChemAxon iupac 2-oxopropanoic acid ChemAxon average_mass 88.0621 ChemAxon mono_mass 88.016043994 ChemAxon smiles CC(=O)C(O)=O ChemAxon formula C3H4O3 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C3H4O3/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h1H3,(H,5,6) ChemAxon inchikey LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 54.37 ChemAxon refractivity 17.99 ChemAxon polarizability 7.31 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 1 ChemAxon acceptor_count 3 ChemAxon donor_count 1 ChemAxon physiological_charge -1 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Pentose phosphate pathway ec00030 Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) ec00020 Butanoate metabolism ec00650 Reductive carboxylate cycle (CO2 fixation) ec00720 Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism ec00250 Arginine and proline metabolism ec00330 Nitrogen metabolism The biological process of the nitrogen cycle is a complex interplay among many microorganisms catalyzing different reactions, where nitrogen is found in various oxidation states ranging from +5 in nitrate to -3 in ammonia. The ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by the nitrogenase enzyme complex is present in restricted prokaryotes (diazotrophs). The other reduction pathways are assimilatory nitrate reduction and dissimilatory nitrate reduction both for conversion to ammonia, and denitrification. Denitrification is a respiration in which nitrate or nitrite is reduced as a terminal electron acceptor under low oxygen or anoxic conditions, producing gaseous nitrogen compounds (N2, NO and N2O) to the atmosphere. Nitrate can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a nitrate:nitrite antiporter NarK or a nitrate / nitrite transporter NarU. Nitrate is then reduced by a Nitrate Reductase resulting in the release of water, an acceptor and a Nitrite. Nitrite can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a nitrate:nitrite antiporter NarK Nitrite can be reduced a NADPH dependent nitrite reductase resulting in water and NAD and Ammonia. Nitrite can interact with hydrogen ion, ferrocytochrome c through a cytochrome c-552 ferricytochrome resulting in the release of ferricytochrome c, water and ammonia Another process by which ammonia is produced is by a reversible reaction of hydroxylamine with a reduced acceptor through a hydroxylamine reductase resulting in an acceptor, water and ammonia. Water and carbon dioxide react through a carbonate dehydratase resulting in carbamic acid. This compound reacts spontaneously with hydrogen ion resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and ammonia. Carbon dioxide can interact with water through a carbonic anhydrase resulting in hydrogen carbonate. This compound interacts with cyanate and hydrogen ion through a cyanate hydratase resulting in a carbamic acid. Ammonia can be metabolized by reacting with L-glutamine and ATP driven glutamine synthetase resulting in ADP, phosphate and L-glutamine. The latter compound reacts with oxoglutaric acid and hydrogen ion through a NADPH dependent glutamate synthase resulting in the release of NADP and L-glutamic acid. L-glutamic acid reacts with water through a NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of oxoglutaric acid, NADPH, hydrogen ion and ammonia. PW000755 ec00910 Metabolic Purine metabolism ec00230 Cysteine and methionine metabolism ec00270 Tyrosine metabolism ec00350 Phenylalanine metabolism The pathways of the metabolism of phenylalaline begins with the conversion of chorismate to prephenate through a P-protein (chorismate mutase:pheA). Prephenate then interacts with a hydrogen ion through the same previous enzyme resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, water and a phenolpyruvic acid. Three enzymes those enconde by tyrB, aspC and ilvE are involved in catalyzing the third step of these pathways, all three can contribute to the synthesis of phenylalanine: only tyrB and aspC contribute to biosynthesis of tyrosine. Phenolpyruvic acid can also be obtained from a reversivle reaction with ammonia, a reduced acceptor and a D-amino acid dehydrogenase, resulting in a water, an acceptor and a D-phenylalanine, which can be then transported into the periplasmic space by aromatic amino acid exporter. L-phenylalanine also interacts in two reversible reactions, one involved with oxygen through a catalase peroxidase resulting in a carbon dioxide and 2-phenylacetamide. The other reaction involved an interaction with oxygen through a phenylalanine aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and phenylpyruvic acid. L-phenylalanine can be imported into the cytoplasm through an aromatic amino acid:H+ symporter AroP. The compound can also be imported into the periplasmic space through a transporter: L-amino acid efflux transporter. PW000921 ec00360 Metabolic Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis ec00400 Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms ec00710 Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism ec00260 Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis ec00010 Fructose and mannose metabolism ec00051 Galactose metabolism Galactose can be synthesized through two pathways: melibiose degradation involving an alpha galactosidase and lactose degradation involving a beta galactosidase. Melibiose is first transported inside the cell through the melibiose:Li+/Na+/H+ symporter. Once inside the cell, melibiose is degraded through alpha galactosidase into an alpha-D-galactose and a beta-D-glucose. The beta-D-glucose is phosphorylated by a glucokinase to produce a beta-D-glucose-6-phosphate which can spontaneously be turned into a alpha D glucose 6 phosphate. This alpha D-glucose-6-phosphate is metabolized into a glucose -1-phosphate through a phosphoglucomutase-1. The glucose -1-phosphate is transformed into a uridine diphosphate glucose through UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The product, uridine diphosphate glucose, can undergo a reversible reaction in which it can be turned into uridine diphosphategalactose through an UDP-glucose 4-epimerase. Galactose can also be produced by lactose degradation involving a lactose permease to uptake lactose from the environment and a beta-galactosidase to turn lactose into Beta-D-galactose. Beta-D-galactose can also be uptaken from the environment through a galactose proton symporter. Galactose is degraded through the following process: Beta-D-galactose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a galactose proton symporter, or it can be synthesized from an alpha lactose that is introduced into the cytoplasm through a lactose permease. Alpha lactose interacts with water through a beta-galactosidase resulting in a beta-D-glucose and beta-D-galactose. Beta-D-galactose is isomerized into D-galactose. D-Galactose undergoes phosphorylation through a galactokinase, hence producing galactose 1 phosphate. On the other side of the pathway, a gluose-1-phosphate (product of the interaction of alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate with a phosphoglucomutase resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate, an isomer of Glucose 1-phosphate, or an isomer of Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate) interacts with UTP and a hydrogen ion in order to produce a uridine diphosphate glucose. This is followed by the interaction of galactose-1-phosphate with an established amount of uridine diphosphate glucose through a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, which in turn output a glucose-1-phosphate and a uridine diphosphate galactose. The glucose -1-phosphate is transformed into a uridine diphosphate glucose through UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The product, uridine diphosphate glucose, can undergo a reversible reaction in which it can be turned into uridine diphosphategalactose through an UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, and so the cycle can keep going as long as more lactose or galactose is imported into the cell PW000821 ec00052 Metabolic Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism ec00053 Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism ec00520 Lysine biosynthesis Lysine is biosynthesized from L-aspartic acid. L-aspartic acid can be incorporated into the cell through various methods: C4 dicarboxylate / orotate:H+ symporter , glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP, dicarboxylate transporter , C4 dicarboxylate / C4 monocarboxylate transporter DauA, glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter L-aspartic acid is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven Aspartate kinase resulting in ADP and L-aspartyl-4-phosphate. L-aspartyl-4-phosphate is then dehydrogenated through an NADPH driven aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase resulting in a release of phosphate, NADP and L-aspartic 4-semialdehyde (involved in methionine biosynthesis). L-aspartic 4-semialdehyde interacts with a pyruvic acid through a 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase resulting in a release of hydrogen ion, water and (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate. The latter compound is then reduced by an NADPH driven 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase resulting in a release of water, NADP and (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate, This compound interacts with succinyl-CoA and water through a tetrahydrodipicolinate succinylase resulting in a release of coenzyme A and N-Succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate. This compound interacts with L-glutamic acid through a N-succinyldiaminopimelate aminotransferase resulting in oxoglutaric acid, N-succinyl-L,L-2,6-diaminopimelate. The latter compound is then desuccinylated by reacting with water through a N-succinyl-L-diaminopimelate desuccinylase resulting in a succinic acid and L,L-diaminopimelate. This compound is then isomerized through a diaminopimelate epimerase resulting in a meso-diaminopimelate (involved in peptidoglyccan biosynthesis I). This compound is then decarboxylated by a diaminopimelate decarboxylase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and L-lysine. L-lysine is then incorporated into lysine degradation pathway. Lysine also regulate its own biosynthesis by repressing dihydrodipicolinate synthase and also repressing lysine-sensitive aspartokinase 3. A metabolic connection joins synthesis of an amino acid, lysine, to synthesis of cell wall material. Diaminopimelate is a precursor both for lysine and for cell wall components. The synthesis of lysine, methionine and threonine share two reactions at the start of the three pathways, the reactions converting L-aspartate to L-aspartate semialdehyde. The reaction involving aspartate kinase is carried out by three isozymes, one specific for synthesis of each end product amino acid. Each of the three aspartate kinase isozymes is regulated by its corresponding end product amino acid. PW000771 ec00300 Metabolic Folate biosynthesis The biosynthesis of folic acid begins with a product of purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis pathway, GTP. This compound is involved in a reaction with water through a GTP cyclohydrolase 1 protein complex, resulting in a hydrogen ion, formic acid and 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-triphosphate. The latter compound is dephosphatased through a dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate, hydrogen ion and 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3-phosphate. The latter compound reacts with water spontaneously resulting in the release of a phosphate and a 7,8 -dihydroneopterin. This compound reacts with a dihydroneopterin aldolase, releasing a glycoaldehyde and 6-hydroxymethyl-7,9-dihydropterin. The latter compound is phosphorylated with a ATP-driven 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase resulting in a (2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl diphosphate. Chorismate is metabolized by reacting with L-glutamine through a 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase resulting in L-glutamic acid and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate. The latter compound then reacts through an aminodeoxychorismate lyase resulting in pyruvic acid,hydrogen ion and p-aminobenzoic acid. (2-amino-4-hydroxy-7,8-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl diphosphate and p-aminobenzoic acid react through a dihydropteroate synthase resulting in pyrophosphate and 7,8-dihydropteroic acid. This compound reacts with L-glutamic acid through an ATP driven bifunctional folylpolyglutamate synthetase / dihydrofolate synthetase resulting in a 7,8-dihydrofolate monoglutamate. This compound is reduced through an NADPH mediated dihydrofolate reductase resulting in a tetrahydrofate. This product goes on to a one carbon pool by folate pathway. PW000908 ec00790 Metabolic Pyruvate metabolism ec00620 Methane metabolism ec00680 Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis ec00290 C5-Branched dibasic acid metabolism ec00660 Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis The CoA biosynthesis requires compounds from two other pathways: aspartate metabolism and valine biosynthesis. It requires a Beta-Alanine and R-pantoate. The compound (R)-pantoate is generated in two reactions, as shown by the interaction of alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, 5,10 methylene-THF and water through a 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a tetrahydrofolic acid and a 2-dehydropantoate. This compound interacts with hydrogen through a NADPH driven acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase resulting in the release of NADP and R-pantoate. On the other hand L-aspartic acid interacts with a hydrogen ion and gets decarboxylated through an Aspartate 1- decarboxylase resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Beta-alanine. Beta-alanine and R-pantoate interact with an ATP driven pantothenate synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, hydrogen ion and pantothenic acid. Pantothenic acid is phosphorylated through a ATP-driven pantothenate kinase resulting in a ADP, a hydrogen ion and D-4'-Phosphopantothenate. This compound interacts with a CTP and a L-cysteine resulting in a fused 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase and phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a pyrophosphate, a CMP and 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a fused 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase and phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase resulting in a carbon dioxide release and a 4-phosphopantetheine. This compound interacts with an ATP, hydrogen ion and an phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase resulting in a release of pyrophosphate, and dephospho-CoA. Dephospho-CoA reacts with an ATP driven dephospho-CoA kinase resulting in a ADP , a hydrogen ion and a Coenzyme A. . The latter is converted into (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate is two steps, involving a β-alanine ligase and a kinase. In most organsims the ligase acts before the kinase (EC 6.3.2.1, pantoate—β-alanine ligase (AMP-forming) followed by EC 2.7.1.33, pantothenate kinase, as described in phosphopantothenate biosynthesis I and phosphopantothenate biosynthesis II. However, in archaea the order is reversed, and EC 2.7.1.169, pantoate kinase acts before EC 6.3.2.36, 4-phosphopantoate—β-alanine ligase, as described in phosphopantothenate biosynthesis III. The kinases are feedback inhibited by CoA itself, accounting for the primary regulatory mechanism of CoA biosynthesis. The addition of L-cysteine to (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate, resulting in the formation of R-4'-phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine (PPC), is followed by decarboxylation of PPC to 4'-phosphopantetheine. The ultimate reaction is catalyzed by EC 2.7.1.24, dephospho-CoA kinase, which converts 4'-phosphopantetheine to CoA. All enzymes of this pathway are essential for growth. The reactions in the biosynthetic route towards CoA are identical in most organisms, although there are differences in the functionality of the involved enzymes. In plants every step is catalyzed by single monofunctional enzymes, whereas in bacteria and mammals bifunctional enzymes are often employed [Rubio06]. PW000828 ec00770 Metabolic Vitamin B6 metabolism ec00750 Selenoamino acid metabolism ec00450 Sulfur metabolism The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. The alkyl sulfate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and an aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described. PW000922 ec00920 Metabolic Pentose and glucuronate interconversions ec00040 Tryptophan metabolism The biosynthesis of L-tryptophan begins with L-glutamine interacting with a chorismate through a anthranilate synthase which results in a L-glutamic acid, a pyruvic acid, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminobenzoic acid. The aminobenzoic acid interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through an anthranilate synthase component II resulting in a pyrophosphate and a N-(5-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate. The latter compound is then metabolized by an indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in a 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose 5'-phosphate. This compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, a water molecule and a (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate. The latter compound then interacts with a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and an Indole. The indole interacts with an L-serine through a tryptophan synthase, β subunit dimer resulting in a water molecule and an L-tryptophan. The metabolism of L-tryptophan starts with L-tryptophan being dehydrogenated by a tryptophanase / L-cysteine desulfhydrase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an Indole and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is isomerized into a 2-iminopropanoate. This compound then interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in the release of an Ammonium and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an Acetyl-CoA PW000815 ec00380 Metabolic Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism ec00630 Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism ec00760 D-Alanine metabolism L-alanine is an essential component of protein and peptidoglycan. The latter also contains about three molecules of D-alanine for every L-alanine. Only about 10 percent of the total alanine synthesized flows into peptidoglycan. Refer to L-alanine metabolism (pathway PW000788 ). Through this single pathway D-alanine can be degraded to pyruvate through a D-amino acid dehydrogenase, which enters central metabolism and thereby can serve as a total source of carbon and energy. This pathway is unique among those through which L-amino acids are degraded, in that the L form must first be converted to the D form. This first step of the pathway, which can be catalyzed by either of two racemases( biosynthetic or catabolic), also serves an essential role in biosynthesis because its product, D-alanine, is an essential component of cell wall peptidoglycan (murein). D-alanine is metabolized by an ATP driven D-alanine ligase A and B resulting in D-alanyl-D-alanine. This product is incorporated into the peptidoglycan biosynthesis. PW000768 ec00473 Metabolic Propanoate metabolism Starting from L-threonine, this compound is deaminated through a threonine deaminase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and a (2z)-2-aminobut-2-enoate. The latter compound then isomerizes to a 2-iminobutanoate, This compound then reacts spontaneously with hydrogen ion and a water molecule resulting in a ammonium and a 2-Ketobutyric acid. The latter compound interacts with CoA through a pyruvate formate-lyase / 2-ketobutyrate formate-lyase resulting in a formic acid and a propionyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA can then be processed either into a 2-methylcitric acid or into a propanoyl phosphate. Propionyl-CoA interacts with oxalacetic acid and a water molecule through a 2-methylcitrate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a CoA and a 2-Methylcitric acid.The latter compound is dehydrated through a 2-methylcitrate dehydratase resulting in a water molecule and cis-2-methylaconitate. The latter compound is then dehydrated by a bifunctional aconitate hydratase 2 and 2-methylisocitrate dehydratase resulting in a water molecule and methylisocitric acid. The latter compound is then processed by 2-methylisocitrate lyase resulting in a release of succinic acid and pyruvic acid. Succinic acid can then interact with a propionyl-CoA through a propionyl-CoA:succinate CoA transferase resulting in a propionic acid and a succinyl CoA. Succinyl-CoA is then isomerized through a methylmalonyl-CoA mutase resulting in a methylmalonyl-CoA. This compound is then decarboxylated through a methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase resulting in a release of Carbon dioxide and Propionyl-CoA. ropionyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate through a phosphate acetyltransferase / phosphate propionyltransferase resulting in a CoA and a propanoyl phosphate. Propionyl-CoA can react with a phosphate through a phosphate acetyltransferase / phosphate propionyltransferase resulting in a CoA and a propanoyl phosphate. The latter compound is then dephosphorylated through a ADP driven acetate kinase/propionate kinase protein complex resulting in an ATP and Propionic acid. Propionic acid can be processed by a reaction with CoA through a ATP-driven propionyl-CoA synthetase resulting in a pyrophosphate, an AMP and a propionyl-CoA. PW000940 ec00640 Metabolic Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism ec00430 Thiamine metabolism ec00730 Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis ec00130 Trinitrotoluene degradation ec00633 Biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal peptides 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate is synthesized from chorismate via isochorismate and 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate. The biosynthesis of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate starts from chorismate being synthesized into isochorismate through isochorismate synthase entC. EntC catalyzes the conversion of chorismate to isochorismate. The N-terminal isochorismate lyase domain of EntB hydrolyzes the pyruvate group of isochorismate to produce 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate. The conversion of this latter compound to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate is catalyzed by the EntA dehydrogenase.This compound then interacts with L-serine and ATP through enterobactin synthase protein complex resulting in the production of enterobactin. Enterobactin is exported into the periplasmic space through the enterobactin exporter entS. The compound is the export to the environment through the outer membrane protein TolC. In the environment enterobactin reacts with iron to produce Ferric enterobactin. This compound is imported into the periplasmic space through a ferric enterobactin outermembrane transport complex. The compound then enters the cytoplasm through a ferric enterobactin ABC transporter.Once inside the cytoplasm, ferric enterobactin spontaneously releases the iron ion from the enterobactin. PW000760 ec01053 Metabolic Benzoate degradation via hydroxylation ec00362 Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis ec00900 Biphenyl degradation ec00621 Toluene and xylene degradation ec00622 Microbial metabolism in diverse environments ec01120 Phosphotransferase system (PTS) ec02060 Monobactam biosynthesis eco00261 Metabolic pathways eco01100 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate biosynthesis 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate is synthesized from chorismate via isochorismate and 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate. Chorismate is a key intermediate and branch point in the biosynthesis of many aromatic compounds. The biosynthesis of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate from chorismate is catalyzed by three enzymes EntC, EntB, and EntA. EntC catalyzes the conversion of chorismate to isochorismate. The N-terminal isochorismate lyase domain of EntB hydrolyzes the pyruvate group of isochorismate to produce 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate. The conversion of this latter compound to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate is catalyzed by the EntA dehydrogenase. PW000751 Metabolic 2-Oxopent-4-enoate metabolism The pathway starts with trans-cinnamate interacting with a hydrogen ion, an oxygen molecule, and a NADH through a cinnamate dioxygenase resulting in a NAD and a cis-3-(3-Carboxyethenyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol which then interact together through a 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrophenylpropionate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an NADH molecule and a 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate. The second way by which the 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate is acquired is through a 3-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate interacting with a hydrogen ion, a NADH and an oxygen molecule through a 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate 2-hydroxylase resulting in the release of a NAD molecule, a water molecule and a 2,3-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate. The compound 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate then interacts with an oxygen molecule through a 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate 1,2-dioxygenase resulting in a hydrogen ion and a 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4,7-triene-1,9-dioate. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule through a 2-hydroxy-6-oxononatrienedioate hydrolase resulting in a release of a hydrogen ion, a fumarate molecule and (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate. The latter compound reacts spontaneously to isomerize into a 2-oxopent-4-enoate. This compound is then hydrated through a 2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase resulting in a 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate. This compound then interacts with a 4-hydroxy-2-ketovalerate aldolase resulting in the release of a pyruvate, and an acetaldehyde. The acetaldehyde then interacts with a coenzyme A and a NAD molecule through a acetaldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a NADH and an acetyl-coa which can be incorporated into the TCA cycle PW001890 Metabolic Galactitol and galactonate degradation D-galactonate can serve as the sole source of carbon and energy for E. coli . The initial step, after the transport of galactonic acid into the cell is the degradation of D-galactonate is dehydration to 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate by D-galactonate dehydratase. Subsequent phosphorylation by 2-dehydro-3-deoxygalactonate kinase and aldol cleavage by 2-oxo-3-deoxygalactonate 6-phosphate aldolase produce pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which enter central metabolism. Galactitol can also be utilized by E. coli K-12 as a total source of carbon and energy. Each enters the cell via a specific phosphotransferase system, so the first intracellular species is D-galactitol-1-phosphate or D-galactitol-6-phosphate, which are identical. This sugar alcohol phosphate becomes the substrate for a dehydrogenase that oxidizes its 2-alcohol group to a keto group. Galactitol-1-phosphate, the product of the dehydrogenation is tagatose-6-phosphate, which becomes the substrate of a kinase and subsequently an aldolase (in a pair of reactions that parallel those of glycolysis) before it is converted into intermediates (D-glyceraldehde-3-phosphate and dihydroxy-acetone-phosphate) of glycolysis. PW000820 Metabolic Gluconeogenesis from L-malic acid Gluconeogenesis from L-malic acid starts from the introduction of L-malic acid into cytoplasm either through a C4 dicarboxylate / orotate:H+ symporter or a dicarboxylate transporter (succinic acid antiporter). L-malic acid is then metabolized through 3 possible ways: NAD driven malate dehydrogenase resulting in oxalacetic acid, NADP driven malate dehydrogenase B resulting pyruvic acid or malate dehydrogenase, NAD-requiring resulting in pyruvic acid. Oxalacetic acid is processed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP driven) while pyruvic acid is processed by phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase resulting in phosphoenolpyruvic acid. This compound is dehydrated by enolase resulting in an 2-phosphoglyceric acid. This compound is then isomerized by 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid which is phosphorylated by an ATP driven phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in an glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound undergoes an NADH driven glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction resulting in a D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which is first isomerized into dihydroxyacetone phosphate through an triosephosphate isomerase. D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate react through a fructose biphosphate aldolase protein complex resulting in a fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This compound is metabolized by a fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase resulting in a Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate which is then isomerized into a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. PW000819 Metabolic L-alanine metabolism L-alanine is an essential component of proteins and peptidoglycan. The latter also contains about three molecules of D-alanine for every L-alanine. Only about 10 percent of the total alanine synthesized flows into peptidoglycan. There are at least 3 ways to begin the biosynthesis of alanine. The first method for alanine biosynthesis begins with L-cysteine produced from L-cysteine biosynthesis pathway. L-cysteine reacts with an [L-cysteine desulfurase] L-cysteine persulfide through a cysteine desulfurase resulting in a release of [L-cysteine desulfurase] l-cysteine persulfide and L-alanine. The second method starts with pyruvic acid reacting with L-glutamic acid through a glutamate-pyruvate aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and L-alanine. The third method starts with L-glutamic acid interacting with Alpha-ketoisovaleric acid through a valine transaminase resulting in an oxoglutaric acid and L-valine. L-valine reacts with pyruvic acid through a valine-pyruvate aminotransferase resulting Alpha-ketoisovaleric acid and L-alanine. This first step of the pathway, which can be catalyzed by either of two racemases( biosynthetic or catabolic), also serves an essential role in biosynthesis because its product, D-alanine, is an essential component of cell wall peptidoglycan (murein). D-alanine is metabolized by an ATP driven D-alanine ligase A and B resulting in D-alanyl-D-alanine. This product is incorporated into the peptidoglycan biosynthesis. L-alanine is metabolized with alanine racemase, either catabolic or metabolic resulting in a D-alanine. This compound reacts with water and a quinone through a D-amino acid dehydrogenase resulting in Pyruvic acid, hydroquinone and ammonium, thus entering the central metabolism and thereby can serve as a total source of carbon and energy. This pathway is unique among those through which L-amino acids are degraded, in that the L form must first be converted to the D form. D-alanine, is an essential component of cell wall peptidoglycan (murein). The role of the alr racemase is predominately biosynthetic: it is produced constitutively in small amounts. The role of the dadX racemase is degradative: it is induced to high levels by alanine and is subject to catabolite repression. PW000788 Metabolic Menaquinol biosythesis Menaquinol biosynthesis starts with chorismate being metabolized into isochorismate through a isochorismate synthase. Isochorismate then interacts with 2-oxoglutare and a hydrogen ion through a 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate synthase resulting in the release of a carbon dioxide and a 2-succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate. The latter compound then interacts with (1R,6R)-2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase resulting in the release of a pyruvate and a (1R,6R)-6-hydroxy-2-succinylcyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate. This compound is the dehydrated through a o-succinylbenzoate synthase resulting in the release of a water molecule and a 2-succinylbenzoate. This compound then interacts with a coenzyme A and an ATP through a o-succinylbenzoate CoA ligase resulting in the release of a diphosphate, a AMP and a succinylbenzoyl-CoA. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA synthase resulting in the release of a water molecule or a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA. This compound then interacts with water through a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA thioesterase resulting in the release of a coenzyme A, a hydrogen ion and a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate. The 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate can interact with either farnesylfarnesylgeranyl-PP or octaprenyl diphosphate and a hydrogen ion through a 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate octaprenyltransferase resulting in a release of a carbon dioxide, a pyrophosphate and a demethylmenaquinol-8. This compound then interacts with SAM through a bifunctional 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methylase and S-adenosylmethionine:2-DMK methyltransferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a s-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and a menaquinol. PW001897 Metabolic S-adenosyl-L-methionine biosynthesis S-adenosyl-L-methionine biosynthesis(SAM) is synthesized in the cytosol of the cell from L-methionine and ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by methionine adenosyltransferase. L methione is taken up from the environment through a complex reaction coupled transport and then proceeds too synthesize the s adenosylmethionine through a adenosylmethionine synthase. The S-adenosylmethionine then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a adenosylmethionine decarboxylase resulting in a carbon dioxide and a S-adenosyl 3-methioninamine.This compound interacts with a putrescine through a spermidine synthase resulting in a spermidine, a hydrogen ion and a S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine. The latter compound is degraded by interacting with a water molecule through a 5' methylthioadenosine nucleosidase resulting in a adenine and a S-methylthioribose which is then release into the environment PW000837 Metabolic Secondary Metabolites: Ubiquinol biosynthesis The biosynthesis of ubiquinol starts the interaction of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid interacting with an octaprenyl diphosphate. The former compound comes from the chorismate interacting with a chorismate lyase resulting in the release of a pyruvic acid and a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. On the other hand, the latter compound, octaprenyl diphosphate is the result of a farnesyl pyrophosphate interacting with an isopentenyl pyrophosphate through an octaprenyl diphosphate synthase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and an octaprenyl diphosphate. The 4-hydroxybenzoic acid interacts with octaprenyl diphosphate through a 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and a 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase resulting in the release of a carbon dioxide and a 2-octaprenylphenol. The latter compound interacts with an oxygen molecule and a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 2-octaprenylphenol hydroxylase resulting in a NADP, a water molecule and a 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol. The 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol interacts with an S-adenosylmethionine through a bifunctional 3-demethylubiquinone-8 3-O-methyltransferase and 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol methylase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an s-adenosylhomocysteine and a 2-methoxy-6-(all-trans-octaprenyl)phenol. The latter compound then interacts with an oxygen molecule and a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol hydroxylase resulting in a NADP, a water molecule and a 2-methoxy-6-all trans-octaprenyl-2-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol. The latter compound interacts with a S-adenosylmethionine through a bifunctional 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methylase and S-adenosylmethionine:2-DMK methyltransferase resulting in a s-adenosylhomocysteine, a hydrogen ion and a 6-methoxy-3-methyl-2-all-trans-octaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol. The 6-methoxy-3-methyl-2-all-trans-octaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol. interacts with a reduced acceptor, an oxygen molecule through a 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone hydroxylase resulting in the release of a water molecule, an oxidized electron acceptor and a 3-demethylubiquinol-8. The latter compound then interacts with a S-adenosylmethionine through a bifunctional 3-demethylubiquinone-8 3-O-methyltransferase and 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol methylase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a S-adenosylhomocysteine and a ubiquinol 8. PW000981 Metabolic Secondary Metabolites: Valine and I-leucine biosynthesis from pyruvate The biosynthesis of Valine and L-leucine from pyruvic acid starts with pyruvic acid interacting with a hydrogen ion through a acetolactate synthase / acetohydroxybutanoate synthase resulting in a release of a carbon dioxide, a (S)-2-acetolactate. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH-driven acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase resulting in the release of a NADP, a (R) 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylvalerate. The latter compound is then dehydrated by a dihydroxy acid dehydratase resulting in the release of a water molecule an 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid. The 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid can produce an L-valine by interacting with a L-glutamic acid through a Valine Transaminase resulting in the release of a Oxoglutaric acid and a L-valine. The 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid then interacts with an acetyl-CoA and a water molecule through a 2-isopropylmalate synthase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, a Coenzyme A and a 2-Isopropylmalic acid. The isopropylimalic acid is then hydrated by interacting with a isopropylmalate isomerase resulting in a 3-isopropylmalate. This compound then interacts with an NAD driven 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase resulting in a NADH, a hydrogen ion and a 2-isopropyl-3-oxosuccinate. The latter compound then interacts with hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in a carbon dioxide and a ketoleucine. The ketoleucine then interacts with a L-glutamic acid through a branched-chain amino-acid aminotransferase resulting in the oxoglutaric acid and L-leucine. PW000978 Metabolic Secondary Metabolites: threonine biosynthesis from aspartate The biosynthesis of threonine starts with L-aspartic acid being phosphorylated by an ATP driven Aspartate kinase resulting in an a release of an ADP and an L-aspartyl-4-phosphate. This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a phosphate, an NADP and a L-aspartate-semialdehyde.The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven aspartate kinase / homoserine dehydrogenase resulting in the release of an NADP and a L-homoserine. L-homoserine is phosphorylated through an ATP driven homoserine kinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a O-phosphohomoserine. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule threonine synthase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an L-threonine. PW000976 Metabolic Valine Biosynthesis The pathway of valine biosynthesis starts with pyruvic acid interacting with a hydrogen ion through a acetolactate synthase / acetohydroxybutanoate synthase or a acetohydroxybutanoate synthase / acetolactate synthase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and (S)-2-acetolactate. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase resulting in the release of a NADP and an (R) 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylvalerate. The latter compound is then dehydrated by a dihydroxy acid dehydratase resulting in the release of water and isovaleric acid. Isovaleric acid interacts with an L-glutamic acid through a Valine Transaminase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and an L-valine. L-valine is then transported into the periplasmic space through a L-valine efflux transporter. PW000812 Metabolic Vitamin B6 1430936196 PW000891 Metabolic fructose metabolism Fructose metabolism begins with the transport of Beta-D-fructofuranose through a fructose PTS permease, resulting in a Beta-D-fructofuranose 1-phosphate. This compound is phosphorylated by an ATP driven 1-phosphofructokinase resulting in a fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This compound can either react with a fructose bisphosphate aldolase class 1 resulting in D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or through a fructose biphosphate aldolase class 2 resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This compound can then either react in a reversible triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or react with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000913 Metabolic fucose and rhamnose degradation In E. coli, L-fucose and L-rhamnose are metabolized through parallel pathways. The pathways converge after their corresponding aldolase reactions yielding the same products: lactaldehye. Via reactions catalyzed by proteins encoded in linked operons comprising a regulon, the methylpentose, alpha-L-rhamnopyranose and/or beta-L-rhamnopyranose, is taken into the cell through a proton symporter and metabolized, enabling E. coli to grow on it as a total source of carbon and energy. For alpha-L-rhamnopyranose, it is isomerized by a l-rhamnose mutarotase resulting in a beta-L-rhamnopyranose which is then isomerized into a keto-L-rhamnulose by a l-rhamnose isomerase. The keto-L-rhamnulose spontaneously changes into a L-rhamnulofuranose which is phosphorylated by a rhamnulokinase resulting in a L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate. This compound reacts with a rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase resulting in a dihydroxyacetone phosphate and a lactaldehyde. For beta-L-rhamnopyranose, it is isomerized by a L-fucose mutarotase resulting in a alpha-L-fucopyranose. This compound is then isomerized by an L-fucose isomerase resulting in a L-fuculose which in turn gets phosphorylated into an L-fuculose 1-phosphate through an L-fuculokinase. The compound L-fuculose 1-phosphate reacts with an L-fuculose phosphate aldolase through a dihydroxyacetone phosphate and a lactaldehyde. Two pathways can be used for degradation of L-lactaldehyde. Aerobically, it is converted via lactate to pyruvate, also an intermediate of glycolysis. Anaerobically, lactaldehyde reductase is induced which converts lactaldehyde into propane-1,2-diol. Under aerobic conditions, L-lactaldehyde is oxidized in two steps to pyruvate, thereby channeling all the carbons from fucose or rhamnose into central metabolic pathways. Under anaerobic conditions, L-lactaldehyde is reduced to L-1,2-propanediol, which is secreted into the environment. PW000826 Metabolic glycerol metabolism Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through a glycerophosphodiester reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase or it can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000914 Metabolic glycerol metabolism II Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000915 Metabolic glycerol metabolism III (sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through sn-glycero-3-phosphethanolamine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000916 Metabolic glycerol metabolism IV (glycerophosphoglycerol) Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through glycerophosphoglycerol reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000917 Metabolic glycerol metabolism V (glycerophosphoserine) Glycerol metabolism starts with glycerol is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol channel GlpF Glycerol is then phosphorylated through an ATP mediated glycerol kinase resulting in a Glycerol 3-phosphate. This compound can also be obtained through glycerophosphoserine reacting with water through a glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase producing a benzyl alcohol, a hydrogen ion and a glycerol 3-phosphate or the campound can be introduced into the cytoplasm through a glycerol-3-phosphate:phosphate antiporter. Glycerol 3-phosphate is then metabolized into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate in both aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In anaerobic conditions the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with a menaquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein complex. In aerobic conditions, the metabolism is done through the reaction of glycerol 3-phosphate with ubiquinone mediated by a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(P]+]. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is then introduced into the fructose metabolism by turning a dihydroxyacetone into an isomer through a triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which in turn reacts with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000918 Metabolic glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase Fructose metabolism begins with the transport of Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose PTS permease, resulting in a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is isomerized by a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase resulting in a fructose 6-phosphate. This compound can be phosphorylated by two different enzymes, a pyridoxal phosphatase/fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase or a ATP driven-6-phosphofructokinase-1 resulting in a fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This compound can either react with a fructose bisphosphate aldolase class 1 resulting in D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or through a fructose biphosphate aldolase class 2 resulting in a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This compound can then either react in a reversible triosephosphate isomerase resulting in a dihydroxyacetone phosphate or react with a phosphate through a NAD dependent Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase resulting in a glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound is desphosphorylated by a phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid.This compound in turn can either react with a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase or a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid. This compound interacts with an enolase resulting in a phosphoenolpyruvic acid and water. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid can react either through a AMP driven phosphoenoylpyruvate synthase or a ADP driven pyruvate kinase protein complex resulting in a pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid reacts with CoA through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Acetyl-CoA which gets incorporated into the TCA cycle pathway. PW000785 Metabolic hexuronide and hexuronate degradation E. coli can use β-D-glucuronosides, D-glucuronate and D-fructuronate as an only sources of carbon for growth. β-D-glucuronosides are detoxification products that are excreted into the mammalian gut in the bile. They enter E.coli through an outer membrane protein called gusC. Once in the periplasmic space it is transported through a hydrogen symporter into the cytoplasm. Once inside the cytoplasm, the initial step in the degradation of β-glucuronides is hydrolysis by β-D-glucuronidase to yield D-glucuronate. This is then isomerized to D-fructuronate by D-glucuronate isomerase. D-fructuronate then undergoes an NADH-dependent reduction to D-mannonate by D-mannonate oxidoreductase. D-mannonate dehydratase subsequently catalyzes dehydration to yield 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate. At this point, a common enzyme, 2-keto-3-deoxygluconokinase, phosphorylates 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate to yield 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate-6-phosphate.This product is then process by KHG/KDPG aldolase which in turn produces D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and Pyruvic Acid which then go into their respective sub pathways: glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase The pathway can also start from 3 other points: a hydrogen ion symporter (gluconate/fructuronate transporter GntP) of D-fructuronate, a hydrogen ion symporter (Hexuronate transporter) of aldehydo-D-galacturonate that spontaneously turns into D-tagaturonate and then undergoes an NADH-dependent reduction to D-altronate through an altronate oxidoreductase. D-altronate undergoes dehydration to yield 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate, the third and last point where the reaction can start from a hydrogen symporter of a 2-dehydro-3-deoy-D-gluconate. PW000834 Metabolic isoleucine biosynthesis Isoleucine biosynthesis begins with L-threonine from the threonine biosynthesis pathway. L-threonine interacts with a threonine dehydratase biosynthetic releasing water, a hydrogen ion and (2Z)-2-aminobut-2-enoate. This compound is isomerized into a 2-iminobutanoate which interacts with water and a hydrogen ion spontaneously, resulting in the release of ammonium and 2-ketobutyric acid. This compound reacts with pyruvic acid and hydrogen ion through an acetohydroxybutanoate synthase / acetolactate synthase 2 resulting in carbon dioxide and (S)-2-Aceto-2-hydroxybutanoic acid. The latter compound is reduced by an NADPH driven acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase releasing NADP and acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase. The latter compound is dehydrated by a dihydroxy acid dehydratase resulting in 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid.This compound reacts in a reversible reaction with L-glutamic acid through a Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase resulting in oxoglutaric acid and L-isoleucine. L-isoleucine can also be transported into the cytoplasm through two different methods: a branched chain amino acid ABC transporter or a branched chain amino acid transporter BrnQ y. PW000818 Metabolic serine biosynthesis and metabolism Serine biosynthesis is a major metabolic pathway in E. coli. Its end product, serine, is not only used in protein synthesis, but also as a precursor for the biosynthesis of glycine, cysteine, tryptophan, and phospholipids. In addition, it directly or indirectly serves as a source of one-carbon units for the biosynthesis of various compounds. The biosynthesis of serine starts with 3-phosphoglyceric acid being metabolized by a NAD driven D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase / α-ketoglutarate reductase resulting in the release of a NADH, a hydrogen ion and a phosphohydroxypyruvic acid. The latter compound then interacts with an L-glutamic acid through a 3-phosphoserine aminotransferase / phosphohydroxythreonine aminotransferase resulting in oxoglutaric acid and DL-D-phosphoserine. The DL-D-phosphoserine can also be imported into the cytoplasm through a phosphonate ABC transporter. The DL-D-phosphoserine is dephosphorylated by interacting with a water molecule through a phosphoserine phosphatase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an L-serine L-serine is then metabolized by being dehydrated through either a L-serine dehydratase 2 or a L-serine dehydratase 1 resulting in the release of a water molecule, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is an isomer of a 2-iminopropanoate which reacts spontaneously with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion resulting in the release of Ammonium and pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an acetyl-CoA. PW000809 Metabolic sulfur metabolism (butanesulfonate) The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case 1-butanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. 1-butanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and betaine aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described. PW000923 Metabolic sulfur metabolism (ethanesulfonate) The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case ethanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. Ethanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and betaine aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described. PW000925 Metabolic sulfur metabolism (isethionate) The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case isethionate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. Isethionate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and betaine aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described. PW000926 Metabolic sulfur metabolism (methanesulfonate) The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case methanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. Methanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and an aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described. PW000927 Metabolic sulfur metabolism (propanesulfonate) The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and betaine aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described. PW000924 Metabolic superpathway of D-glucarate and D-galactarate degradation Galactarate is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid analog of D-galactose. E. coli can use both diacid sugars galactarate and D-glucarate as the sole source of carbon for growth. The initial step in the degradation of galactarate is its dehydration to 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2--) by galactarate dehydratase. Glucaric acid can also be dehydrated by a glucarate dehydratase resulting in water and 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2--). The 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2--) is then metabolized by a alpha-dehydro-beta-deoxy-D-glucarate aldolase resulting in pyruvic acid and a tartonate semialdehyde. Pyruvic acid interacts with coenzyme A through a NAD driven Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in a carbon dioxide, an NADH and an acetyl-CoA. The tartronate semialdehyde interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven tartronate semialdehyde reductase resulting in a NADP and a glyceric acid. The glyceric acid is phosphorylated by an ATP-driven glycerate kinase 2 resulting in an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a 2-phosphoglyceric acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by an enolase resulting in the release of water and a phosphoenolpyruvic acid. The phosphoenolpyruvic acid interacts with a hydrogen ion through an ADP driven pyruvate kinase resulting in an ATP and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with water and an ATP through a phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, a phosphate, an AMP and a Phosphoenolpyruvic acid. PW000795 Metabolic tryptophan metabolism II The biosynthesis of L-tryptophan begins with L-glutamine interacting with a chorismate through a anthranilate synthase which results in a L-glutamic acid, a pyruvic acid, a hydrogen ion and a 2-aminobenzoic acid. The aminobenzoic acid interacts with a phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate through an anthranilate synthase component II resulting in a pyrophosphate and a N-(5-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate. The latter compound is then metabolized by an indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in a 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose 5'-phosphate. This compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase / phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, a water molecule and a (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate. The latter compound then interacts with a D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and an Indole. The indole interacts with an L-serine through a tryptophan synthase, β subunit dimer resulting in a water molecule and an L-tryptophan. The metabolism of L-tryptophan starts with L-tryptophan being dehydrogenated by a tryptophanase / L-cysteine desulfhydrase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an Indole and a 2-aminoacrylic acid. The latter compound is isomerized into a 2-iminopropanoate. This compound then interacts with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in the release of an Ammonium and a pyruvic acid. The pyruvic acid then interacts with a coenzyme A through a NAD driven pyruvate dehydrogenase complex resulting in the release of a NADH, a carbon dioxide and an Acetyl-CoA PW001916 Metabolic ketogluconate metabolism PW002003 Metabolic 2-Oxopent-4-enoate metabolism 2 The pathway starts with trans-cinnamate interacting with a hydrogen ion, an oxygen molecule, and a NADH through a cinnamate dioxygenase resulting in a NAD and a Cis-3-(3-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol which then interact together through a 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrophenylpropionate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an NADH molecule and a 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate. The second way by which the 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate is acquired is through a 3-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate interacting with a hydrogen ion, a NADH and an oxygen molecule through a 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate 2-hydroxylase resulting in the release of a NAD molecule, a water molecule and a 2,3-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate. The compound 2,3 dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate then interacts with an oxygen molecule through a 2,3-dihydroxyphenylpropionate 1,2-dioxygenase resulting in a hydrogen ion and a 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4,7-triene-1,9-dioate. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule through a 2-hydroxy-6-oxononatrienedioate hydrolase resulting in a release of a hydrogen ion, a fumarate molecule and (2Z)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate. The latter compound reacts spontaneously to isomerize into a 2-oxopent-4-enoate. This compound is then hydrated through a 2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase resulting in a 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate. This compound then interacts with a 4-hydroxy-2-ketovalerate aldolase resulting in the release of a pyruvate, and an acetaldehyde. The acetaldehyde then interacts with a coenzyme A and a NAD molecule through a acetaldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a NADH and an acetyl-coa which can be incorporated into the TCA cycle PW002035 Metabolic Enterobactin Biosynthesis Enterobactin is a catecholate siderophore produced almost exclusively by enterobacteria, although it has been reported in some Streptomyces species. It is a cyclic compound made of three units of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine joined in a cyclic structure by lactone linkages (only the δ-cis isomer of the ferric chelate is biologically active). Not only the cyclic molecule, but also the biosynthetic precursor 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoylserine and its linear dimer and trimer condensation products are able to transport iron into enterobacteria. Enterobactin is synthesized under iron-deficient conditions and excreted into the environment where it binds Fe(III) with high affinity and specificity. The ferrisiderophore complexes are taken up into the cell by specific transport components. Enterobactin synthesis is divided into two parts: 1) the conversion of chorismate to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate 2) the synthesis of enterobactin from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate and L-serine. (EcoCyc) PW002048 Metabolic Hydrogen Sulfide Biosynthesis I It has long been known that many bacteria are able to produce hydrogen sulfide [Barrett87]. However, the physiological role of H2S in nonsulfur bacteria was unknown. A recent report has now shown that production of H2S serves to defend cells from antibiotics by mitigating oxidative stress. This pathway is one of two pathways for hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis. Neither of the two activities have been shown biochemically for the E. coli enzymes. The function of AspC as a cysteine transaminase is hypothesized based on sequence similarity to mammalian enzymes. The function of SseA was determined based on the phenotype of an sseA null mutant, which does not produce hydrogen sulfide. PW002066 Metabolic L-lactaldehyde degradation (aerobic) L-lactaldehyde is one of two products resulting from degradation of the two methylpentoses L-fucose and rhamnose, which are metabolized by an analogous series of reactions. Aerobically, lactaldehyde is oxidized in two steps to pyruvate, which enters central metabolism. PW002073 Metabolic N-acetylneuraminate and N-acetylmannosamine and N-acetylglucosamine degradation The degradation of N-acetylneuraminate begins with its incorporation into the cytosol through a hydrogen symporter. Once inside the cytosol it is degraded by a N-acetylneuraminate lyase resulting in a release of a pyruvic acid and N-acetymannosamine. The latter compound is phosphorylated by an ATP driven N-Acetylmannosamine kinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate. This phosphorylated compound is then metabolized by a putative N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase resulting in the release of a N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate. This compound is then deacetylated through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase resulting in the release of an Acetic acid and a glucosamine 6-phosphate This compound can then be deaminated through a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase resulting in the release of an ammonium and a beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate which can then be incorporated into the glycolysis pathway. PW002030 Metabolic Secondary Metabolites: Ubiquinol biosynthesis 2 The biosynthesis of ubiquinol starts the interaction of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid interacting with an octaprenyl diphosphate. The former compound comes from the chorismate interacting with a chorismate lyase resulting in the release of a pyruvic acid and a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. On the other hand, the latter compound, octaprenyl diphosphate is the result of a farnesyl pyrophosphate interacting with an isopentenyl pyrophosphate through an octaprenyl diphosphate synthase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and an octaprenyl diphosphate. The 4-hydroxybenzoic acid interacts with octaprenyl diphosphate through a 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase resulting in the release of a pyrophosphate and a 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through a 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase resulting in the release of a carbon dioxide and a 2-octaprenylphenol. The latter compound interacts with an oxygen molecule and a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 2-octaprenylphenol hydroxylase resulting in a NADP, a water molecule and a 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol. The 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol interacts with an S-adenosylmethionine through a bifunctional 3-demethylubiquinone-8 3-O-methyltransferase and 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol methylase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, an s-adenosylhomocysteine and a 2-methoxy-6-(all-trans-octaprenyl)phenol. The latter compound then interacts with an oxygen molecule and a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol hydroxylase resulting in a NADP, a water molecule and a 2-methoxy-6-all trans-octaprenyl-2-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol. The latter compound interacts with a S-adenosylmethionine through a bifunctional 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone methylase and S-adenosylmethionine:2-DMK methyltransferase resulting in a s-adenosylhomocysteine, a hydrogen ion and a 6-methoxy-3-methyl-2-all-trans-octaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol. The 6-methoxy-3-methyl-2-all-trans-octaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol. interacts with a reduced acceptor, an oxygen molecule through a 2-octaprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone hydroxylase resulting in the release of a water molecule, an oxidized electron acceptor and a 3-demethylubiquinol-8. The latter compound then interacts with a S-adenosylmethionine through a bifunctional 3-demethylubiquinone-8 3-O-methyltransferase and 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol methylase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a S-adenosylhomocysteine and a ubiquinol 8. PW002036 Metabolic Spermidine Biosynthesis I Spermidine is formed by the addition of a propylamine moiety to putrescine, catalyzed by an aminopropyltransferase termed spermidine synthase, the the product of gene speE. The source of the propylamine group is decarboxylated S-adenosyl-L-methionine (S-adenosyl-L-methioninamine) which is produced by the action of the pyruvoyl-containing enzyme adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. The other product of the aminopropyltransferase reaction is S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (MTA), which can be recycled back to L-methionine in many organisms, but not in E. coli. Inhibition of E. coli adenosylmethionine decarboxylase by spermidine appears to be the most significant regulator of polyamine biosynthesis, probably limiting it when the intracellular spermidine concentration becomes excessive. In E. coli most intracellular spermidine is bound to nucleic acids and phospholipids. (EcoCyc) PW002040 Metabolic Thiazole Biosynthesis I This pathway describes only the synthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamin. Different variations of this pathway exist, this particular pathway describes the pathway that occurs in Escherichia coli K-12 and Salmonella enterica enterica serovar Typhimurium. The biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety is complex. In Escherichia coli it involves six proteins, the products of the thiS, thiF, thiG, thiH, thiI, and iscS genes. The process begins when IscS, a protein that is also involved in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters, catalyzes the transfer of a sulfur atom from cysteine to a ThiI sulfur-carrier protein, generating a an S-sulfanyl-[ThiI sulfur-carrier protein]. In a parallel route, the ThiF protein activates a ThiS sulfur-carrier protein by adenylation of its carboxy terminus, generating a carboxy-adenylated-[ThiS sulfur-carrier protein]. In a second reaction, which may also be catalyzed by ThiF, the sulfur from an S-sulfanyl-[ThiI sulfur-carrier protein] is transferred to ThiS, generating a thiocarboxy-[ThiS-Protein]. The final reaction of this pathway, which is catalyzed by the ThiG protein, requires three inputs: a thiocarboxy-[ThiS-Protein], 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate and 2-iminoacetate. 2-iminoacetate is formed in Escherichia coli from L-tyrosine by tyrosine lyase (ThiH), which forms a complex with ThiG. For many years the products of this reaction was assumed to be 4-methyl-5-(β-hydroxyethyl)thiazole (thiazole). However, recent work performed with the thiazole synthase from Bacillus subtilis has shown that the actual product is the thiazole tautomer 2-[(2R,5Z)-(2-carboxy-4-methylthiazol-5(2H)-ylidene]ethyl phosphate. While in Bacillus a dedicated thiazole tautomerase converts this product into a different tautomer (2-(2-carboxy-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethyl phosphate), most of the proteobacteria lack the tautomerase. (EcoCyc) PW002041 Metabolic D-serine degradation The degradation of D-serine begins with the transport of D-serine into the cytosol through a cycA. Once in the cytosol D-serine reacts with ammonia-lyase resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, water and a 2-aminoprop-2-enoate. This compound in turn reacts spontaneously to produces 2-iminipropanoate. This compound in turn reacts with water and hydrogen ion spontaneously resulting in the release of ammonium and apyruvate. PW002101 Metabolic L-cysteine degradation The degradation of cysteine starts with L-cysteine reacting with l-cysteine desulfhydrase resulting in the release of a hydrogen sulfide, a hydrogen ion and a a 2-aminoprop-2-enoate. The latter compound in turn reacts spontaneously to form a 2-iminopropanoate. This compound in turn reacts spontaneously with water and a hydrogen ion resulting in the release of ammonium and pyruvate. PW002110 Metabolic Spermidine biosynthesis and metabolism Spermidine metabolism starts with S-adenosyl-L-methionine reacting with a hydrogen ion through a adenosylmethionine decarboxylase resulting in the release of a carbon dioxide and a S-adenosyl 3-(methylthio)propylamine. The later compound in turn reacts with putrescine resulting in the release of a hydrogen ion, a spermidine and a S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine. S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine in turn reacts with a water molecule through a 5-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase resulting in the release of a adenine and a S-methyl-5-thio-D-ribose which in in turn is released into the environment. PW002085 Metabolic methylglyoxal degradation II The most common pathway for methylglyoxal detoxification is the glyoxalase system, which is composed of two enzymes that together convert methylglyoxal to (R)-lactate in the presence of glutathione. However, in E. coli, a single enzyme, glyoxalase III, catalyzes this conversion in a single step without involvement of glutathione. Activity of glyoxalase III increases at the transition to stationary phase and expression is dependent on RpoS, suggesting that this pathway may be important during stationary phase. (EcoCyc) PW002084 Metabolic methylglyoxal degradation IV In this pathway, which has been characterized in Escherichia coli K-12, methylglyoxal is reduced to lactaldehyde by the enzyme methylglyoxal reductase. (S)-lactaldehyde is then reduced to (S)-lactate which is finally converted to pyruvate and joins the pool of central metobolites. Methylglyoxal reductases have been characterized in bacteria and fungi. Some of the enzymes are NADP-linked, while others are NAD-linked. Two variants of this pathway have been entered in MetaCyc to reflect the different biochemistry of the last enzyme, L-lactate dehydrogenase. The Escherichia coli K-12 enzyme encoded by gene lldD uses an unidentified electron acceptor, while the Saccharomyces cerevisiae enzyme uses an an oxidized c-type cytochrome. (EcoCyc) PW002078 Metabolic pyruvate decarboxylation to acetyl CoA This multi-enzyme complex, which consists of 24 subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase, 24 subunits of lipoate acetyltransferase, and 12 subunits of dihydrolipoate dehydrogenase, catalyzes three reactions, which constitute a cycle. The complex contains a lipoyl active site in the form of lipoyllysine, as well as a thiamin diphosphate. The net consequence of the cycle, in addition to reducing NAD+, is the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and CO2, a key reaction of central metabolism because it links glycolysis I, which generates pyruvate, to the TCA cycle, into which the acetyl-CoA flows. During aerobic growth the cycle is an essential source of acetyl-CoA to feed the TCA cycle and thereby to satisfy the cellular requirements for the precursor metabolites it forms. Mutant strains defective in the complex require an exogenous source of acetate to meet this requirement, but anaerobically such mutants grow without exogenous acetate because under such conditions, pyruvate formate lyase generates acetyl-CoA from pyruvate. Mutant strains lacking pyruvate formate lyase have the reverse phenotype. They require acetate for anaerobic but not for aerobic growth. PW002083 Metabolic pyruvate to cytochrome bd terminal oxidase electron transfer The reaction of pyruvate to cytochrome bd terminal oxidase electron transfer starts with 2 pyruvate and 2 water molecules reacting in a pyruvate oxidase resulting in the release of 4 electrons into the inner membrane, and releasing 2 carbon dioxide molecules , 2 acetate and 4 hydrogen ion into the cytosol. 2 ubiquinone,4 hydrogen ion and 4 electron ion react resulting in the release of 2 ubiquinol . The 2 ubiquinol in turn release 4 hydrogen ions into the periplasmic space through a cytochrome bd-I terminal oxidase and releasing 4 electrons through the enzyme. Oxygen and 4 hydrogen ion reacts with the 4 electrons resulting in 2 water molecules. PW002087 Metabolic isoleucine biosynthesis I (from threonine) ILEUSYN-PWY pyruvate oxidation pathway PYRUVOX-PWY mixed acid fermentation FERMENTATION-PWY thiazole biosynthesis I (E. coli) PWY-6892 gluconeogenesis I GLUCONEO-PWY glycolysis I GLYCOLYSIS 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate biosynthesis I PWY-5837 2-methylcitrate cycle I PWY0-42 tryptophan degradation II (via pyruvate) TRYPDEG-PWY L-serine degradation SERDEG-PWY D-serine degradation PWY0-1535 methionine biosynthesis I HOMOSER-METSYN-PWY L-cysteine degradation II LCYSDEG-PWY respiration (anaerobic) ANARESP1-PWY methylerythritol phosphate pathway NONMEVIPP-PWY methylglyoxal degradation I PWY-5386 glycerol degradation V GLYCEROLMETAB-PWY alanine biosynthesis II ALANINE-SYN2-PWY alanine biosynthesis I ALANINE-VALINESYN-PWY valine biosynthesis VALSYN-PWY hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis PWY0-1534 <i>p</i>-aminobenzoate biosynthesis PWY-6543 pyridoxal 5'-phosphate biosynthesis I PYRIDOXSYN-PWY lysine biosynthesis I DAPLYSINESYN-PWY tryptophan biosynthesis TRPSYN-PWY alanine degradation I ALADEG-PWY L-lactaldehyde degradation (aerobic) PWY0-1317 acetyl-CoA biosynthesis I (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) PYRUVDEHYD-PWY superpathway of glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase, TCA, and glyoxylate bypass GLYCOLYSIS-TCA-GLYOX-BYPASS methylglyoxal degradation II PWY-901 D-malate degradation PWY0-1465 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate biosynthesis PWY-5901 D-galactonate degradation GALACTCAT-PWY D-galactarate degradation I GALACTARDEG-PWY <i>D</i>-glucarate degradation I GLUCARDEG-PWY Entner-Doudoroff pathway I ENTNER-DOUDOROFF-PWY <i>N</i>-acetylneuraminate and <i>N</i>-acetylmannosamine degradation PWY0-1324 4-hydroxybenzoate biosynthesis II (bacteria and fungi) PWY-5755 2-oxopentenoate degradation PWY-5162 Specdb::CMs 856 Specdb::CMs 904 Specdb::CMs 911 Specdb::CMs 3173 Specdb::CMs 29477 Specdb::CMs 30679 Specdb::CMs 31099 Specdb::CMs 31100 Specdb::CMs 32376 Specdb::CMs 37382 Specdb::CMs 136757 Specdb::CMs 144491 Specdb::CMs 1055177 Specdb::CMs 1055178 Specdb::CMs 1055180 Specdb::EiMs 508 Specdb::NmrOneD 1215 Specdb::NmrOneD 1266 Specdb::NmrOneD 2212 Specdb::NmrOneD 2905 Specdb::NmrOneD 4784 Specdb::NmrOneD 4785 Specdb::NmrOneD 4786 Specdb::NmrOneD 4787 Specdb::NmrOneD 143150 Specdb::NmrOneD 143151 Specdb::NmrOneD 143152 Specdb::NmrOneD 143153 Specdb::NmrOneD 143154 Specdb::NmrOneD 143155 Specdb::NmrOneD 143156 Specdb::NmrOneD 143157 Specdb::NmrOneD 143158 Specdb::NmrOneD 143159 Specdb::NmrOneD 143160 Specdb::NmrOneD 143161 Specdb::NmrOneD 143162 Specdb::NmrOneD 143163 Specdb::NmrOneD 143164 Specdb::NmrOneD 143165 Specdb::NmrOneD 143166 Specdb::MsMs 6147 Specdb::MsMs 6148 Specdb::MsMs 6149 Specdb::MsMs 6150 Specdb::MsMs 6151 Specdb::MsMs 6152 Specdb::MsMs 179619 Specdb::MsMs 179620 Specdb::MsMs 179621 Specdb::MsMs 181950 Specdb::MsMs 181951 Specdb::MsMs 181952 Specdb::MsMs 438249 Specdb::MsMs 438250 Specdb::MsMs 438251 Specdb::MsMs 438252 Specdb::MsMs 438253 Specdb::MsMs 2237218 Specdb::MsMs 2240238 Specdb::MsMs 2241457 Specdb::MsMs 2242358 Specdb::MsMs 2243524 Specdb::MsMs 2456955 Specdb::MsMs 2456956 Specdb::MsMs 2456957 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1233 HMDB00243 1031 C00022 15361 PYRUVATE PYR Pyruvic acid Keseler, I. 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"Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. 17765195 Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948. 18331064 Park, C., Park, C., Lee, Y., Lee, S.Y., Oh, H.B., Lee, J. (2011) Determination of the Intracellular Concentration of Metabolites in Escherichia coli Collected during the Exponential and Stationary Growth Phases using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Bull Korean Chem. Soc. 32: 524-530. Tsuchiya H, Hashizume I, Tokunaga T, Tatsumi M, Takagi N, Hayashi T: High-performance liquid chromatography of alpha-keto acids in human saliva. Arch Oral Biol. 1983;28(11):989-92. 6581765 Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. 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Preparation of pyruvic acid. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (2003), 5 pp. http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/177/original/HMDB00243.pdf?1358895516 PTS system mannitol-specific EIICBA component P00550 PTM3C_ECOLI mtlA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00550.xml Acetolactate synthase isozyme 3 large subunit P00893 ILVI_ECOLI ilvI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00893.xml Acetolactate synthase isozyme 3 small subunit P00894 ILVH_ECOLI ilvH http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00894.xml Anthranilate synthase component 1 P00895 TRPE_ECOLI trpE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00895.xml Anthranilate synthase component II P00904 TRPG_ECOLI trpD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00904.xml D-serine dehydratase P00926 SDHD_ECOLI dsdA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00926.xml Threonine dehydratase biosynthetic P04968 THD1_ECOLI ilvA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04968.xml Glucitol/sorbitol-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIA component P05706 PTHA_ECOLI srlB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P05706.xml D-lactate dehydrogenase P06149 DLD_ECOLI dld http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06149.xml Cystathionine beta-lyase metC P06721 METC_ECOLI metC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06721.xml Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex P06959 ODP2_ECOLI aceF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06959.xml Pyruvate dehydrogenase [cytochrome] P07003 POXB_ECOLI poxB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P07003.xml Acetolactate synthase isozyme 1 large subunit P08142 ILVB_ECOLI ilvB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P08142.xml PTS system beta-glucoside-specific EIIBCA component P08722 PTV3B_ECOLI bglF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P08722.xml Phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferase P08839 PT1_ECOLI ptsI http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P08839.xml Valine--pyruvate aminotransferase P09053 AVTA_ECOLI avtA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P09053.xml PTS system N-acetylglucosamine-specific EIICBA component P09323 PTW3C_ECOLI nagE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P09323.xml Formate acetyltransferase 1 P09373 PFLB_ECOLI pflB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P09373.xml D-amino acid dehydrogenase small subunit P0A6J5 DADA_ECOLI dadA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6J5.xml Dihydrodipicolinate synthase P0A6L2 DAPA_ECOLI dapA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6L2.xml N-acetylneuraminate lyase P0A6L4 NANA_ECOLI nanA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6L4.xml Serine hydroxymethyltransferase P0A825 GLYA_ECOLI glyA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A825.xml Tryptophanase P0A853 TNAA_ECOLI tnaA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A853.xml KHG/KDPG aldolase P0A955 ALKH_ECOLI eda http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A955.xml Pyruvate formate-lyase 1-activating enzyme P0A9N4 PFLA_ECOLI pflA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9N4.xml Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase P0A9P0 DLDH_ECOLI lpdA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9P0.xml 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropionate reductase P0ABQ2 GARR_ECOLI garR http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABQ2.xml Pyruvate kinase I P0AD61 KPYK1_ECOLI pykF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AD61.xml Acetolactate synthase isozyme 1 small subunit P0ADF8 ILVN_ECOLI ilvN http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ADF8.xml Acetolactate synthase isozyme 2 small subunit P0ADG1 ILVM_ECOLI ilvM http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ADG1.xml Isochorismatase P0ADI4 ENTB_ECOLI entB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ADI4.xml Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component P0AFG8 ODP1_ECOLI aceE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AFG8.xml Threonine dehydratase catabolic P0AGF6 THD2_ECOLI tdcB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AGF6.xml L-serine dehydratase 1 P16095 SDHL_ECOLI sdaA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P16095.xml PTS system maltose- and glucose-specific EIICB component P19642 PTOCB_ECOLI malX http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P19642.xml PTS system fructose-specific EIIBC component P20966 PTFBC_ECOLI fruA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P20966.xml Pyruvate kinase II P21599 KPYK2_ECOLI pykA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P21599.xml Protein malY P23256 MALY_ECOLI malY http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P23256.xml 5-keto-4-deoxy-D-glucarate aldolase P23522 GARL_ECOLI garL http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P23522.xml Phosphoenolpyruvate synthase P23538 PPSA_ECOLI ppsA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P23538.xml PTS system arbutin-, cellobiose-, and salicin-specific EIIBC component P24241 PTIBC_ECOLI ascF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P24241.xml Lactaldehyde dehydrogenase P25553 ALDA_ECOLI aldA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P25553.xml Chorismate--pyruvate lyase P26602 UBIC_ECOLI ubiC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P26602.xml NAD-dependent malic enzyme P26616 MAO1_ECOLI sfcA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P26616.xml Aminodeoxychorismate lyase P28305 PABC_ECOLI pabC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P28305.xml L-serine dehydratase 2 P30744 SDHM_ECOLI sdaB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P30744.xml 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase P31142 THTM_ECOLI sseA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31142.xml Multiphosphoryl transfer protein 2 P32670 PTFX2_ECOLI ptsA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P32670.xml Formate acetyltransferase 2 P32674 PFLD_ECOLI pflD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P32674.xml Pyruvate formate-lyase 2-activating enzyme P32675 PFLC_ECOLI pflC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P32675.xml L-lactate dehydrogenase [cytochrome] P33232 LLDD_ECOLI lldD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P33232.xml PTS system trehalose-specific EIIBC component P36672 PTTBC_ECOLI treB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P36672.xml Phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferase ptsP P37177 PT1P_ECOLI ptsP http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37177.xml Galactitol-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIB component P37188 PTKB_ECOLI gatB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37188.xml 2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate synthase P37355 MENH_ECOLI menH http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37355.xml Uncharacterized protein yjhH P39359 YJHH_ECOLI yjhH http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P39359.xml L-serine dehydratase tdcG P42630 TDCG_ECOLI tdcG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P42630.xml Keto-acid formate acetyltransferase P42632 TDCE_ECOLI tdcE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P42632.xml 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase P51020 HOA_ECOLI mhpE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P51020.xml D-lactate dehydrogenase_ P52643 LDHD_ECOLI ldhA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P52643.xml Probable pyruvate-flavodoxin oxidoreductase P52647 NIFJ_ECOLI ydbK http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P52647.xml Heat-responsive suppressor hrsA P54745 HRSA_ECOLI hrsA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P54745.xml Glucitol/sorbitol-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIB component P56580 PTHB_ECOLI srlE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P56580.xml Putative diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase P66899 DPAL_ECOLI ygeX http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P66899.xml Glucose-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIA component P69783 PTGA_ECOLI crr http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69783.xml PTS system glucose-specific EIICB component P69786 PTGCB_ECOLI ptsG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69786.xml PTS system mannose-specific EIIAB component P69797 PTNAB_ECOLI manX http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69797.xml Multiphosphoryl transfer protein P69811 PTFAH_ECOLI fruB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69811.xml Ascorbate-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIA component P69820 ULAC_ECOLI ulaC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69820.xml Ascorbate-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIB component P69822 ULAB_ECOLI ulaB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69822.xml Galactitol-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIA component P69828 PTKA_ECOLI gatA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69828.xml Uncharacterized protein yagE P75682 YAGE_ECOLI yagE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75682.xml Putative formate acetyltransferase 3 P75793 PFLF_ECOLI ybiW http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75793.xml Low specificity L-threonine aldolase P75823 LTAE_ECOLI ltaE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75823.xml D-malate dehydrogenase [decarboxylating] P76251 DMLA_ECOLI dmlA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76251.xml D-cysteine desulfhydrase P76316 DCYD_ECOLI dcyD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76316.xml 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-rhamnonate aldolase P76469 RHMA_ECOLI rhmA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76469.xml NADP-dependent malic enzyme P76558 MAO2_ECOLI maeB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76558.xml PTS system N-acetylmuramic acid-specific EIIBC component P77272 PTYBC_ECOLI murP http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77272.xml Multiphosphoryl transfer protein 1 P77439 PTFX1_ECOLI fryA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77439.xml Cysteine desulfurase_ P77444 SUFS_ECOLI sufS http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77444.xml 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase P77488 DXS_ECOLI dxs http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77488.xml Methylisocitrate lyase P77541 PRPB_ECOLI prpB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77541.xml Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase YnjE P78067 YNJE_ECOLI ynjE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P78067.xml 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phosphogalactonate aldolase Q6BF16 DGOA_ECOLI dgoA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/Q6BF16.xml Ascorbate-specific permease IIC component ulaA P39301 ULAA_ECOLI ulaA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P39301.xml Glucitol/sorbitol permease IIC component P56579 PTHC_ECOLI srlA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P56579.xml Mannose permease IIC component P69801 PTNC_ECOLI manY http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69801.xml Mannose permease IID component P69805 PTND_ECOLI manZ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69805.xml Galactitol permease IIC component P69831 PTKC_ECOLI gatC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69831.xml Uncharacterized protein ykgE P77252 YKGE_ECOLI ykgE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77252.xml Uncharacterized aminotransferase yfbQ P0A959 YFBQ_ECOLI yfbQ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A959.xml Flavodoxin-2 P0ABY4 FLAW_ECOLI fldB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABY4.xml Flavodoxin-1 P61949 FLAV_ECOLI fldA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P61949.xml PTS-dependent dihydroxyacetone kinase, dihydroxyacetone-binding subunit dhaK P76015 DHAK_ECOLI dhaK http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76015.xml Uncharacterized protein ykgG P77433 YKGG_ECOLI ykgG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77433.xml Uncharacterized electron transport protein ykgF P77536 YKGF_ECOLI ykgF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77536.xml PTS-dependent dihydroxyacetone kinase, ADP-binding subunit dhaL P76014 DHAL_ECOLI dhaL http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P76014.xml PTS-dependent dihydroxyacetone kinase, phosphotransferase subunit dhaM P37349 DHAM_ECOLI dhaM http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37349.xml Phosphocarrier protein HPr P0AA04 PTHP_ECOLI ptsH http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AA04.xml Autonomous glycyl radical cofactor P68066 GRCA_ECOLI grcA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P68066.xml Uncharacterized aminotransferase yfdZ P77434 YFDZ_ECOLI yfdZ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77434.xml PTS system mannitol-specific EIICBA component P00550 PTM3C_ECOLI mtlA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00550.xml PTS system beta-glucoside-specific EIIBCA component P08722 PTV3B_ECOLI bglF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P08722.xml PTS system N-acetylglucosamine-specific EIICBA component P09323 PTW3C_ECOLI nagE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P09323.xml PTS system maltose- and glucose-specific EIICB component P19642 PTOCB_ECOLI malX http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P19642.xml PTS system fructose-specific EIIBC component P20966 PTFBC_ECOLI fruA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P20966.xml PTS system arbutin-, cellobiose-, and salicin-specific EIIBC component P24241 PTIBC_ECOLI ascF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P24241.xml PTS system trehalose-specific EIIBC component P36672 PTTBC_ECOLI treB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P36672.xml PTS system glucose-specific EIICB component P69786 PTGCB_ECOLI ptsG http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69786.xml PTS system N-acetylmuramic acid-specific EIIBC component P77272 PTYBC_ECOLI murP http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77272.xml Ascorbate-specific permease IIC component ulaA P39301 ULAA_ECOLI ulaA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P39301.xml Glucitol/sorbitol permease IIC component P56579 PTHC_ECOLI srlA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P56579.xml Mannose permease IIC component P69801 PTNC_ECOLI manY http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69801.xml Mannose permease IID component P69805 PTND_ECOLI manZ http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69805.xml Galactitol permease IIC component P69831 PTKC_ECOLI gatC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69831.xml Outer membrane protein N P77747 OMPN_ECOLI ompN http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xml Outer membrane pore protein E P02932 PHOE_ECOLI phoE http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xml Outer membrane protein F P02931 OMPF_ECOLI ompF http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xml Outer membrane protein C P06996 OMPC_ECOLI ompC http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xml Coenzyme A + 2 flavodoxin semi oxidized + Pyruvic acid <> Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide +2 Flavodoxin reduced + Hydrogen ion Coenzyme A + Pyruvic acid <> Acetyl-CoA + Formic acid R00212 PYRUVFORMLY-RXN Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine > N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-Phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-167 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + D-Glucose > Glucose 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid 2-Ketobutyric acid + Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid > 2-Aceto-2-hydroxy-butyrate + Carbon dioxide R08648 ACETOOHBUTSYN-RXN Hydrogen ion + 2 Pyruvic acid > (S)-2-Acetolactate + Carbon dioxide R00226 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Arbutin > Arbutin 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-153 Coenzyme A + NAD + Pyruvic acid > Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + NADH PYRUVDEH-RXN Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + 2(alpha-D-Mannosyl)-D-glycerate > 2(alpha-D-Mannosyl-6-phosphate)-D-glycerate + Pyruvic acid RXN0-2522 L-Alanine + Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate > Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + Pyruvic acid Dihydroxyacetone + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid > Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + Pyruvic acid 2.7.1.121-RXN Chorismate + L-Glutamine <> 2-Aminobenzoic acid + L-Glutamate + Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid R00986 ANTHRANSYN-RXN L-Cystathionine + Water > L-Homocysteine + Ammonium + Pyruvic acid Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + D-Mannose > Mannose 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-165 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + D-Fructose > Fructose 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + N-Acetylmannosamine > N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN0-446 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Glucosamine > Glucosamine 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-167A ADP + Hydrogen ion + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid <> Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid R00200 PEPDEPHOS-RXN Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Galactitol > Galactitol 1-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-161 D-Lactic acid + NAD <> Hydrogen ion + NADH + Pyruvic acid R00704 DLACTDEHYDROGNAD-RXN Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + D-Fructose > Fructose 1-phosphate + Pyruvic acid alpha-Ketoglutarate + L-Alanine <> L-Glutamate + Pyruvic acid R00258 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Sorbitol > Pyruvic acid + Sorbitol-6-phosphate TRANS-RXN-169 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Ascorbic acid > L-Ascorbate 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid RXN0-2461 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + D-Maltose > Maltose 6'-phosphate + Pyruvic acid Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Trehalose > Pyruvic acid + Trehalose 6-phosphate TRANS-RXN-168 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Sucrose > Pyruvic acid + Sucrose-6-phosphate Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + N-Acetyl-D-muramoate > N-Acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid D-Alanine + Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate > Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + Pyruvic acid RXN0-5240 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Mannitol > Sorbitol-6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-156 L-Lactic acid + Ubiquinone-8 > Pyruvic acid + Ubiquinol-8 L-Lactic acid + Menaquinone 8 > Menaquinol 8 + Pyruvic acid L-Cysteine + Water > Hydrogen sulfide + Ammonium + Pyruvic acid L-Serine > Ammonium + Pyruvic acid Methylisocitric acid <> Pyruvic acid + Succinic acid R00409 METHYLISOCITRATE-LYASE-RXN 4-Hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate > Acetaldehyde + Pyruvic acid R00750 MHPELY-RXN D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid <> Carbon dioxide + 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate R05636 DXS-RXN Water + Isochorismate <> (2S,3S)-2,3-Dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + Pyruvic acid R03037 ISOCHORMAT-RXN Water + Pyruvic acid + Ubiquinone-8 > Acetic acid + Carbon dioxide + Ubiquinol-8 4-Amino-4-deoxychorismate <> p-Aminobenzoic acid + Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid R05553 ADCLY-RXN D-Alanine + FAD + Water > FADH2 + Ammonium + Pyruvic acid L-Malic acid + NAD > Carbon dioxide + NADH + Pyruvic acid R00214 MALIC-NAD-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Water + Pyruvic acid <> Adenosine monophosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Phosphate R00199 PEPSYNTH-RXN (R)-Malate + NAD <> Carbon dioxide + NADH + Pyruvic acid R00215 1.1.1.83-RXN 2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconic acid <> D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Pyruvic acid R05605 KDPGALDOL-RXN Hydrogen ion + Oxalacetic acid > Carbon dioxide + Pyruvic acid OXALODECARB-RXN D-Cysteine + Water > Hydrogen sulfide + Ammonium + Pyruvic acid D-Lactic acid + Ubiquinone-8 > Pyruvic acid + Ubiquinol-8 2-Succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate <> (1R,6R)-6-Hydroxy-2-succinylcyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate + Pyruvic acid R08166 RXN-9310 D-Serine > Ammonium + Pyruvic acid Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Chitobiose > Diacetylchitobiose-6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-155B L-Malic acid + NADP > Carbon dioxide + NADPH + Pyruvic acid R00216 MALIC-NADP-RXN L-Aspartate-semialdehyde + Pyruvic acid > 2,3-Dihydrodipicolinic acid + Hydrogen ion +2 Water R02292 DIHYDRODIPICSYN-RXN Hydrogen cyanide + 3-Mercaptopyruvic acid + Cyanide <> Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid + Thiocyanate R03106 MERCAPYSTRANS-RXN 2,3-diaminopropionate + Water >2 Ammonium + Pyruvic acid 5-Dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate > Tartronate semialdehyde + Pyruvic acid R02754 KDGALDOL-RXN N-Acetylneuraminic acid + N-acetylneuraminate <> N-Acetylmannosamine + Pyruvic acid R01811 ACNEULY-RXN alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + L-Alanine <> Pyruvic acid + L-Valine + a-Ketoisovaleric acid R01215 VALINE-PYRUVATE-AMINOTRANSFER-RXN Water + L-Tryptophan <> Indole + Ammonium + Pyruvic acid Chorismate <> 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid + Pyruvic acid R01302 CHORPYRLY-RXN 2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate-6-phosphate <> D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Pyruvic acid R01064 DEHYDDEOXPHOSGALACT-ALDOL-RXN 2-Acetolactate + Carbon dioxide <>2 Pyruvic acid R00006 Pyruvic acid + Thiamine pyrophosphate <> 2-(a-Hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate + Carbon dioxide R00014 L-Lactic acid + 2 Ferricytochrome c + Ferricytochrome c <> Pyruvic acid +2 Ferrocytochrome c +2 Hydrogen ion + Ferrocytochrome c R00196 Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid + Water <> Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Phosphate R00199 PEPSYNTH-RXN Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid <> ADP + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid R00200 Pyruvaldehyde + NAD + Water <> Pyruvic acid + NADH + Hydrogen ion R00203 Acetyl-CoA + Formic acid <> Coenzyme A + Pyruvic acid R00212 L-Malic acid + NAD <> Pyruvic acid + Carbon dioxide + NADH + Hydrogen ion R00214 (R)-Malate + NAD <> Pyruvic acid + Carbon dioxide + NADH + Hydrogen ion R00215 1.1.1.83-RXN L-Malic acid + NADP <> Pyruvic acid + Carbon dioxide + NADPH + Hydrogen ion R00216 MALIC-NADP-RXN L-Serine <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00220 4.3.1.17-RXN D-Serine <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00221 (S)-2-Acetolactate + Carbon dioxide <>2 Pyruvic acid R00226 Guanosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid <> Guanosine diphosphate + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid R00430 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid <> Pyruvic acid + Glyoxylic acid R00470 4OH2OXOGLUTARALDOL-RXN D-4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate <> Pyruvic acid + Glyoxylic acid R00471 L-Tryptophan + Water <> Indole + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00673 TRYPTOPHAN-RXN Acetaldehyde + Pyruvic acid <> 4-Hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate R00750 MHPELY-RXN L-Cysteine + Water <> Hydrogen sulfide + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00782 LCYSDESULF-RXN Chorismate + Ammonia <> 2-Aminobenzoic acid + Pyruvic acid + Water R00985 Chorismate + L-Glutamine <> 2-Aminobenzoic acid + Pyruvic acid + L-Glutamate R00986 dATP + Pyruvic acid <> dADP + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid R01138 2 Reduced ferredoxin + Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + 2 Hydrogen ion + Oxidized ferredoxin <>2 Oxidized ferredoxin + Pyruvic acid + Coenzyme A + Reduced ferredoxin R01196 L-Valine + Pyruvic acid <> alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + L-Alanine R01215 Cystathionine + Water <> L-Homocysteine + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid R01285 L-Cystathionine + Water <> L-Homocysteine + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid R01286 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid + Pyruvic acid <> Chorismate R01302 Pyruvic acid + Enzyme N6-(lipoyl)lysine <> [Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine + Carbon dioxide + [Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine R01699 N-Acetylneuraminic acid <> N-Acetylmannosamine + Pyruvic acid R01811 dGTP + Pyruvic acid <> dGDP + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid R01858 D-Cysteine + Water <> Hydrogen sulfide + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid R01874 2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-L-rhamnonate <> Lactaldehyde + Pyruvic acid + (S)-Lactaldehyde R02261 L-Aspartate-semialdehyde + Pyruvic acid <> 2,3-Dihydrodipicolinic acid +2 Water R02292 Nucleoside triphosphate + Pyruvic acid <> NDP + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid R02320 L-Cystine + Water <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia + Thiocysteine R02408 5-Dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate <> Pyruvic acid + Tartronate semialdehyde R02754 2-Acetolactate + Thiamine pyrophosphate <> 2-(a-Hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate + Pyruvic acid R03050 3-Mercaptopyruvic acid + Sulfite <> Thiosulfate + Pyruvic acid R03105 Hydrogen cyanide + 3-Mercaptopyruvic acid <> Thiocyanate + Pyruvic acid R03106 MERCAPYSTRANS-RXN Pyruvic acid + Ubiquinone-1 + Water <> Acetic acid + Ubiquinol-8 + Carbon dioxide R03145 Tartronate semialdehyde + Pyruvic acid <> 2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate R03277 (S)-2-Acetolactate + Thiamine pyrophosphate <> 2-(a-Hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate + Pyruvic acid R04672 Selenocystathionine + Water <> Selenohomocysteine + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid R04941 Propanal + Pyruvic acid <> 4-Hydroxy-2-oxohexanoic acid R05298 4-Amino-4-deoxychorismate <> p-Aminobenzoic acid + Pyruvic acid R05553 Pyruvic acid + D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate <> 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + Carbon dioxide R05636 DXS-RXN Pyruvic acid + 2-Ketobutyric acid <> 2-Aceto-2-hydroxy-butyrate + Carbon dioxide R08648 Se-Methylselenocysteine + Water <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia + Methaneselenol R09366 an oxidized electron acceptor + L-Lactic acid > a reduced electron acceptor + Pyruvic acid L-LACTDEHYDROGFMN-RXN Pyruvic acid + hydroxylamine > pyruvic oxime + Water RXN-3482 Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid + Acetaldehyde > acetoin + Carbon dioxide RXN0-2022 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Ascorbic acid > L-Ascorbate 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid RXN0-2461 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + 2(alpha-D-Mannosyl)-D-glycerate > 2(alpha-D-Mannosyl-6-phosphate)-D-glycerate + Pyruvic acid RXN0-2522 D-Alanine + Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate <> Pyruvic acid + Pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate RXN0-5240 Hydrogen ion + 3-Mercaptopyruvic acid > Pyruvic acid + Hydrogen sulfide RXN0-6945 Arbutin + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid > Arbutin 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-153 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + b-D-Glucose > Glucose 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-157 N-Acetylmannosamine + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid > N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN0-446 NAD + (R)-Malate > NADH + Carbon dioxide + Pyruvic acid 1.1.1.83-RXN Dihydroxyacetone + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid > Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + Pyruvic acid 2.7.1.121-RXN 2,3-diaminopropanoate + Water > Hydrogen ion + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid 4.3.1.15-RXN L-Serine > Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia 4.3.1.17-RXN 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid Glyoxylic acid + Pyruvic acid 4OH2OXOGLUTARALDOL-RXN Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid <> (<i>S</i>)-2-acetolactate + Carbon dioxide ACETOLACTSYN-RXN Oxoglutaric acid + L-Alanine <> L-Glutamate + Pyruvic acid ALANINE-AMINOTRANSFERASE-RXN Chorismate + L-Glutamine > Hydrogen ion + 2-Aminobenzoic acid + Pyruvic acid + L-Glutamate R00986 ANTHRANSYN-RXN Chorismate > 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid + Pyruvic acid R01302 CHORPYRLY-RXN L-Cystathionine + Water > Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia + L-Homocysteine R01286 CYSTATHIONINE-BETA-LYASE-RXN an electron-transfer-related quinone + Water + D-Alanine > an electron-transfer-related quinol + Ammonium + Pyruvic acid DALADEHYDROG-RXN D-Cysteine + Water <> Pyruvic acid + Hydrogen sulfide + Ammonia + Hydrogen ion R01874 DCYSDESULF-RXN 2-Keto-3-deoxy-D-gluconic acid D-Glyceraldehyde + Pyruvic acid DHDOGALDOL-RXN Pyruvic acid + L-Aspartate-semialdehyde <> Hydrogen ion + Water + 2,3-Dihydrodipicolinic acid DIHYDRODIPICSYN-RXN an electron-transfer-related quinone + D-Lactic acid > an electron-transfer-related quinol + Pyruvic acid DLACTDEHYDROGFAD-RXN NAD + D-Lactic acid < Hydrogen ion + NADH + Pyruvic acid DLACTDEHYDROGNAD-RXN D-Serine > Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00221 DSERDEAM-RXN Pyruvic acid + D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Hydrogen ion > Carbon dioxide + 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate DXS-RXN 2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconic acid > D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Pyruvic acid KDPGALDOL-RXN L-Cysteine + Water > Pyruvic acid + Ammonia + Hydrogen sulfide + Hydrogen ion LCYSDESULF-RXN Hydrogen cyanide + 3-Mercaptopyruvic acid Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid + Thiocyanate MERCAPYSTRANS-RXN Methylisocitric acid > Succinic acid + Pyruvic acid METHYLISOCITRATE-LYASE-RXN 4-Hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate <> Acetaldehyde + Pyruvic acid MHPELY-RXN Pyruvic acid + Adenosine triphosphate <> Hydrogen ion + ADP + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid PEPDEPHOS-RXN Water + Pyruvic acid + Adenosine triphosphate > Hydrogen ion + Phosphate + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Adenosine monophosphate PEPSYNTH-RXN Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid + Lipoamide S-Acetyldihydrolipoamide + Carbon dioxide PYRUVATEDECARB-RXN Pyruvic acid + Coenzyme A + NAD > Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + NADH PYRUVDEH-RXN Pyruvic acid + Water + a ubiquinone > Carbon dioxide + a ubiquinol + Acetic acid RXN-11496 Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid + Thiamine pyrophosphate > 2-(a-Hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate + Carbon dioxide R00014 RXN-12583 2-Succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate > (1R,6R)-6-Hydroxy-2-succinylcyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate + Pyruvic acid R08166 RXN-9310 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + <i>N</i>-acetylmuramate > N-Acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid RXN0-17 Pyruvic acid + Hydrogen ion > L-Lactic acid RXN0-5269 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-rhamnonate Pyruvic acid + Lactaldehyde RXN0-5433 Acetic acid + Carbon dioxide + Hydrogen ion <> Pyruvic acid + Water RXN0-6375 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Salicin > Salicin 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-153A Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Cellobiose > Cellobiose-6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-155 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Chitobiose > Pyruvic acid + Diacetylchitobiose-6-phosphate TRANS-RXN-155B Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Mannitol > Sorbitol-6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-156 D-fructose + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid > Fructose 1-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-158 D-fructose + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid > Fructose 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-158A Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Galactitol > Galactitol 1-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-161 D-Mannose + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid > Mannose 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-165 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine > N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-Phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-167 Glucosamine + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid > Glucosamine 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-167A Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Trehalose > Trehalose 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-168 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Sorbitol > Sorbitol-6-phosphate + Pyruvic acid TRANS-RXN-169 L-Tryptophan + Water <> Hydrogen ion + Indole + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia TRYPTOPHAN-RXN L-Alanine + Oxoglutaric acid > Pyruvic acid + L-Glutamate 4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid > Pyruvic acid + Glyoxylic acid L-Valine + Pyruvic acid > a-Ketoisovaleric acid + L-Alanine L-Aspartate-semialdehyde + Pyruvic acid > (S)-2,3-dihydrodipicolinate +2 Water D-Cysteine + Water > Hydrogen sulfide + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid 2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate 6-phosphate > Pyruvic acid + D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + protein L-histidine > Pyruvic acid + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine D-Lactic acid + NAD > Pyruvic acid + NADH 2,3-diaminopropionate + Water > Pyruvic acid +2 Ammonia Pyruvic acid + D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate > 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + Carbon dioxide Isochorismate + Water > 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate + Pyruvic acid 2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate > Pyruvic acid + Tartronate semialdehyde 2 Pyruvic acid > 2-Acetolactate + Carbon dioxide R00006 Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid > ADP + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid L-Lactic acid + 2 Ferricytochrome c > Pyruvic acid +2 Ferrocytochrome c +2 Hydrogen ion L-Cystathionine + Water > L-Homocysteine + Ammonia + Pyruvic acid N-acetylneuraminate > N-Acetylmannosamine + Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid + CoA + oxidized flavodoxin > Acetyl-CoA + Carbon dioxide + reduced flavodoxin Pyruvic acid + [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] lipoyllysine > [dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine + Carbon dioxide 4-Amino-4-deoxychorismate > p-Aminobenzoic acid + Pyruvic acid Acetyl-CoA + Formic acid > CoA + Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid + Ubiquinone-10 + Water > Acetic acid + Carbon dioxide + Ubiquinol-1 Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid + Water > Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Inorganic phosphate (2S,3R)-3-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate > Pyruvic acid + Succinic acid 2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-L-rhamnonate > Pyruvic acid + D-Lactaldehyde D-Serine > Pyruvic acid + Ammonia L-Serine > Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00220 4.3.1.17-RXN 3-Mercaptopyruvic acid + Hydrogen cyanide > Pyruvic acid + Thiocyanate L-Tryptophan + Water > Indole + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia Chorismate + L-Glutamine > 2-Aminobenzoic acid + Pyruvic acid + L-Glutamate Pyruvic acid + L-Aspartate-semialdehyde <> (2S,4S)-4-Hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + Water R10147 L-Cystathionine + Water + 2-Aminoacrylic acid + 2-Iminopropanoate <> L-Homocysteine + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R01286 L-Serine + 2-Aminoacrylic acid + 2-Iminopropanoate + Water <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00220 D-Serine + 2-Aminoacrylic acid + 2-Iminopropanoate + Water <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00221 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Protein histidine <> Pyruvic acid + Protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine R02628 2,3-Diaminopropanoate + Water <> Pyruvic acid +2 Ammonia R00195 L-Tryptophan + Water + 2-Aminoacrylic acid + 2-Iminopropanoate <> Indole + Pyruvic acid + Ammonia R00673 L-Malic acid + NAD + Oxalacetic acid <> Pyruvic acid + Carbon dioxide + NADH R00214 L-Malic acid + NADP + Oxalacetic acid <> Pyruvic acid + Carbon dioxide + NADPH R00216 D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Pyruvic acid + Hydrogen ion + D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate > 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + Carbon dioxide + 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate PW_R003330 Water + isochorismate + Isochorismate > Pyruvic acid + 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate PW_R002453 L-Aspartate-semialdehyde + Pyruvic acid > Hydrogen ion + Water + (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + (2S,4S)-4-Hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate PW_R002527 Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid + Hydrogen carbonate > Adenosine diphosphate + Phosphate + Oxalacetic acid + ADP PW_R002581 L-Alanine + Oxoglutaric acid + L-Alanine <> L-Glutamic acid + Pyruvic acid + L-Glutamate PW_R002586 L-Alanine + Glyoxylic acid + L-Alanine <> Glycine + Pyruvic acid PW_R002587 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphate + 2 Hydrogen ion > Adenosine triphosphate + Water + Pyruvic acid PW_R002640 Water + Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Phosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid PW_R003675 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Adenosine diphosphate + Hydrogen ion + ADP > Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid PW_R002641 Pyruvic acid + L-Glutamic acid + L-Glutamate > Oxoglutaric acid + L-Alanine + L-Alanine PW_R002660 L-Valine + Pyruvic acid + L-Valine > L-Alanine + a-Ketoisovaleric acid + L-Alanine PW_R002662 D-Alanine + Water + Quinone > Ammonium + Pyruvic acid + Hydroquinone PW_R002664 D-Alanine + Water + an electron-transfer quinone > Ammonium + Pyruvic acid + electron-transfer quinol PW_R003733 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate(2−) > Pyruvic acid + Tartronate semialdehyde PW_R002725 Chorismate + L-Glutamine > L-Glutamic acid + Pyruvic acid + Hydrogen ion + 2-Aminobenzoic acid + L-Glutamate PW_R002894 L-Malic acid + NADP + L-Malic acid > Carbon dioxide + NADPH + Pyruvic acid + NADPH PW_R002930 L-Malic acid + NAD + L-Malic acid > Carbon dioxide + NADH + Pyruvic acid PW_R002931 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate 6-phosphate + 2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate 6-phosphate > Pyruvic acid + D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate PW_R002942 L-Lactic acid + oxidized electron acceptor + L-Lactic acid > Reduced acceptor + Pyruvic acid PW_R002978 2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconic acid > D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Pyruvic acid + D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate PW_R003065 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate + 4-Amino-4-deoxychorismate > Pyruvic acid + Hydrogen ion + p-Aminobenzoic acid PW_R003402 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate + 4-Hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate > Pyruvic acid + Acetaldehyde PW_R005162 2-Succinyl-5-enolpyruvyl-6-hydroxy-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylate > (1R,6R)-6-hydroxy-2-succinylcyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate + Pyruvic acid + (1R,6R)-6-Hydroxy-2-succinylcyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate PW_R005216 Pyruvic acid > Carbon dioxide + 2-Acetolactate PW_R005828 L-Lactic acid + oxidized electron acceptor > Pyruvic acid + reduced electron acceptor PW_R006056 N-Acetylneuraminic acid > Pyruvic acid + N-Acetylmannosamine PW_R005936 3-Mercaptopyruvic acid > Pyruvic acid + Hydrogen sulfide PW_R006040 Pyruvic acid + a [pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 protein] N6-lipoyl-L-lysine + Hydrogen ion > a [pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 protein] N6-S-acetyldihydrolipoyl-L-lysine + Carbon dioxide PW_R006082 D-Lactic acid + 2 Hydrogen ion + an ubiquinol  > Pyruvic acid + ubiquinone PW_R006087 L-Lactic acid + Ubiquinone-6 > Pyruvic acid + Ubiquinol-6 PW_R006151 2 Pyruvic acid + 2 Water > Carbon dioxide + Acetic acid + Hydrogen ion + Electron PW_R006089 Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Protein histidine <> Pyruvic acid + Protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine Chorismate + L-Glutamine <>2 2-Aminobenzoic acid + L-Glutamate + Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid Chorismate + Ammonia <>2 2-Aminobenzoic acid + Pyruvic acid + Water Methylisocitric acid <> Pyruvic acid + Succinic acid D-Lactic acid + NAD <> Hydrogen ion + NADH + Pyruvic acid L-Aspartate-semialdehyde + Pyruvic acid >2 2,3-Dihydrodipicolinic acid + Hydrogen ion +2 Water L-Serine <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia ADP + Hydrogen ion + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid <> Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid Adenosine triphosphate + Water + Pyruvic acid <> Adenosine monophosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Phosphate alpha-Ketoglutarate + L-Alanine <> L-Glutamate + Pyruvic acid 4 4-Amino-4-deoxychorismate <> p-Aminobenzoic acid + Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid D-Serine <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia L-Malic acid + NAD > Carbon dioxide + NADH + Pyruvic acid D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid <> Carbon dioxide + 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate Pyruvic acid + D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate <> 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + Carbon dioxide 2 2-Dehydro-3-deoxy-L-rhamnonate <> Lactaldehyde + Pyruvic acid + (S)-Lactaldehyde 2 2-Ketobutyric acid + Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid >2 2-Aceto-2-hydroxy-butyrate + Carbon dioxide L-Lactic acid + 2 Ferricytochrome c <> Pyruvic acid +2 Ferrocytochrome c +2 Hydrogen ion L-Malic acid + NADP > Carbon dioxide + NADPH + Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid + Ubiquinone-1 + Water <> Acetic acid + Ubiquinol-8 + Carbon dioxide Chorismate + L-Glutamine <>2 2-Aminobenzoic acid + L-Glutamate + Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid Chorismate + L-Glutamine <>2 2-Aminobenzoic acid + L-Glutamate + Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid Methylisocitric acid <> Pyruvic acid + Succinic acid D-Lactic acid + NAD <> Hydrogen ion + NADH + Pyruvic acid L-Aspartate-semialdehyde + Pyruvic acid >2 2,3-Dihydrodipicolinic acid + Hydrogen ion +2 Water L-Serine <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia ADP + Hydrogen ion + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid <> Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid alpha-Ketoglutarate + L-Alanine <> L-Glutamate + Pyruvic acid D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid <> Carbon dioxide + 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate 2 2-Ketobutyric acid + Hydrogen ion + Pyruvic acid >2 2-Aceto-2-hydroxy-butyrate + Carbon dioxide 2 2-Acetolactate + Carbon dioxide <>2 Pyruvic acid alpha-Ketoglutarate + L-Alanine <> L-Glutamate + Pyruvic acid L-Lactic acid + 2 Ferricytochrome c <> Pyruvic acid +2 Ferrocytochrome c +2 Hydrogen ion Pyruvic acid + Enzyme N6-(lipoyl)lysine <> [Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine + Carbon dioxide Pyruvic acid + Ubiquinone-1 + Water <> Acetic acid + Ubiquinol-8 + Carbon dioxide L-Serine <> Pyruvic acid + Ammonia 4.0 g/L Na2SO4; 5.36 g/L (NH4)2SO4; 1.0 g/L NH4Cl; 7.3 g/L K2HPO4; 1.8 g/L NaH2PO4 H2O; 12.0 g/L (NH4)2-H-citrate; 4.0 mL/L MgSO4 (1 M); 6.0 mL/L trace element solution; 0.02 g/L thiamine, 20 g/L glucose Bioreactor, pH controlled, aerated, dilution rate=0.125 L/h 8050.0 uM 0.0 37 oC W3110 Mid Log Phase 32200000 0 Park, C., Park, C., Lee, Y., Lee, S.Y., Oh, H.B., Lee, J. (2011) Determination of the Intracellular Concentration of Metabolites in Escherichia coli Collected during the Exponential and Stationary Growth Phases using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Bull Korean Chem. Soc. 32: 524-530. 900.0 uM 0.0 K-12 3600000 0 1. Cybercell Database: <a href='http://ccdb.wishartlab.com/CCDB/cgi-bin/STAT_NEW.cgi'>http://ccdb.wishartlab.com/CCDB/cgi-bin/STAT_NEW.cgi</a> <br> 2. Phillips R., Kondev, J., Theriot, J. (2008) “Physical Biology of the Cell” Garland Science, New York, NY.