2.02012-05-31 14:03:51 -06002015-06-03 15:54:41 -0600ECMDB04059M2MDB000589(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate(r)-2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate belongs to the class of Branched Fatty Acids. These are fatty acids containing a branched chain. (inferred from compound structure)α,β-dihydroxy-isovalerateα,β-dihydroxy-isovaleric acid(2R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate(2R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid(R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate(R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovaleric acid2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate2,3-Dihydroxy-isovaleric acidC5H10O4134.1305134.057908808(2R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid(R)-2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerateCC(C)(O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=OInChI=1S/C5H10O4/c1-5(2,9)3(6)4(7)8/h3,6,9H,1-2H3,(H,7,8)/t3-/m0/s1JTEYKUFKXGDTEU-VKHMYHEASA-NSolidCytosollogp-0.83logs0.60solubility5.29e+02 g/llogp-0.82pka_strongest_acidic3.8pka_strongest_basic-3.2iupac(2R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acidaverage_mass134.1305mono_mass134.057908808smilesCC(C)(O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=OformulaC5H10O4inchiInChI=1S/C5H10O4/c1-5(2,9)3(6)4(7)8/h3,6,9H,1-2H3,(H,7,8)/t3-/m0/s1inchikeyJTEYKUFKXGDTEU-VKHMYHEASA-Npolar_surface_area77.76refractivity29.44polarizability12.48rotatable_bond_count2acceptor_count4donor_count3physiological_charge-1formal_charge0Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesisec00290Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesisThe CoA biosynthesis requires compounds from two other pathways: aspartate metabolism and valine biosynthesis. It requires a Beta-Alanine and R-pantoate.
The compound (R)-pantoate is generated in two reactions, as shown by the interaction of alpha-ketoisovaleric acid, 5,10 methylene-THF and water through a 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase resulting in a tetrahydrofolic acid and a 2-dehydropantoate. This compound interacts with hydrogen through a NADPH driven acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase resulting in the release of NADP and R-pantoate.
On the other hand L-aspartic acid interacts with a hydrogen ion and gets decarboxylated through an Aspartate 1- decarboxylase resulting in a carbon dioxide and a Beta-alanine.
Beta-alanine and R-pantoate interact with an ATP driven pantothenate synthetase resulting in pyrophosphate, AMP, hydrogen ion and pantothenic acid.
Pantothenic acid is phosphorylated through a ATP-driven pantothenate kinase resulting in a ADP, a hydrogen ion and D-4'-Phosphopantothenate. This compound interacts with a CTP and a L-cysteine resulting in a fused 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase and phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a pyrophosphate, a CMP and 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine.
The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a fused 4'-phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase and phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase resulting in a carbon dioxide release and a 4-phosphopantetheine. This compound interacts with an ATP, hydrogen ion and an phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase resulting in a release of pyrophosphate, and dephospho-CoA.
Dephospho-CoA reacts with an ATP driven dephospho-CoA kinase resulting in a ADP , a hydrogen ion and a Coenzyme A.
. The latter is converted into (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate is two steps, involving a β-alanine ligase and a kinase. In most organsims the ligase acts before the kinase (EC 6.3.2.1, pantoate—β-alanine ligase (AMP-forming) followed by EC 2.7.1.33, pantothenate kinase, as described in phosphopantothenate biosynthesis I and phosphopantothenate biosynthesis II. However, in archaea the order is reversed, and EC 2.7.1.169, pantoate kinase acts before EC 6.3.2.36, 4-phosphopantoate—β-alanine ligase, as described in phosphopantothenate biosynthesis III.
The kinases are feedback inhibited by CoA itself, accounting for the primary regulatory mechanism of CoA biosynthesis. The addition of L-cysteine to (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate, resulting in the formation of R-4'-phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine (PPC), is followed by decarboxylation of PPC to 4'-phosphopantetheine. The ultimate reaction is catalyzed by EC 2.7.1.24, dephospho-CoA kinase, which converts 4'-phosphopantetheine to CoA. All enzymes of this pathway are essential for growth.
The reactions in the biosynthetic route towards CoA are identical in most organisms, although there are differences in the functionality of the involved enzymes. In plants every step is catalyzed by single monofunctional enzymes, whereas in bacteria and mammals bifunctional enzymes are often employed [Rubio06].PW000828ec00770MetabolicMetabolic pathwayseco01100Valine Biosynthesis
The pathway of valine biosynthesis starts with pyruvic acid interacting with a hydrogen ion through a acetolactate synthase / acetohydroxybutanoate synthase or a acetohydroxybutanoate synthase / acetolactate synthase resulting in the release of carbon dioxide and (S)-2-acetolactate. The latter compound then interacts with a hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven
acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase resulting in the release of a NADP and an (R) 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylvalerate. The latter compound is then dehydrated by a
dihydroxy acid dehydratase resulting in the release of water and isovaleric acid. Isovaleric acid interacts with an L-glutamic acid through a Valine Transaminase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and an L-valine.
L-valine is then transported into the periplasmic space through a L-valine efflux transporter.PW000812Metabolicvaline biosynthesisVALSYN-PWYSpecdb::CMs3242Specdb::CMs39827Specdb::CMs160651Specdb::NmrOneD151250Specdb::NmrOneD151251Specdb::NmrOneD151252Specdb::NmrOneD151253Specdb::NmrOneD151254Specdb::NmrOneD151255Specdb::NmrOneD151256Specdb::NmrOneD151257Specdb::NmrOneD151258Specdb::NmrOneD151259Specdb::NmrOneD151260Specdb::NmrOneD151261Specdb::NmrOneD151262Specdb::NmrOneD151263Specdb::NmrOneD151264Specdb::NmrOneD151265Specdb::NmrOneD151266Specdb::NmrOneD151267Specdb::NmrOneD151268Specdb::NmrOneD151269Specdb::MsMs23120Specdb::MsMs23121Specdb::MsMs23122Specdb::MsMs29918Specdb::MsMs29919Specdb::MsMs29920Specdb::MsMs2380829Specdb::MsMs2380830Specdb::MsMs2380831Specdb::MsMs2558124Specdb::MsMs2558125Specdb::MsMs2558126HMDB12141440279389255C0427215684DIOH-ISOVALERATEKeseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590.21097882Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114.22080510Yurtsever D. (2007). Fatty acid methyl ester profiling of Enterococcus and Esherichia coli for microbial source tracking. M.sc. Thesis. Villanova University: U.S.ADihydroxy-acid dehydrataseP05791ILVD_ECOLIilvDhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P05791.xmlKetol-acid reductoisomeraseP05793ILVC_ECOLIilvChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P05793.xml(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate > alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + WaterR04441DIHYDROXYISOVALDEHYDRAT-RXN(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate + NADP <> (S)-2-Acetolactate + Hydrogen ion + NADPH(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate + NADP <> 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + NADPH + Hydrogen ionR04440(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate <> alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + WaterR04441(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate + NADP <> (<i>S</i>)-2-acetolactate + NADPH + Hydrogen ionACETOLACTREDUCTOISOM-RXN(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate + NADP > (S)-2-Acetolactate + NADPH(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate + Hydrogen ion + NADPH + NADPH > NADP + (R) 2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylvaleratePW_R002884(S)-2-Acetolactate + Hydrogen ion + NADPH + NADPH > NADP + (R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovaleratePW_R005277(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate > Water + Isovaleric acidPW_R002885(R)-2,3-Dihydroxy-isovalerate > alpha-Ketoisovaleric acid + Water