Record Information |
---|
Version | 2.0 |
---|
Creation Date | 2012-05-31 09:56:20 -0600 |
---|
Update Date | 2015-09-13 12:56:05 -0600 |
---|
Secondary Accession Numbers | |
---|
Identification |
---|
Name: | Cyclic AMP |
---|
Description | Cyclic AMP is an adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase is located at the cell membranes. cAMP decomposition into AMP is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphodiesterase. |
---|
Structure | |
---|
Synonyms: | - 3',5'-Cyclic AMP
- 3'5'-Cyclic AMP
- 6-(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)tetrahydro-4H-furo[3,2-D][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinine-2,7-diol 2-oxide
- Acrasin
- Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
- Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid
- Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate
- Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphoric acid
- Adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate
- Adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphoric acid
- Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate
- Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphoric acid
- Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphate
- Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphorate
- Adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid
- Adenosine cyclic monophosphate
- Adenosine cyclic monophosphoric acid
- Adenosine cyclic-3',5'-monophosphate
- Adenosine cyclic-3',5'-monophosphoric acid
- Adenosine cyclic-monophosphate
- Adenosine cyclic-monophosphoric acid
- Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
- Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphoric acid
- Adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate
- Adenosine-3',5'-monophosphoric acid
- Adenosine-cyclic-phosphate
- Adenosine-cyclic-phosphoric acid
- Adenosine-cyclic-phosphoric-acid
- CAMP
- Cyclic 3',5'-adenylate
- Cyclic 3',5'-adenylic acid
- Cyclic 3',5'-AMP
- Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-phosphate
- Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-phosphoric acid
- Cyclic AMP
|
---|
Chemical Formula: | C10H12N5O6P |
---|
Weight: | Average: 329.2059 Monoisotopic: 329.052519653 |
---|
InChI Key: | IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N |
---|
InChI: | InChI=1S/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1 |
---|
CAS number: | 60-92-4 |
---|
IUPAC Name: | (4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-hexahydro-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one |
---|
Traditional IUPAC Name: | (4aR,6R,7R,7aS)-6-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-4H-2lambda5-furo[3,2-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphinin-2-one |
---|
SMILES: | NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2[C@@H]1O[C@@H]2COP(O)(=O)O[C@H]2[C@H]1O |
---|
Chemical Taxonomy |
---|
Description | belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotides. These are purine nucleotides in which the oxygen atoms linked to the C3 and C5 carbon atoms of the ribose moiety are both bonded the same phosphorus atom of the phosphate group. |
---|
Kingdom | Organic compounds |
---|
Super Class | Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues |
---|
Class | Purine nucleotides |
---|
Sub Class | Cyclic purine nucleotides |
---|
Direct Parent | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotides |
---|
Alternative Parents | |
---|
Substituents | - 3',5'-cyclic purine ribonucleotide
- Pentose phosphate
- Glycosyl compound
- N-glycosyl compound
- 6-aminopurine
- Monosaccharide phosphate
- Purine
- Imidazopyrimidine
- Aminopyrimidine
- Organic phosphoric acid derivative
- N-substituted imidazole
- Monosaccharide
- Pyrimidine
- Imidolactam
- Imidazole
- Azole
- Tetrahydrofuran
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Secondary alcohol
- Oxacycle
- Azacycle
- Organoheterocyclic compound
- Alcohol
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Organopnictogen compound
- Amine
- Primary amine
- Organooxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
|
---|
Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
---|
External Descriptors | |
---|
Physical Properties |
---|
State: | Solid |
---|
Charge: | -1 |
---|
Melting point: | 219-220 °C |
---|
Experimental Properties: | Property | Value | Source |
---|
Water Solubility: | 4 mg/mL [HMP experimental] | PhysProp | LogP: | -2.96 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)] | PhysProp |
|
---|
Predicted Properties | |
---|
Biological Properties |
---|
Cellular Locations: | Cytoplasm |
---|
Reactions: | |
---|
SMPDB Pathways: | |
---|
KEGG Pathways: | |
---|
EcoCyc Pathways: | Not Available |
---|
Concentrations |
---|
| Concentration | Strain | Media | Growth Status | Growth System | Temperature | Details |
---|
35± 0 uM | K12 NCM3722 | Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glucose | Mid-Log Phase | Shake flask and filter culture | 37 oC | PMID: 19561621 | 83± 0 uM | K12 NCM3722 | Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glycerol | Mid-Log Phase | Shake flask and filter culture | 37 oC | PMID: 19561621 | 146± 0 uM | K12 NCM3722 | Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L acetate | Mid-Log Phase | Shake flask and filter culture | 37 oC | PMID: 19561621 |
|
---|
Spectra |
---|
Spectra: | Spectrum Type | Description | Splash Key | |
---|
GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS) | splash10-00di-9761000000-ed8f1fea0ef2e7b43ff8 | View in MoNA |
---|
GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS) | splash10-03du-2971000000-c0200940e0e88308fbde | View in MoNA |
---|
GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized) | splash10-00di-9761000000-ed8f1fea0ef2e7b43ff8 | View in MoNA |
---|
GC-MS | GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) | splash10-03du-2971000000-c0200940e0e88308fbde | View in MoNA |
---|
Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0fbl-3901000000-b95501fad426dc61082f | View in MoNA |
---|
Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive | splash10-03y0-3922000000-7e84eb99b8248254daa6 | View in MoNA |
---|
Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
Predicted GC-MS | Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_3) - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-004i-0009000000-02ee7f342f5c1bada389 | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-004i-0009000000-a00a2165c3d37c4e1ef2 | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated) | splash10-004i-0109000000-7f48145f84828c2bbd5d | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-001i-0119000000-d94a34a13521ae3d4692 | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-0udi-0900000000-f10e1d70e30865424af6 | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-03dr-0629000000-bf4ec1094b7991c3633c | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-03dr-0629000000-9736faaf70ec79d5bd03 | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-001i-0109000000-6bf3784f4b710ce04a3e | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-03dr-0629000000-3f5ea9ba1508e359ad80 | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-03dr-0519000000-059e8569ee179529bf21 | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive | splash10-001i-0009000000-88dad10a362b1088849e | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-004i-0509004000-bb02289fcd39ac1a203c | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0a4i-1900000000-da49323734f24bf724d6 | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-001i-0900000000-a4e60131f41413b6fecf | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-004i-0009000000-98ee4e70689c06adc603 | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-056r-0409005001-97fd793d1d14a84c3530 | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-1f2045ac2ff736aa80a2 | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-001i-0900000000-8bbb24702fa6ccd76268 | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative | splash10-004i-0009000000-6d23df7535894180e6df | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive | splash10-001i-0009000000-c527aad341e122fc9bea | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) 30V, Positive | splash10-001i-0209000000-1bb2d660cc00c85a808f | View in MoNA |
---|
LC-MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative | splash10-003r-2904000000-865c1b989665f73ac3f4 | View in MoNA |
---|
Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-000i-0904000000-f37dad1d4334840eb74e | View in MoNA |
---|
Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-000i-0900000000-8b2624b0c421f5f77e8e | View in MoNA |
---|
Predicted LC-MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-000i-1900000000-3052962b6de42b1e2f5d | View in MoNA |
---|
1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
2D NMR | [1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
2D NMR | [1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum | Not Available | View in JSpectraViewer |
---|
|
---|
References |
---|
References: | - Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599. Pubmed: 19561621
- Carceles MD, Ribo AR, Davalos R, Martinez T, Hernandez J: Effect of diazepam on adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) plasma levels in anesthetized patients. Clin Ther. 2004 May;26(5):737-43. Pubmed: 15220017
- Chu MS, Chang CF, Yang CC, Bau YC, Ho LL, Hung SC: Signalling pathway in the induction of neurite outgrowth in human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Signal. 2006 Apr;18(4):519-30. Epub 2005 Aug 11. Pubmed: 16098715
- Fischer JA, Bourne HR, Dambacher MA, Tschopp F, De Meyer R, Devogelaer JP, Werder EA, Nagant De Deuxchaisnes C: Pseudohypoparathyroidism: inheritance and expression of deficient receptor-cyclase coupling protein activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1983 Dec;19(6):747-54. Pubmed: 6317236
- Fouassier L, Chinet T, Robert B, Carayon A, Balladur P, Mergey M, Paul A, Poupon R, Capeau J, Barbu V, Housset C: Endothelin-1 is synthesized and inhibits cyclic adenosine monophosphate- dependent anion secretion by an autocrine/paracrine mechanism in gallbladder epithelial cells. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jun 15;101(12):2881-8. Pubmed: 9637723
- Imashuku S, Todo S, Nakajima F: [Intra-aortic prostaglandin E1 infusion in the treatment of advanced neuroblastoma] Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1983 Sep;10(9):1936-43. Pubmed: 6311112
- Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114. Pubmed: 22080510
- Keseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590. Pubmed: 21097882
- Kukreja SC, Shevrin DH, Wimbiscus SA, Ebeling PR, Danks JA, Rodda CP, Wood WI, Martin TJ: Antibodies to parathyroid hormone-related protein lower serum calcium in athymic mouse models of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia due to human tumors. J Clin Invest. 1988 Nov;82(5):1798-802. Pubmed: 2846659
- Lerche A, Svenson M, Wiik A: Cerebrospinal fluid levels of cyclic nucleotides in meningitis and idiopathic polyneuritis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1984 Mar;69(3):168-75. Pubmed: 6326460
- Liu H, Chang L, Chen Y, Xia S, Zhang X: Clinical implication of the changes of cAMP, TXA2 and PGI2 in CSF of asphyxiated newborns. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2003;23(2):195-7, 200. Pubmed: 12973949
- Machen TE: Innate immune response in CF airway epithelia: hyperinflammatory? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2006 Aug;291(2):C218-30. Pubmed: 16825601
- Mashayekhi F, Aghahoseini F, Rezaie A, Zamani MJ, Khorasani R, Abdollahi M: Alteration of cyclic nucleotides levels and oxidative stress in saliva of human subjects with periodontitis. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2005 Nov 15;6(4):46-53. Pubmed: 16299606
- Naef A, Keller HU: A short transient increase in cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate levels of neutrophil granulocytes following exposure to chemotactic factors. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1982;141:39-48. Pubmed: 6283833
- Onali P, Strada SJ, Chang L, Epstein PM, Hersh EM, Thompson WJ: Purification and characterization of high-affinity cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterases from human acute myelogenous leukemic cells. Cancer Res. 1985 Mar;45(3):1384-91. Pubmed: 2982489
- Rademaker MT, Charles CJ, Lewis LK, Yandle TG, Cooper GJ, Coy DH, Richards AM, Nicholls MG: Beneficial hemodynamic and renal effects of adrenomedullin in an ovine model of heart failure. Circulation. 1997 Sep 16;96(6):1983-90. Pubmed: 9323090
- Rudman D, O'Brien MS, McKinney AS, Hoffman JC Jr, Patterson JH: Observations on the cyclic nucleotide concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976 Jun;42(6):1088-97. Pubmed: 180045
- Ruppert D, Weithmann KU: HL 725, an extremely potent inhibitor of platelet phosphodiesterase and induced platelet aggregation in vitro. Life Sci. 1982 Nov 8;31(19):2037-43. Pubmed: 6294426
- Sugo T, Tachimoto H, Chikatsu T, Murakami Y, Kikukawa Y, Sato S, Kikuchi K, Nagi T, Harada M, Ogi K, Ebisawa M, Mori M: Identification of a lysophosphatidylserine receptor on mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Mar 24;341(4):1078-87. Epub 2006 Jan 25. Pubmed: 16460680
- Tanaka Y, Horinouchi T, Koike K: New insights into beta-adrenoceptors in smooth muscle: distribution of receptor subtypes and molecular mechanisms triggering muscle relaxation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005 Jul;32(7):503-14. Pubmed: 16026507
- Watanabe K, Beinborn M, Nagamatsu S, Ishida H, Takahashi S: Menetrier's disease in a patient with Helicobacter pylori infection is linked to elevated glucagon-like peptide-2 activity. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr;40(4):477-81. Pubmed: 16028444
- Wickenheisser JK, Nelson-DeGrave VL, McAllister JM: Human ovarian theca cells in culture. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Mar;17(2):65-71. Epub 2006 Feb 7. Pubmed: 16460956
- Wine JJ, Joo NS: Submucosal glands and airway defense. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2004;1(1):47-53. Pubmed: 16113412
|
---|
Synthesis Reference: | Genieser, H. G.; Butt, E.; Bottin, U.; Dostmann, W.; Jastorff, B. Synthesis of the 3',5'-cyclic phosphates from unprotected nucleosides. Synthesis (1989), (1), 53-4. |
---|
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) | Download (PDF) |
---|
Links |
---|
External Links: | |
---|