2.0 2012-05-31 10:24:03 -0600 2015-09-13 12:56:07 -0600 ECMDB00220 M2MDB000091 Palmitic acid Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid is a saturated fatty acids. Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA which is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation. (Wikipedia) 1-Hexyldecanoate 1-Hexyldecanoic acid 1-Pentadecanecarboxylate 1-Pentadecanecarboxylic acid C16 fatty acid Cetylate Cetylic acid Edenor C16 Emersol 140 Emersol 143 Glycon P-45 Hexadecanoate Hexadecanoate (N-C16:0) Hexadecanoate palmitate Hexadecanoate palmitic acid Hexadecanoic acid Hexadecanoic acid (N-C16:0) Hexadecanoic acid palmitic acid Hexadecoate Hexadecoic acid Hexadecylate Hexadecylic acid Hexaectylate Hexaectylic acid Hydrofol Hydrofol acid 1690 Hystrene 8016 Hystrene 9016 Industrene 4516 Kortacid 1698 Loxiol EP 278 Lunac P 95 Lunac P 95KC Lunac P 98 N-Hexadecanoate N-Hexadecanoic acid N-Hexadecoate N-Hexadecoic acid Palmitate Palmitic acid Palmitinate Palmitinic acid Palmitinsaeure Palmitoate Palmitoic acid PAM Pentadecanecarboxylate Pentadecanecarboxylic acid PLM Prifac 2960 Prifrac 2960 Pristerene 4934 Univol U332 C16H32O2 256.4241 256.240230268 hexadecanoic acid palmitic acid 57-10-3 CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O InChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18) IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Solid Membrane logp 7.23 ALOGPS logs -5.80 ALOGPS solubility 4.07e-04 g/l ALOGPS melting_point 61.8 oC logp 6.26 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 4.95 ChemAxon iupac hexadecanoic acid ChemAxon average_mass 256.4241 ChemAxon mono_mass 256.240230268 ChemAxon smiles CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O ChemAxon formula C16H32O2 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C16H32O2/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16(17)18/h2-15H2,1H3,(H,17,18) ChemAxon inchikey IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 37.3 ChemAxon refractivity 77.08 ChemAxon polarizability 34.36 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 14 ChemAxon acceptor_count 2 ChemAxon donor_count 1 ChemAxon physiological_charge -1 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Fatty acid biosynthesis The fatty acid biosynthesis starts from acetyl-CoA reacting either with a holo-[acp] through a 3-oxoacyl-[acp] synthase 3 resulting in an acetyl-[acp] or react with hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven acetyl-CoA carboxylase resulting in a malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA reacts with a holo-acp] through a malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase resulting in a malonyl-[acp]. This compound can react with a KASI protein resulting in an acetyl-[acp]. A malonyl-[acp] can also react with an acetyl-[acp] through KASI and KASII or with acetyl-CoA through a beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase to produce an acetoacetyl-[acp]. An acetoacetyl-[acp] is also known as a 3-oxoacyl-[acp]. A 3-oxoacyl-[acp] is reduced through a NDPH mediated 3-oxoacyl-[acp] reductase resulting in a (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acp] (R3 hydroxydecanoyl-[acp]) which can either join the fatty acid metabolism, be dehydrated by an 3R-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase to produce a trans-2-enoyl-[acp] or be dehydrated by a hydroxydecanoyl-[acp] to produce a trans-delta2 decenoyl-[acp]. Trans-2-enoyl-[acp] is reduced by a NADH driven enoyl-[acp] reductase resulting in a 2,3,4-saturated fatty acyl-[acp]. This product then reacts with malonyl-[acp] through KASI and KASII resulting in a holo-acyl carrier protein and a 3- oxoacyl-[acp]. Trans-delta2 decenoyl-[acp] reacts with a 3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acp] dehydrase producing a cis-delta 3-decenoyl-ACP. This product then reacts with KASI to produce a 3-oxo-cis-delta5-dodecenoyl-[acp], which in turn is reduced by a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acp] resulting in a 3R-hydroxy cis delta5-dodecenoyl-acp. This product is dehydrated by a (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] dehydratase resulting in a trans-delta 3- cis-delta 5-dodecenoyl-[acp] which in turn is reduced by a NADH driven enoyl-[acp] reductase resulting in a cis-delta5-dodecenoyl-acp which goes into fatty acid metabolism PW000900 ec00061 Metabolic Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids ec01040 Fatty acid metabolism This pathway depicts the degradation of palmitic acid (C16:0). Fatty acid degradation and synthesis are relatively simple processes that are essentially the reverse of each other. The process of fatty acid degradation, also known as Beta-Oxidation, converts an aliphatic compound into a set of activated acetyl units (acetyl CoA) that can be processed by the citric acid cycle. An activated fatty acid is first oxidized to introduce a double bond; the double bond is then hydrated to introduce an oxygen; the alcohol is then oxidized to a ketone; and, finally, the four carbon fragment is cleaved by coenzyme A to yield acetyl CoA and a fatty acid chain two carbons shorter. If the fatty acid has an even number of carbon atoms and is saturated, the process is simply repeated until the fatty acid is completely converted into acetyl CoA units. Fatty acid synthesis is essentially the reverse of this process. Because the result is a polymer, the process starts with monomers—in this case with activated acyl group and malonyl units. The malonyl unit is condensed with the acetyl unit to form a four-carbon fragment. To produce the required hydrocarbon chain, the carbonyl must be reduced. The fragment is reduced, dehydrated, and reduced again, exactly the opposite of degradation, to bring the carbonyl group to the level of a methylene group with the formation of butyryl CoA. Another activated malonyl group condenses with the butyryl unit and the process is repeated until a C16 fatty acid is synthesized. The first step converts the hydroxydecanoyl into a trans 2decenoyl acp through a protein complex conformed of a hydroxomyristoyl dehydratase and a hydroxydecanoyl dehydratase. The second step leads to the production of a cis 3 decenoyl acp through a 3-hydroxydecanoyl acp dehydratase. For the third step the cis 3 decenoyl acp enters a cycle involving a synthase, reductase, dehydratase and an enoyl reductase which in turn produce a cis x enoyl-acp, hydroxy cis x enoyl, trans x-2 cis x enoyl acp and cis x enoyl respectively.This is done until a palmitoleoyl is produce. In said case the pathway procedes in two different directions. It can either produce a palmitoleic acid through a acyl-coa thioesterase, or produce a Vaccenic acid through a different set of reactions. This process is achieved through a 3-oxoacyl acp synthase, a 3-oxoacyl acp reductase, a 3r hydroxymyristoyl dehydratase and an enoyl acp reductase that produces a transition through 3-oxo cis vaccenoyl acp, 3 hydroxy cis vaccenoyl acp, cis vaccen 2 enoyl acp and a cis vaccenoyl acp respectively. At this point it goes through one final reaction to produce a Vaccenic acid, through an acyl-CoA thioesterase PW000796 ec00071 Metabolic fatty acid oxidation (palmitate) Although enzymes of the pathway handle both short and long chain fatty acids, it is the long chain compounds that induce the enzymes of the pathway . Each turn of the cycle removes two carbon atoms until only two or three remain. When even-numbered fatty acids are broken down, a two-carbon compound remains, acetyl-CoA. When odd number fatty acids are broken down, a three-carbon residue results, propionylCoA. Unsaturated fatty acids, with cis double bonds located at odd-numbered carbon atoms, enter the main pathway of saturated fatty acid degradation by converting related metabolites of cis configuration and D stereoisomers, derived from breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids, to the trans- or L isomers of saturated fatty acid breakdown by an isomerase and an epimerase, respectively. When cis double bonds are located at even-numbered carbon atoms, such as linoleic acid (cis,cis(9,12)-octadecadienoic acid), after the fatty acid is degraded to the ten carbon stage an extra step is required to deal with the resulting compound, trans,δ(2)-cis,δ(4)decadienoyl-CoA. The enzyme 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, converts this to trans,δ(2)decenoyl-CoA which enters the normal cycle at the point of the isomerase. The order of the reaction is as follows: a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acid is transformed into a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a Long and short chain fatty acid CoA ligase. The 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA is then transformed into a trans 2 enoyl CoA. This enoyl can also be produced from a cis 3 enoyl CoA through a fatty acid oxidation protein complex. The trans 2 enoyl is transformed into a 3s 3 hydroxyacyl CoA through a 2,3 dehydroadipyl CoA hydratase. This same enzyme turns the product into a 3-oxoacyl-CoA. This is followed by the last step in the reaction when the oxoacyl-coa is turn into an acetyl coa+ a 2,3,4 saturated fatty acyl CoA through a 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase PW001023 Metabolic palmitate biosynthesis Palmitate is synthesized by stepwise condensation of C2 units to a growing acyl chain. Each elongation cycle results in the addition of two carbons to the acyl chain, and consists of four separate reactions. The pathway starts with acetyl-CoA interacting with hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven acetyl-CoA carboxylase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP , a hydrogen ion and a malonyl-CoA. The latter compound interacts with a holo-[acp] through a malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase resulting in a CoA and a malonyl-[acp]. This compound interacts with hydrogen ion, acetyl-CoA through a KASIII resulting in a CoA, carbon dioxide and an acetoacetyl-[acp]. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxybutanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a crotonyl-[acp](2). The crotonyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a butyryl-[acp](3). The butyryl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-hexanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-hexanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxyhexanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans hex-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans hex-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a hexanoyl-[acp](3). The hexanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-octanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-octanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxyoctanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans oct-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans oct-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a octanoyl-[acp](3). The octanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-decanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-decanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxydecanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans-delta2-decenoyl-[acp](2). The a trans-delta2-decenoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a decanoyl-[acp](3). The decanoyl-[acp] interacts with a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-[acp ]interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans dodec-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans dodec-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a dodecanoyl-[acp](3). This compound can either react with water spontaneously resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-[acp] and a dodecanoic acid or it interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-myristoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-myristoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (3R) 3-Hydroxymyristoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans tetradec-2-enoyl-[acp](2). This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion, through a NADH-driven KASI resulting in a NAD and a myristoyl-[acp]. Myristoyl-[acp] with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-palmitoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-palmitoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (3R) 3-Hydroxypalmitoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans hexadecenoyl-[acp](2). The trans hexadecenoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a palmitoyl-[acp](3). Palmitoyl then reacts with water spontaneously resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-[acp] and palmitic acid. No integral membrane protein required for long chain fatty acid uptake has been identified in E. coli. The transport of long chain fatty acids across the cytoplasmic membrane is dependent on fatty acyl-CoA synthetase. An energised membrane is necessary for fatty acid transport and it has been suggested that uncharged fatty acids flip across the inner membrane by diffusion. PW000797 Metabolic palmitate biosynthesis 2 Palmitate is synthesized by stepwise condensation of C2 units to a growing acyl chain. Each elongation cycle results in the addition of two carbons to the acyl chain, and consists of four separate reactions. The pathway starts with acetyl-CoA interacting with hydrogen carbonate through an ATP driven acetyl-CoA carboxylase resulting in a phosphate, an ADP , a hydrogen ion and a malonyl-CoA. The latter compound interacts with a holo-[acp] through a malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase resulting in a CoA and a malonyl-[acp]. This compound interacts with hydrogen ion, acetyl-CoA through a KASIII resulting in a CoA, carbon dioxide and an acetoacetyl-[acp]. The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxybutanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a crotonyl-[acp](2). The crotonyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a butyryl-[acp](3). The butyryl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-hexanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-hexanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxyhexanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans hex-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans hex-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a hexanoyl-[acp](3). The hexanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-octanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-octanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxyoctanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans oct-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans oct-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a octanoyl-[acp](3). The octanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-decanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-decanoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxydecanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans-delta2-decenoyl-[acp](2). The a trans-delta2-decenoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a decanoyl-[acp](3). The decanoyl-[acp] interacts with a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-dodecanoyl-[acp ]interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (R) 3-Hydroxydodecanoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans dodec-2-enoyl-[acp](2). The trans dodec-2-enoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a dodecanoyl-[acp](3). This compound can either react with water spontaneously resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-[acp] and a dodecanoic acid or it interacts with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-myristoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-myristoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (3R) 3-Hydroxymyristoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans tetradec-2-enoyl-[acp](2). This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion, through a NADH-driven KASI resulting in a NAD and a myristoyl-[acp]. Myristoyl-[acp] with a hydrogen ion, a malonyl-[acp] through a KASI resulting in a holo-[acp],carbon dioxide and a 3-oxo-palmitoyl-[acp](4). The 3-oxo-palmitoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase resulting in an NADP and a (3R) 3-Hydroxypalmitoyl-[acp](1). This compound is then dehydrated by a 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase resulting in the release of water and a trans hexadecenoyl-[acp](2). The trans hexadecenoyl-[acp] interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADH enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase(NAD) resulting in NAD and a palmitoyl-[acp](3). Palmitoyl then reacts with water spontaneously resulting in a hydrogen ion, a holo-[acp] and palmitic acid. No integral membrane protein required for long chain fatty acid uptake has been identified in E. coli. The transport of long chain fatty acids across the cytoplasmic membrane is dependent on fatty acyl-CoA synthetase. An energised membrane is necessary for fatty acid transport and it has been suggested that uncharged fatty acids flip across the inner membrane by diffusion. PW002044 Metabolic palmitate biosynthesis II (bacteria and plants) PWY-5971 Specdb::CMs 475 Specdb::CMs 476 Specdb::CMs 1756 Specdb::CMs 3263 Specdb::CMs 28247 Specdb::CMs 30396 Specdb::CMs 30904 Specdb::CMs 31084 Specdb::CMs 31676 Specdb::CMs 31949 Specdb::CMs 37367 Specdb::CMs 160275 Specdb::CMs 1055058 Specdb::EiMs 1128 Specdb::NmrOneD 1217 Specdb::NmrOneD 3179 Specdb::NmrOneD 4752 Specdb::NmrOneD 4753 Specdb::MsMs 358 Specdb::MsMs 359 Specdb::MsMs 360 Specdb::MsMs 3663 Specdb::MsMs 20117 Specdb::MsMs 20118 Specdb::MsMs 20119 Specdb::MsMs 20327 Specdb::MsMs 20328 Specdb::MsMs 20329 Specdb::MsMs 21668 Specdb::MsMs 21669 Specdb::MsMs 21670 Specdb::MsMs 21878 Specdb::MsMs 21879 Specdb::MsMs 21880 Specdb::MsMs 286452 Specdb::MsMs 286453 Specdb::MsMs 286454 Specdb::MsMs 286455 Specdb::MsMs 286456 Specdb::MsMs 373610 Specdb::MsMs 373611 Specdb::MsMs 373612 Specdb::MsMs 373613 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1216 HMDB00220 985 960 C00249 15756 PALMITATE PLM Palmitic acid Keseler, I. 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Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2005), 5 pp. http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/000/157/original/HMDB00220.pdf?1358895203 Lysophospholipase L2 P07000 PLDB_ECOLI pldB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P07000.xml Phospholipase A1 P0A921 PA1_ECOLI pldA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A921.xml Acylphosphatase P0AB65 ACYP_ECOLI yccX http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AB65.xml Acyl-CoA thioesterase I P0ADA1 TESA_ECOLI tesA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ADA1.xml Acyl carrier protein phosphodiesterase P21515 ACPH_ECOLI acpH http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P21515.xml Bifunctional protein aas P31119 AAS_ECOLI aas http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31119.xml Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase P69451 LCFA_ECOLI fadD http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69451.xml Protein crcA P37001 CRCA_ECOLI crcA http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P37001.xml Short-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase P38135 FADK_ECOLI fadK http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P38135.xml Acyl-CoA thioesterase 2 P0AGG2 TESB_ECOLI tesB http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AGG2.xml Acyl carrier protein P0A6A8 ACP_ECOLI acpP http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6A8.xml Long-chain fatty acid transport protein P10384 FADL_ECOLI fadL http://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P10384.xml Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Hydrogen ion + Palmityl-CoA + Pyrophosphate R01280 acyl carrier protein + Adenosine triphosphate + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Palmitoyl-ACP (n-C16:0ACP) + Pyrophosphate Water + Palmitoyl-ACP (n-C16:0ACP) > acyl carrier protein + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid Water + Palmityl-CoA > Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid 1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C16:0) + Water > Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid 1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C16:0) + Water > Glycerophosphoglycerol + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + Water > Glycerol 3-phosphate + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid core oligosaccharide lipid A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid > Water + hepta-acylated core oligosaccharide lipid A (E. coli) Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid + KDO2-Lipid A > Water + Hepta-acylated KDO2-lipid A Water + Hexadecanoyl-phosphate (n-C16:0) >2 Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid + Phosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C16:0) + Adenosine triphosphate + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + PE(14:0/14:0) + Pyrophosphate 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C16:0) + Adenosine triphosphate + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + PG(16:0/16:0) + Pyrophosphate Water + PA(16:0/16:0) > 1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid Water + PA(16:0/16:0) > 2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + Palmitic acid Water + PE(14:0/14:0) > 1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C16:0) + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid Water + PE(14:0/14:0) > 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C16:0) + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid Water + PG(16:0/16:0) > 1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C16:0) + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid Water + PG(16:0/16:0) > 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C16:0) + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (N-C16:0) + Water > Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid 2-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (N-C16:0) + Water > Glycerophosphoglycerol + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid 2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + Water > Glycerol 3-phosphate +2 Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid Adenosine triphosphate + Palmitic acid + Coenzyme A <> Adenosine monophosphate + Palmityl-CoA + Pyrophosphate R01280 Palmitic acid + Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A > Palmityl-CoA + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate PW_R002469 Palmitic acid + Coenzyme A + Adenosine triphosphate > Adenosine monophosphate + Palmityl-CoA PW_R003764 Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Palmityl-CoA + Pyrophosphate Adenosine triphosphate + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + Palmitic acid > Adenosine monophosphate + Palmityl-CoA + Pyrophosphate