Record Information
Version2.0
Creation Date2012-05-31 10:23:06 -0600
Update Date2015-09-13 12:56:06 -0600
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • ECMDB00182
Identification
Name:L-Lysine
DescriptionL-lysine is an alpha-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)(CH2)4NH2. Lysine is a basic amino acid as are arginine and histidine. Lysine is a proteogenic amino acid, meaning that it is used in protein synthesis. Lysine typically constitutes about 7-8% of an average protein. The epsilon-amino group often participates in hydrogen bonding and as a general base in catalysis. Common posttranslational modifications include methylation of the epsilon-amino group, giving methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethyllysine. In bacteria, lysine is synthesized from aspartic acid, which is first converted to aspartyl-semialdehyde.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms:
  • (+)-S-Lysine
  • (S)-2,6-diamino-Hexanoate
  • (S)-2,6-diamino-Hexanoic acid
  • (S)-2,6-Diaminohexanoate
  • (S)-2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid
  • (S)-a,e-Diaminocaproate
  • (S)-a,e-Diaminocaproic acid
  • (S)-Lysine
  • 2,6-Diaminohexanoate
  • 2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid
  • 6-Amino-Aminutrin
  • 6-Amino-L-Norleucine
  • A-Lysine
  • Alpha-Lysine
  • Aminutrin
  • H-Lys-oh
  • K
  • L-(+)-Lysine
  • L-2,6-Diainohexanoate
  • L-2,6-Diainohexanoic acid
  • L-2,6-Diaminocaproate
  • L-2,6-Diaminocaproic acid
  • L-Lys
  • Lys
  • Lysine
  • Lysine acid
  • α-Lysine
Chemical Formula:C6H14N2O2
Weight:Average: 146.1876
Monoisotopic: 146.105527702
InChI Key:KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N
InChI:InChI=1S/C6H14N2O2/c7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(9)10/h5H,1-4,7-8H2,(H,9,10)/t5-/m0/s1
CAS number:56-87-1
IUPAC Name:(2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid
Traditional IUPAC Name:L-lysine
SMILES:NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentL-alpha-amino acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • L-alpha-amino acid
  • Medium-chain fatty acid
  • Amino fatty acid
  • Fatty acid
  • Fatty acyl
  • Amino acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Primary amine
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Primary aliphatic amine
  • Carbonyl group
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Amine
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
State:Solid
Charge:1
Melting point:224.5 °C
Experimental Properties:
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility:1000.0 mg/mL [YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)]PhysProp
LogP:-3.05 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)]PhysProp
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility105 g/LALOGPS
logP-3.8ALOGPS
logP-3.2ChemAxon
logS-0.14ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.74ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)10.29ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count4ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count3ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area89.34 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count5ChemAxon
Refractivity37.81 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability15.84 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
Bioavailability1ChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations:Cytoplasm
Reactions:
Hydrogen ion + L-Lysine <> Cadaverine + Carbon dioxide
Adenosine triphosphate + Water + L-Lysine > ADP + Hydrogen ion + L-Lysine + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate + Water + L-Lysine > ADP + Hydrogen ion + L-Lysine + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate + L-Lysine + tRNA(Lys) > Adenosine monophosphate + L-Lysine-tRNA (Lys) + Pyrophosphate
Diaminopimelic acid + Hydrogen ion > Carbon dioxide + L-Lysine
Fructoselysine-6-phosphate + Water <> Glucose 6-phosphate + L-Lysine
Meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioate <> L-Lysine + Carbon dioxide
L-Lysine <> Cadaverine + Carbon dioxide
Adenosine triphosphate + L-Lysine + tRNA(Lys) + tRNA(Lys) <> Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-Lysyl-tRNA + L-Lysyl-tRNA
[tRNA(Ile2)]-cytidine34 + L-Lysine + Adenosine triphosphate <> [tRNA(Ile2)]-lysidine34 + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Water
L-Lysine + Adenosine triphosphate + Water > L-Lysine + ADP + Phosphate + Hydrogen ion
L-Lysine + Adenosine triphosphate + Water > L-Lysine + ADP + Phosphate + Hydrogen ion
Hydrogen ion + <i>meso</i>-diaminopimelate > L-Lysine + Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen ion + L-Lysine > Carbon dioxide + Cadaverine
L-Lysine (R)-beta-lysine
Meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioate > L-Lysine + Carbon dioxide
L-Lysine > Cadaverine + Carbon dioxide
L-Lysine > (R)-beta-lysine
Fructoselysine-6-phosphate + Water > Glucose 6-phosphate + L-Lysine
Adenosine triphosphate + L-Lysine + tRNA(Lys) > Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + L-lysyl-tRNA(Lys)
(tRNA(Ile2))-cytidine(34) + L-Lysine + Adenosine triphosphate > (tRNA(Ile2))-lysidine(34) + Adenosine monophosphate + Pyrophosphate + Water
Biocytin + Water > Biotin + L-Lysine + L-Lysine
Meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioate + Hydrogen ion > L-Lysine + Carbon dioxide + L-Lysine
L-Lysine + Hydrogen ion + L-Lysine > Cadaverine + Carbon dioxide
L-Lysine + L-Lysine > Cadaverine

SMPDB Pathways:
Biotin metabolismPW000762 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
Fructoselysine and Psicoselysine DegradationPW002049 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
Lysine Degradation IPW000772 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
Lysine biosynthesisPW000771 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
aminopropylcadaverine biosynthesisPW002039 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
inner membrane transportPW000786 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
tRNA Charging 2PW000803 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
tRNA chargingPW000799 ThumbThumb?image type=greyscaleThumb?image type=simple
KEGG Pathways:
EcoCyc Pathways:
Concentrations
ConcentrationStrainMediaGrowth StatusGrowth SystemTemperatureDetails
401± 0 uMK12 NCM3722Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glucoseMid-Log PhaseShake flask and filter culture37 oCPMID: 19561621
762± 0 uMK12 NCM3722Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glycerolMid-Log PhaseShake flask and filter culture37 oCPMID: 19561621
554± 0 uMK12 NCM3722Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L acetateMid-Log PhaseShake flask and filter culture37 oCPMID: 19561621
361± 0 uMBW2511348 mM Na2HPO4, 22 mM KH2PO4, 10 mM NaCl, 45 mM (NH4)2SO4, supplemented with 1 mM MgSO4, 1 mg/l thiamine·HCl, 5.6 mg/l CaCl2, 8 mg/l FeCl3, 1 mg/l MnCl2·4H2O, 1.7 mg/l ZnCl2, 0.43 mg/l CuCl2·2H2O, 0.6 mg/l CoCl2·2H2O and 0.6 mg/l Na2MoO4·2H2O. 4 g/L GlucoStationary Phase, glucose limitedBioreactor, pH controlled, O2 and CO2 controlled, dilution rate: 0.2/h37 oCPMID: 17379776
567± 32 uMBL21 DE3Luria-Bertani (LB) mediaStationary phase cultures (overnight culture)Shake flask37 oCExperimentally Determined
Download Details
Find out more about how we convert literature concentrations.
Spectra
Spectra:
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash Key
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)splash10-00di-3910000000-98c565675de67aa87900View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-0ab9-1910000000-87ef8534f592041f50f2View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (4 TMS)splash10-0a4i-1921000000-84f7815b0f650fa17444View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)splash10-001i-9600000000-823408dba509cb204acfView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)splash10-00di-3910000000-4f5578af5e7d8b6c49f7View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (4 TMS)splash10-0adi-1921000000-4e56d95e623e792f9e6bView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-00di-0921000000-eeb49e57bc1a75193058View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0ab9-0921000000-ebb902be0f3754225b2fView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00di-3910000000-98c565675de67aa87900View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0ab9-1910000000-87ef8534f592041f50f2View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQ (Non-derivatized)splash10-0fdk-3923000000-15b84c2649c1b0455de1View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0a4i-1921000000-84f7815b0f650fa17444View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-001i-9600000000-823408dba509cb204acfView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-00di-3910000000-4f5578af5e7d8b6c49f7View in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-0adi-1921000000-4e56d95e623e792f9e6bView in MoNA
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0abi-1900000000-9ad174122e4d6e003eb8View in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0089-9100000000-974cc55c9130ed5213ebView in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0ue9-9700000000-57b24ae819b6ec26bfd2View in MoNA
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-003r-8900000000-470a0beb4f338ed89bcaView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-001i-9000000000-74e9193d9d33c2509bfaView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a59-9000000000-822c4e78250fffa56e39View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0002-0900000000-04f9a62a77fb5a37ca22View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-001i-9000000000-035035ecfa084671479bView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-001i-0900000000-5bb15839f86f4fca0d0bView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-001i-0900000000-6c8ef03aa83eb1cab35bView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-01ot-0910000000-c182a7dcdbc260666978View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-0a4j-0900000000-6c5f378cef2f14204e15View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-001i-0900000000-41e1a6499097748934b0View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positivesplash10-03di-0390000000-7270a0b85b9e3f9f6373View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negativesplash10-0002-0900000000-a997e809874357908880View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negativesplash10-0002-2900000000-f64110414f82c93e1fe8View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negativesplash10-014m-9200000000-33a38e6370811c5ddc82View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-3a8b0b6e62f5c66d3720View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negativesplash10-0006-9000000000-d5167570d11d77fd541eView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positivesplash10-0002-0900000000-a46231bd529176101129View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positivesplash10-001i-9200000000-f8b9f01b2a9886c51df9View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positivesplash10-001i-9000000000-ace0361476d939043e98View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positivesplash10-001i-9000000000-5b06b6e9dcf9faf8e89cView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positivesplash10-053r-9000000000-2894ef6d7f72ea71688eView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - CE-ESI-TOF (CE-system connected to 6210 Time-of-Flight MS, Agilent) , Positivesplash10-0002-0900000000-290902f43cf851e8ef5eView in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-001i-9300000000-f81193f6b50235ec8147View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-001i-9300000000-8931d2193adab166d5e4View in MoNA
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negativesplash10-0002-0900000000-b4825cc64fcb830c6967View in MoNA
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
2D NMR[1H,1H] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableView in JSpectraViewer
References
References:
  • Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. Pubmed: 19561621
  • Cynober LA: Plasma amino acid levels with a note on membrane transport: characteristics, regulation, and metabolic significance. Nutrition. 2002 Sep;18(9):761-6. Pubmed: 12297216
  • Engelborghs S, Marescau B, De Deyn PP: Amino acids and biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res. 2003 Aug;28(8):1145-50. Pubmed: 12834252
  • Faraasen S, Voros J, Csucs G, Textor M, Merkle HP, Walter E: Ligand-specific targeting of microspheres to phagocytes by surface modification with poly(L-lysine)-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) conjugate. Pharm Res. 2003 Feb;20(2):237-46. Pubmed: 12636162
  • Hagenfeldt L, Bjerkenstedt L, Edman G, Sedvall G, Wiesel FA: Amino acids in plasma and CSF and monoamine metabolites in CSF: interrelationship in healthy subjects. J Neurochem. 1984 Mar;42(3):833-7. Pubmed: 6198473
  • Hajishengallis G, Koga T, Russell MW: Affinity and specificity of the interactions between Streptococcus mutans antigen I/II and salivary components. J Dent Res. 1994 Sep;73(9):1493-502. Pubmed: 7523469
  • Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597. Pubmed: 17379776
  • Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. Pubmed: 22080510
  • Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. Pubmed: 21097882
  • Kranz BR: Detection of rare malignant cells and their apoptotic fragments in cerebrospinal fluid. Lancet. 2000 Oct 7;356(9237):1242-4. Pubmed: 11072949
  • Nicholson JK, O'Flynn MP, Sadler PJ, Macleod AF, Juul SM, Sonksen PH: Proton-nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies of serum, plasma and urine from fasting normal and diabetic subjects. Biochem J. 1984 Jan 15;217(2):365-75. Pubmed: 6696735
  • Pahler A, Parker J, Dekant W: Dose-dependent protein adduct formation in kidney, liver, and blood of rats and in human blood after perchloroethene inhalation. Toxicol Sci. 1999 Mar;48(1):5-13. Pubmed: 10330678
  • Peng CT, Wu KH, Lan SJ, Tsai JJ, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH: Amino acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2005 May;41(8):1158-63. Epub 2005 Apr 14. Pubmed: 15911239
  • Rainesalo S, Keranen T, Palmio J, Peltola J, Oja SS, Saransaari P: Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amino acids in epileptic patients. Neurochem Res. 2004 Jan;29(1):319-24. Pubmed: 14992292
  • Silwood CJ, Lynch E, Claxson AW, Grootveld MC: 1H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of human saliva. J Dent Res. 2002 Jun;81(6):422-7. Pubmed: 12097436
  • Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. Pubmed: 19212411
  • van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25. Pubmed: 17765195
  • Vijayendran, C., Barsch, A., Friehs, K., Niehaus, K., Becker, A., Flaschel, E. (2008). "Perceiving molecular evolution processes in Escherichia coli by comprehensive metabolite and gene expression profiling." Genome Biol 9:R72. Pubmed: 18402659
  • Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948. Pubmed: 18331064
Synthesis Reference:Rothstein, Morton. DL-Lysine-6-C14 and DL-a-aminoadipic acid-6-C14. Biochemical Preparations (1961), 8 85-8.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
External Links:
ResourceLink
CHEBI ID18019
HMDB IDHMDB00182
Pubchem Compound ID5962
Kegg IDC00047
ChemSpider ID5747
WikipediaL-Lysine
BioCyc IDLYS
EcoCyc IDLYS
Ligand ExpoLYS_LFZW_DHZ3

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate = L-lysine + CO(2)
Gene Name:
lysA
Uniprot ID:
P00861
Molecular weight:
46177
Reactions
Meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate = L-lysine + CO(2).
General function:
Involved in nucleotide binding
Specific function:
Part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system for histidine. Probably responsible for energy coupling to the transport system
Gene Name:
hisP
Uniprot ID:
P07109
Molecular weight:
28653
General function:
Involved in nucleotide binding
Specific function:
ATP + L-lysine + tRNA(Lys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-lysyl-tRNA(Lys)
Gene Name:
lysS
Uniprot ID:
P0A8N3
Molecular weight:
57603
Reactions
ATP + L-lysine + tRNA(Lys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-lysyl-tRNA(Lys).
General function:
Involved in nucleotide binding
Specific function:
Also can synthesize a number of adenyl dinucleotides (in particular AppppA). These dinucleotides have been proposed to act as modulators of the heat-shock response and stress response
Gene Name:
lysU
Uniprot ID:
P0A8N5
Molecular weight:
57826
Reactions
ATP + L-lysine + tRNA(Lys) = AMP + diphosphate + L-lysyl-tRNA(Lys).
General function:
Involved in nucleotide binding
Specific function:
With YjeK might be involved in the post-translational modification of elongation factor P (EF-P)
Gene Name:
poxA
Uniprot ID:
P0A8N7
Molecular weight:
36976
General function:
Involved in carboxy-lyase activity
Specific function:
Appears to play a role in pH homeostasis by consuming protons and neutralizing the acidic by-products of carbohydrate fermentation
Gene Name:
cadA
Uniprot ID:
P0A9H3
Molecular weight:
81260
Reactions
L-lysine = cadaverine + CO(2).
General function:
Involved in carbohydrate binding
Specific function:
Catalyzes the conversion of fructoselysine 6-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate and lysine
Gene Name:
frlB
Uniprot ID:
P0AC00
Molecular weight:
38569
Reactions
Fructoselysine 6-phosphate + H(2)O = glucose 6-phosphate + L-lysine.
General function:
Involved in carboxy-lyase activity
Specific function:
LDC is constitutively but weakly expressed under various conditions
Gene Name:
ldcC
Uniprot ID:
P52095
Molecular weight:
80590
Reactions
L-lysine = cadaverine + CO(2).
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system for histidine; probably responsible for the translocation of the substrate across the membrane
Gene Name:
hisM
Uniprot ID:
P0AEU3
Molecular weight:
26870
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system for histidine; probably responsible for the translocation of the substrate across the membrane
Gene Name:
hisQ
Uniprot ID:
P52094
Molecular weight:
24649
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
This periplasmic binding protein is involved in an arginine transport system. ArgT and histidine-binding protein J (hisJ) interact with a common membrane-bound receptor, hisP
Gene Name:
argT
Uniprot ID:
P09551
Molecular weight:
27991
General function:
Not Available
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
tilS
Uniprot ID:
P52097
Molecular weight:
Not Available

Transporters

General function:
Involved in nucleotide binding
Specific function:
Part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system for histidine. Probably responsible for energy coupling to the transport system
Gene Name:
hisP
Uniprot ID:
P07109
Molecular weight:
28653
General function:
Involved in nucleotide binding
Specific function:
Probably part of a binding-protein-dependent transport system yecCS for an amino acid. Probably responsible for energy coupling to the transport system
Gene Name:
yecC
Uniprot ID:
P37774
Molecular weight:
27677
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Probably part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system yecCS for an amino acid; probably responsible for the translocation of the substrate across the membrane
Gene Name:
yecS
Uniprot ID:
P0AFT2
Molecular weight:
24801
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system for histidine; probably responsible for the translocation of the substrate across the membrane
Gene Name:
hisM
Uniprot ID:
P0AEU3
Molecular weight:
26870
General function:
Involved in transport
Specific function:
Permease that is involved in the transport across the cytoplasmic membrane of lysine
Gene Name:
lysP
Uniprot ID:
P25737
Molecular weight:
53575
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Part of the binding-protein-dependent transport system for histidine; probably responsible for the translocation of the substrate across the membrane
Gene Name:
hisQ
Uniprot ID:
P52094
Molecular weight:
24649
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
This periplasmic binding protein is involved in an arginine transport system. ArgT and histidine-binding protein J (hisJ) interact with a common membrane-bound receptor, hisP
Gene Name:
argT
Uniprot ID:
P09551
Molecular weight:
27991
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Non-specific porin
Gene Name:
ompN
Uniprot ID:
P77747
Molecular weight:
41220
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Uptake of inorganic phosphate, phosphorylated compounds, and some other negatively charged solutes
Gene Name:
phoE
Uniprot ID:
P02932
Molecular weight:
38922
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
OmpF is a porin that forms passive diffusion pores which allow small molecular weight hydrophilic materials across the outer membrane. It is also a receptor for the bacteriophage T2
Gene Name:
ompF
Uniprot ID:
P02931
Molecular weight:
39333
General function:
Involved in amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Probable cadaverine/lysine antiporter or part of it
Gene Name:
cadB
Uniprot ID:
P0AAE8
Molecular weight:
46665
General function:
Involved in amino acid transport
Specific function:
Involved in the export of arginine. Important to control the intracellular level of arginine and the correct balance between arginine and lysine. May also be involved in the export of canavanine (a plant-derived antimetabolite)
Gene Name:
argO
Uniprot ID:
P11667
Molecular weight:
23175
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Forms passive diffusion pores which allow small molecular weight hydrophilic materials across the outer membrane
Gene Name:
ompC
Uniprot ID:
P06996
Molecular weight:
40368