2.02012-05-31 13:48:20 -06002015-09-13 12:56:10 -0600ECMDB01254M2MDB000310Glucosamine 6-phosphateGlucosamine 6-phosphate is normally produced via the de novo glucosamine synthesis by the enzyme fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase and the modulation of this pathway by glutamine. Glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT) catalyzes the first committed step in the pathway for biosynthesis of hexosamines. A member of the N-terminal nucleophile class of amidotransferases, GFAT transfers the amino group from the L-glutamine amide to D-fructose 6-phosphate, producing glutamic acid and glucosamine 6-phosphate. (PMID 11270676, 11842094)2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate2-amino-2-Deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphoric acid2-Amino-2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate2-amino-2-Deoxyglucose 6-phosphoric acid2-Amino-D-glucose-6-phosphate2-amino-D-Glucose-6-phosphoric acidD-Glucosamine 6-phosphateD-Glucosamine 6-phosphoric acidD-Glucosamine phosphateD-Glucosamine phosphoric acidD-glucosamine-6-PD-Glucosamine-6-phosphateD-Glucosamine-6-phosphoric acidGlc-6PGlucosamine 6 -phosphateGlucosamine 6 -phosphoric acidGlucosamine 6-PhosphateGlucosamine 6-phosphoric acidGlucosamine-6-PGlucosamine-6-phosphateGlucosamine-6-phosphoric acidGlucose-6-phosphateGlucose-6-phosphorateGlucose-6-phosphoric acidPhosphate mono-((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-amino-2,3,4-trihydroxy-6-oxo-hexyl) esterPhosphorate mono-((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-amino-2,3,4-trihydroxy-6-oxo-hexyl) esterPhosphoric acid mono-((2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-amino-2,3,4-trihydroxy-6-oxo-hexyl) esterC6H14NO8P259.151259.045702941{[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-5-amino-3,4,6-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acidα-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate3616-42-0N[C@H]1[C@@H](O)O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OInChI=1S/C6H14NO8P/c7-3-5(9)4(8)2(15-6(3)10)1-14-16(11,12)13/h2-6,8-10H,1,7H2,(H2,11,12,13)/t2-,3-,4-,5-,6+/m1/s1XHMJOUIAFHJHBW-UKFBFLRUSA-NSolidCytosolExtra-organismPeriplasmlogp-2.60logs-0.87solubility3.48e+01 g/llogp-4.2pka_strongest_acidic1.22pka_strongest_basic8.23iupac{[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-5-amino-3,4,6-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acidaverage_mass259.151mono_mass259.045702941smilesN[C@H]1[C@@H](O)O[C@H](COP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1OformulaC6H14NO8PinchiInChI=1S/C6H14NO8P/c7-3-5(9)4(8)2(15-6(3)10)1-14-16(11,12)13/h2-6,8-10H,1,7H2,(H2,11,12,13)/t2-,3-,4-,5-,6+/m1/s1inchikeyXHMJOUIAFHJHBW-UKFBFLRUSA-Npolar_surface_area162.7refractivity48.45polarizability21.42rotatable_bond_count3acceptor_count8donor_count6physiological_charge-1formal_charge0Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolismec00250Galactose metabolismGalactose can be synthesized through two pathways: melibiose degradation involving an alpha galactosidase and lactose degradation involving a beta galactosidase. Melibiose is first transported inside the cell through the melibiose:Li+/Na+/H+ symporter. Once inside the cell, melibiose is degraded through alpha galactosidase into an alpha-D-galactose and a beta-D-glucose. The beta-D-glucose is phosphorylated by a glucokinase to produce a beta-D-glucose-6-phosphate which can spontaneously be turned into a alpha D glucose 6 phosphate. This alpha D-glucose-6-phosphate is metabolized into a glucose -1-phosphate through a phosphoglucomutase-1. The glucose -1-phosphate is transformed into a uridine diphosphate glucose through UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The product, uridine diphosphate glucose, can undergo a reversible reaction in which it can be turned into uridine diphosphategalactose through an UDP-glucose 4-epimerase.
Galactose can also be produced by lactose degradation involving a lactose permease to uptake lactose from the environment and a beta-galactosidase to turn lactose into Beta-D-galactose.
Beta-D-galactose can also be uptaken from the environment through a galactose proton symporter.
Galactose is degraded through the following process:
Beta-D-galactose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a galactose proton symporter, or it can be synthesized from an alpha lactose that is introduced into the cytoplasm through a lactose permease. Alpha lactose interacts with water through a beta-galactosidase resulting in a beta-D-glucose and beta-D-galactose. Beta-D-galactose is isomerized into D-galactose. D-Galactose undergoes phosphorylation through a galactokinase, hence producing galactose 1 phosphate. On the other side of the pathway, a gluose-1-phosphate (product of the interaction of alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate with a phosphoglucomutase resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate, an isomer of Glucose 1-phosphate, or an isomer of Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate) interacts with UTP and a hydrogen ion in order to produce a uridine diphosphate glucose. This is followed by the interaction of galactose-1-phosphate with an established amount of uridine diphosphate glucose through a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, which in turn output a glucose-1-phosphate and a uridine diphosphate galactose. The glucose -1-phosphate is transformed into a uridine diphosphate glucose through UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The product, uridine diphosphate glucose, can undergo a reversible reaction in which it can be turned into uridine diphosphategalactose through an UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, and so the cycle can keep going as long as more lactose or galactose is imported into the cell
PW000821ec00052MetabolicAmino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolismec00520Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesisE. coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane. The pathway can start from the fructose 6-phosphate that is either produced in the glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase or be obtained from the interaction with D-fructose interacting with a mannose PTS permease. Fructose 6-phosphate interacts with L-glutamine through a D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase resulting into a L-glutamic acid and a glucosamine 6-phosphate. The latter compound is isomerized through a phosphoglucosamine mutase resulting a glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound is acetylated, interacting with acetyl-CoA through a bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a Coenzyme A, hydrogen ion and N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound interact with UTP and hydrogen ion through the bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a pyrophosphate and a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a UDP-3-O[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine. This compound interacts with water through UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase resulting in an acetic acid and UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxymyristoyl)-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through
UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-glucosamine N-acyltransferase releasing a hydrogen ion, a holo-acp and UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound is hydrolase by interacting with water and a UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolase resulting in UMP, hydrogen ion and 2,3-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-α-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate. This last compound then interacts with a UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine through a lipid A disaccharide synthase resulting in a release of UDP, hydrogen ion and a lipid A disaccharide. The lipid A disaccharide is phosphorylated by an ATP mediated
tetraacyldisaccharide 4'-kinase resulting in the release of hydrogen ion and lipid IVA.
A D-ribulose 5-phosphate is isomerized with D-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase 2 to result in a D-arabinose 5-phosphate. This compounds interacts with water and phosphoenolpyruvic acid through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase resulting in the release of phosphate and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate. This compound interacts with water through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate phosphatase thus releasing a phosphate and a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate. The latter compound interacts with CTP through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and
CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate.
CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate and lipid IVA interact with each other through a KDO transferase resulting in CMP, hydrogen ion and alpha-Kdo-(2-->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate through a KDO transferase resulting in a CMP, hydrogen ion, and a a-Kdo-(2->4)-a-Kdo-(2->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound interacts with a dodecanoyl-[acp] lauroyl acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a (KDO)2-(lauroyl)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with a myristoyl-[acp] through a myristoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp], (KDO)2-lipid A. The latter compound reacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase I resulting hydrogen ion, ADP, heptosyl-KDO2-lipid A. The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase II resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. The latter compound UDP-glucose interacts with (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A resulting in UDP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. Glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A (Escherichia coli) is phosphorylated through an ATP-mediated lipopolysaccharide core heptose (I) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate.
The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core heptosyl transferase III resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion, and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate. The latter compound is phosphorylated through an ATP-driven lipopolysaccharide core heptose (II) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-alpha-D-galactose through a UDP-D-galactose:(glucosyl)lipopolysaccharide-1,6-D-galactosyltransferase resulting in a UDP, a hydrogen ion and a galactosyl-glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-glucose through a (glucosyl)LPS α-1,3-glucosyltransferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a UDP and galactosyl-(glucosyl)2-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with UDP-glucose through a UDP-glucose:(glucosyl)LPS α-1,2-glucosyltransferase resulting in UDP, a hydrogen ion and galactosyl-(glucosyl)3-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis; heptosyl transferase IV; probably hexose transferase resulting in a Lipid A-core.
A lipid A-core is then exported into the periplasmic space by a lipopolysaccharide ABC transporter.
The lipid A-core is then flipped to the outer surface of the inner membrane by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, MsbA. An additional integral membrane protein, YhjD, has recently been implicated in LPS export across the IM. The smallest LPS derivative that supports viability in E. coli is lipid IVA. However, it requires mutations in either MsbA or YhjD, to suppress the normally lethal consequence of an incomplete lipid A . Recent studies with deletion mutants implicate the periplasmic protein LptA, the cytosolic protein LptB, and the IM proteins LptC, LptF, and LptG in the subsequent transport of nascent LPS to the outer membrane (OM), where the LptD/LptE complex flips LPS to the outer surface. PW000831ec00540MetabolicPhosphotransferase system (PTS)ec02060Metabolic pathwayseco01100Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism IThe synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate.
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound can either be isomerized or deaminated into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase and a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase respectively.
Glucosamine 6-phosphate undergoes a reversible reaction to glucosamine 1 phosphate through a phosphoglucosamine mutase. This compound is then acetylated through a bifunctional protein glmU to produce a N-Acetyl glucosamine 1-phosphate.
N-Acetyl glucosamine 1-phosphate enters the nucleotide sugar synthesis by reacting with UTP and hydrogen ion through a bifunctional protein glmU releasing pyrophosphate and a Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine.This compound can either be isomerized into a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine or undergo a reaction with phosphoenolpyruvic acid through UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase releasing a phosphate and a UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-enolpyruvate.
UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine undergoes a NAD dependent dehydrogenation through a UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine dehydrogenase, releasing NADH, a hydrogen ion and a UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-mannosaminuronate, This compound is then used in the production of enterobacterial common antigens.
UDP-N-Acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-enolpyruvate is reduced through a NADPH dependent UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase, releasing a NADP and a UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate. This compound is involved in the D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism.
PW000886MetabolicAmino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism IIThe synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate.
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound is then deaminased into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase.
The beta-D-fructofuranose 6 -phosphate is isomerized in a reversible reaction into an alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate. This compound can also be introduced into the cell from the periplasmic space through a mannose PTS permease that phosphorylates an alpha-D-mannose. Alpha-D-mannose 6-phosphate undergoes a reversible reaction through a phosphomannomutase to produce an alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate.
The alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate enters the nucleotide sugar metabolism through a reaction with GTP producing a GDP-mannose and releasing a pyrophosphate, all through a mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase. GDP-mannose is then dehydrated to produce GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose through a GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase. This compound is then used to synthesize GDP-Beta-L-fucose through a NADPH dependent GDP-L-fucose synthase.
Alpha-D-glucose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glucose PTS permease, which phosphorylates the compound in order to produce an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is then modified through a phosphoglucomutase 1 to yield alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound can either be adenylated to produce ADP-glucose or uridylylated to produce galactose 1-phosphate through glucose-1-phosphate adenyllyltransferase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase respectively.PW000887MetabolicAmino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism IIIThe synthesis of amino sugars and nucleotide sugars starts with the phosphorylation of N-Acetylmuramic acid (MurNac) through its transport from the periplasmic space to the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, MurNac and water undergo a reversible reaction through a N-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate etherase, producing a D-lactic acid and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate. This latter compound can also be introduced into the cytoplasm through a phosphorylating PTS permase in the inner membrane that allows for the transport of N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine from the periplasmic space. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate can also be obtained from chitin dependent reactions. Chitin is hydrated through a bifunctional chitinase to produce chitobiose. This in turn gets hydrated by a beta-hexosaminidase to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The latter undergoes an atp dependent phosphorylation leading to the production of N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate.
N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-phosphate is then be deacetylated in order to produce Glucosamine 6-phosphate through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase. This compound is then deaminased into Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate through a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase.
Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate is isomerized into a beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. The compound is then isomerized by a putative beta-phosphoglucomutase to produce a beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound enters the nucleotide sugar metabolism through uridylation resulting in a UDP-glucose. UDP-glucose is then dehydrated through a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase to produce a UDP-glucuronic acid. This compound undergoes a NAD dependent reaction through a bifunctional polymyxin resistance protein to produce UDP-Beta-L-threo-pentapyranos-4-ulose. This compound then reacts with L-glutamic acid through a UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose--oxoglutarate aminotransferase to produce an oxoglutaric acid and UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-L-arabinopyranose
The latter compound interacts with a N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate through a bifunctional polymyxin resistance protein ArnA, resulting in a tetrahydrofolate, a hydrogen ion and a UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinopyranose, which in turn reacts with a product of the methylerythritol phosphate and polysoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate to produce a 4-deoxy-4-formamido-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl ditrans, octacis-undecaprenyl phosphate.
Alpha-D-glucose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a glucose PTS permease, which phosphorylates the compound in order to produce an alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate. This compound is then modified through a phosphoglucomutase 1 to yield alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate. This compound can either be adenylated to produce ADP-glucose or uridylylated to produce galactose 1-phosphate through glucose-1-phosphate adenyllyltransferase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase respectively.PW000895Metabolicpeptidoglycan biosynthesis IPeptidoglycan is a net-like polymer which surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacteria and functions to maintain cell shape and prevent rupture due to the internal turgor.In E. coli K-12, the peptidoglycan consists of glycan strands of alternating subunits of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) which are cross-linked by short peptides. The pathway for constructing this net involves two cell compartments: cytoplasm and periplasmic space.
The pathway starts with a beta-D-fructofuranose going through a mannose PTS permease, phosphorylating the compund and producing a beta-D-fructofuranose 6 phosphate. This compound can be obtained from the glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase or from an isomerization reaction of Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase.The compound Beta-D-fructofuranose 6 phosphate and L-Glutamine react with a glucosamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase, thus producing a glucosamine 6-phosphate and a l-glutamic acid. The glucosamine 6-phosphate interacts with phosphoglucosamine mutase in a reversible reaction producing glucosamine-1P. Glucosamine-1p and acetyl coa undergo acetylation throuhg a bifunctional protein glmU releasing Coa and a hydrogen ion and producing a N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate. Glmu, being a bifunctional protein, follows catalyze the interaction of N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate, hydrogen ion and UTP into UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and pyrophosphate. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine then interacts with phosphoenolpyruvic acid and a UDP-N acetylglucosamine 1- carboxyvinyltransferase realeasing a phosphate and the compound UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-enolpyruvate. This compound undergoes a NADPH dependent reduction producing a UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate through a UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate and L-alanine react in an ATP-mediated ligation through a UDP-N-acetylmuramate-alanine ligase releasing an ADP, hydrogen ion, a phosphate and a UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine. This compound interacts with D-glutamic acid and ATP through UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate ligase releasing ADP, A phosphate and UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate. The latter compound then interacts with meso-diaminopimelate in an ATP mediated ligation through a UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate-2,6-diaminopimelate ligase resulting in ADP, phosphate, hydrogen ion and UDP-N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelate. This compound in turn with D-alanyl-D-alanine react in an ATP-mediated ligation through UDP-N-Acetylmuramoyl-tripeptide-D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase to produce UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-gama-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-Dalanyl-D-alanine and hydrogen ion, ADP, phosphate. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-gama-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-Dalanyl-D-alanine interacts with di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate through a phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase, resulting in UMP and Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine which in turn reacts with a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine through a N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase to produce a hydrogen, UDP and ditrans,octacis-undecaprenyldiphospho-N-acetyl-(N-acetylglucosaminyl)muramoyl-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine. This compound ends the cytoplasmic part of the pathway. ditrans,octacis-undecaprenyldiphospho-N-acetyl-(N-acetylglucosaminyl)muramoyl-L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine is transported through a lipi II flippase. Once in the periplasmic space, the compound reacts with a penicillin binding protein 1A prodducing a peptidoglycan dimer, a hydrogen ion, and UDP. The peptidoglycan dimer then reacts with a penicillin binding protein 1B producing a peptidoglycan with D,D, cross-links and a D-alanine.
PW000906Metaboliclipopolysaccharide biosynthesis IIE. coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane. The pathway can start from the fructose 6-phosphate that is either produced in the glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase or be obtained from the interaction with D-fructose interacting with a mannose PTS permease. Fructose 6-phosphate interacts with L-glutamine through a D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase resulting into a L-glutamic acid and a glucosamine 6-phosphate. The latter compound is isomerized through a phosphoglucosamine mutase resulting a glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound is acetylated, interacting with acetyl-CoA through a bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a Coenzyme A, hydrogen ion and N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound interact with UTP and hydrogen ion through the bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a pyrophosphate and a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a UDP-3-O[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine. This compound interacts with water through UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase resulting in an acetic acid and UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxymyristoyl)-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-glucosamine N-acyltransferase releasing a hydrogen ion, a holo-acp and UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound is hydrolase by interacting with water and a UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolase resulting in UMP, hydrogen ion and 2,3-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-α-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate. This last compound then interacts with a UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine through a lipid A disaccharide synthase resulting in a release of UDP, hydrogen ion and a lipid A disaccharide. The lipid A disaccharide is phosphorylated by an ATP mediated tetraacyldisaccharide 4'-kinase resulting in the release of hydrogen ion and lipid IVA. A D-ribulose 5-phosphate is isomerized with D-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase 2 to result in a D-arabinose 5-phosphate. This compounds interacts with water and phosphoenolpyruvic acid through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase resulting in the release of phosphate and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate. This compound interacts with water through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate phosphatase thus releasing a phosphate and a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate. The latter compound interacts with CTP through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate. CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate and lipid IVA interact with each other through a KDO transferase resulting in CMP, hydrogen ion and alpha-Kdo-(2-->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate through a KDO transferase resulting in a CMP, hydrogen ion, and a a-Kdo-(2->4)-a-Kdo-(2->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound can either interact with a phosphoethanolamine resulting in a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol and a phosphoethanolamine-Kdo2-lipid A which can be exported outside the cell, or it can interact with a dodecanoyl-[acp] lauroyl acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a (KDO)2-(lauroyl)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with a myristoyl-[acp] through a myristoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp], (KDO)2-lipid A. The latter compound reacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase I resulting hydrogen ion, ADP, heptosyl-KDO2-lipid A. The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase II resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. The latter compound UDP-glucose interacts with (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A resulting in UDP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. Glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A (Escherichia coli) is phosphorylated through an ATP-mediated lipopolysaccharide core heptose (I) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate. The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core heptosyl transferase III resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion, and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate. The latter compound is phosphorylated through an ATP-driven lipopolysaccharide core heptose (II) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-alpha-D-galactose through a UDP-D-galactose:(glucosyl)lipopolysaccharide-1,6-D-galactosyltransferase resulting in a UDP, a hydrogen ion and a galactosyl-glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-glucose through a (glucosyl)LPS α-1,3-glucosyltransferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a UDP and galactosyl-(glucosyl)2-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with UDP-glucose through a UDP-glucose:(glucosyl)LPS α-1,2-glucosyltransferase resulting in UDP, a hydrogen ion and galactosyl-(glucosyl)3-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis; heptosyl transferase IV; probably hexose transferase resulting in a Lipid A-core. A lipid A-core is then exported into the periplasmic space by a lipopolysaccharide ABC transporter. The lipid A-core is then flipped to the outer surface of the inner membrane by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, MsbA. An additional integral membrane protein, YhjD, has recently been implicated in LPS export across the IM. The smallest LPS derivative that supports viability in E. coli is lipid IVA. However, it requires mutations in either MsbA or YhjD, to suppress the normally lethal consequence of an incomplete lipid A . Recent studies with deletion mutants implicate the periplasmic protein LptA, the cytosolic protein LptB, and the IM proteins LptC, LptF, and LptG in the subsequent transport of nascent LPS to the outer membrane (OM), where the LptD/LptE complex flips LPS to the outer surface.PW001905MetabolicN-acetylneuraminate and N-acetylmannosamine and N-acetylglucosamine degradationThe degradation of N-acetylneuraminate begins with its incorporation into the cytosol through a hydrogen symporter. Once inside the cytosol it is degraded by a N-acetylneuraminate lyase resulting in a release of a pyruvic acid and N-acetymannosamine. The latter compound is phosphorylated by an ATP driven N-Acetylmannosamine kinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate. This phosphorylated compound is then metabolized by a putative N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase resulting in the release of a N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate. This compound is then deacetylated through a N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase resulting in the release of an Acetic acid and a glucosamine 6-phosphate This compound can then be deaminated through a glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase resulting in the release of an ammonium and a beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate which can then be incorporated into the glycolysis pathway.
PW002030Metaboliclipopolysaccharide biosynthesis IIIE. coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane. The pathway can start from the fructose 6-phosphate that is either produced in the glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase or be obtained from the interaction with D-fructose interacting with a mannose PTS permease. Fructose 6-phosphate interacts with L-glutamine through a D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase resulting into a L-glutamic acid and a glucosamine 6-phosphate. The latter compound is isomerized through a phosphoglucosamine mutase resulting a glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound is acetylated, interacting with acetyl-CoA through a bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a Coenzyme A, hydrogen ion and N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate. This compound interact with UTP and hydrogen ion through the bifunctional protein glmU resulting in a pyrophosphate and a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. This compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through an UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a UDP-3-O[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine. This compound interacts with water through UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase resulting in an acetic acid and UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxymyristoyl)-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound interacts with (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acp] through
UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-glucosamine N-acyltransferase releasing a hydrogen ion, a holo-acp and UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine. The latter compound is hydrolase by interacting with water and a UDP-2,3-diacylglucosamine hydrolase resulting in UMP, hydrogen ion and 2,3-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-α-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate. This last compound then interacts with a UDP-2-N,3-O-bis[(3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl]-α-D-glucosamine through a lipid A disaccharide synthase resulting in a release of UDP, hydrogen ion and a lipid A disaccharide. The lipid A disaccharide is phosphorylated by an ATP mediated
tetraacyldisaccharide 4'-kinase resulting in the release of hydrogen ion and lipid IVA.
A D-ribulose 5-phosphate is isomerized with D-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase 2 to result in a D-arabinose 5-phosphate. This compounds interacts with water and phosphoenolpyruvic acid through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate synthase resulting in the release of phosphate and 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate. This compound interacts with water through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate phosphatase thus releasing a phosphate and a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate. The latter compound interacts with CTP through a 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidylyltransferase resulting in a pyrophosphate and
CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate.
CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate and lipid IVA interact with each other through a KDO transferase resulting in CMP, hydrogen ion and alpha-Kdo-(2-->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with CMP-3-deoxy-α-D-manno-octulosonate through a KDO transferase resulting in a CMP, hydrogen ion, and a a-Kdo-(2->4)-a-Kdo-(2->6)-lipid IVA. The latter compound can either react with a palmitoleoyl-acp through a palmitoleoyl acyltransferase resulting in the release of a holo-acyl carriere protein and a Kdo2-palmitoleoyl-lipid IVa which in turn reacts with a myristoyl-acp through a myristoyl-acp dependent acyltransferase resulting in a release of a holo-acp and a Kdo2-lipid A, cold adapted, or it can interact with a dodecanoyl-[acp] lauroyl acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp] and a (KDO)2-(lauroyl)-lipid IVA. The latter compound reacts with a myristoyl-[acp] through a myristoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent acyltransferase resulting in a holo-[acp], (KDO)2-lipid A. The latter compound reacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase I resulting hydrogen ion, ADP, heptosyl-KDO2-lipid A. The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through ADP-heptose:LPS heptosyltransferase II resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. The latter compound UDP-glucose interacts with (heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A resulting in UDP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A. Glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A (Escherichia coli) is phosphorylated through an ATP-mediated lipopolysaccharide core heptose (I) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)2-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate.
The latter compound interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core heptosyl transferase III resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion, and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-phosphate. The latter compound is phosphorylated through an ATP-driven lipopolysaccharide core heptose (II) kinase resulting in ADP, hydrogen ion and glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-alpha-D-galactose through a UDP-D-galactose:(glucosyl)lipopolysaccharide-1,6-D-galactosyltransferase resulting in a UDP, a hydrogen ion and a galactosyl-glucosyl-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. The latter compound interacts with UDP-glucose through a (glucosyl)LPS α-1,3-glucosyltransferase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a UDP and galactosyl-(glucosyl)2-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with UDP-glucose through a UDP-glucose:(glucosyl)LPS α-1,2-glucosyltransferase resulting in UDP, a hydrogen ion and galactosyl-(glucosyl)3-(heptosyl)3-Kdo2-lipid A-bisphosphate. This compound then interacts with ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose through a lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis; heptosyl transferase IV; probably hexose transferase resulting in a Lipid A-core.
A lipid A-core is then exported into the periplasmic space by a lipopolysaccharide ABC transporter.
The lipid A-core is then flipped to the outer surface of the inner membrane by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, MsbA. An additional integral membrane protein, YhjD, has recently been implicated in LPS export across the IM. The smallest LPS derivative that supports viability in E. coli is lipid IVA. However, it requires mutations in either MsbA or YhjD, to suppress the normally lethal consequence of an incomplete lipid A . Recent studies with deletion mutants implicate the periplasmic protein LptA, the cytosolic protein LptB, and the IM proteins LptC, LptF, and LptG in the subsequent transport of nascent LPS to the outer membrane (OM), where the LptD/LptE complex flips LPS to the outer surface. PW002059Metabolicpeptidoglycan biosynthesis I 2Peptidoglycan is a net-like polymer which surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacteria and functions to maintain cell shape and prevent rupture due to the internal turgor.In E. coli K-12, the peptidoglycan consists of glycan strands of alternating subunits of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) which are cross-linked by short peptides. The pathway for constructing this net involves two cell compartments: cytoplasm and periplasmic space. The pathway starts with a beta-D-fructofuranose going through a mannose PTS permease, phosphorylating the compund and producing a beta-D-fructofuranose 6 phosphate. This compound can be obtained from the glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase or from an isomerization reaction of Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase.The compound Beta-D-fructofuranose 6 phosphate and L-Glutamine react with a glucosamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase, thus producing a glucosamine 6-phosphate and a l-glutamic acid. The glucosamine 6-phosphate interacts with phosphoglucosamine mutase in a reversible reaction producing glucosamine-1P. Glucosamine-1p and acetyl coa undergo acetylation throuhg a bifunctional protein glmU releasing Coa and a hydrogen ion and producing a N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate. Glmu, being a bifunctional protein, follows catalyze the interaction of N-acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate, hydrogen ion and UTP into UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and pyrophosphate. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine then interacts with phosphoenolpyruvic acid and a UDP-N acetylglucosamine 1- carboxyvinyltransferase realeasing a phosphate and the compound UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine-enolpyruvate. This compound undergoes a NADPH dependent reduction producing a UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate through a UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvoylglucosamine reductase. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate and L-alanine react in an ATP-mediated ligation through a UDP-N-acetylmuramate-alanine ligase releasing an ADP, hydrogen ion, a phosphate and a UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine. This compound interacts with D-glutamic acid and ATP through UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate ligase releasing ADP, A phosphate and UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate. The latter compound then interacts with meso-diaminopimelate in an ATP mediated ligation through a UDP-N-acetylmuramoylalanine-D-glutamate-2,6-diaminopimelate ligase resulting in ADP, phosphate, hydrogen ion and UDP-N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelate. This compound in turn with D-alanyl-D-alanine react in an ATP-mediated ligation through UDP-N-Acetylmuramoyl-tripeptide-D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase to produce UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-gama-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-Dalanyl-D-alanine and hydrogen ion, ADP, phosphate. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramoyl-L-alanyl-gama-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-Dalanyl-D-alanine interacts with di-trans,octa-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate through a phospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-pentapeptide-transferase, resulting in UMP and N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol which in turn reacts with a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine through a N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase to produce a hydrogen, UDP and Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetylglucosamine)-L-alanyl-D-glutaminyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine. This compound ends the cytoplasmic part of the pathway. Undecaprenyl-diphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetylglucosamine)-L-alanyl-D-glutaminyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimeloyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine is transported through a lipi II flippase. Once in the periplasmic space, the compound reacts with a penicillin binding protein 1A prodducing a peptidoglycan dimer, a hydrogen ion, and UDP. The peptidoglycan dimer then reacts with a penicillin binding protein 1B producing a peptidoglycan with D,D, cross-links and a D-alanine.PW002062Metabolic<i>N</i>-acetylglucosamine degradation IGLUAMCAT-PWYUDP-<i>N</i>-acetyl-D-glucosamine biosynthesis IUDPNAGSYN-PWYSpecdb::CMs3064Specdb::CMs37995Specdb::CMs173973Specdb::NmrOneD1669Specdb::NmrOneD4741Specdb::NmrOneD4742Specdb::NmrOneD9002Specdb::NmrOneD9003Specdb::NmrOneD9004Specdb::NmrOneD9005Specdb::NmrOneD9006Specdb::NmrOneD9007Specdb::NmrOneD9008Specdb::NmrOneD9009Specdb::NmrOneD9010Specdb::NmrOneD9011Specdb::NmrOneD9012Specdb::NmrOneD9013Specdb::NmrOneD9014Specdb::NmrOneD9015Specdb::NmrOneD9016Specdb::NmrOneD9017Specdb::NmrOneD9018Specdb::NmrOneD9019Specdb::NmrOneD9020Specdb::NmrOneD9021Specdb::MsMs1484Specdb::MsMs1485Specdb::MsMs1486Specdb::MsMs5120Specdb::MsMs5121Specdb::MsMs5122Specdb::MsMs179409Specdb::MsMs179410Specdb::MsMs179411Specdb::MsMs181737Specdb::MsMs181738Specdb::MsMs181739Specdb::MsMs439039Specdb::MsMs447960Specdb::MsMs447961Specdb::MsMs2247031Specdb::MsMs2247243Specdb::MsMs2322739Specdb::MsMs2322740Specdb::MsMs2322741Specdb::MsMs2615931Specdb::MsMs2615932Specdb::MsMs2615933Specdb::NmrTwoD1060Specdb::NmrTwoD1610HMDB01254439217388356C0035215873D-GLUCOSAMINE-6-PGLPKeseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590.21097882Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114.22080510van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25.17765195Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948.18331064Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599.19561621Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597.17379776Wu, G., Haynes, T. E., Yan, W., Meininger, C. J. (2001). "Presence of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase for glucosamine-6-phosphate synthesis in endothelial cells: effects of hyperglycaemia and glutamine." Diabetologia 44:196-202.11270676Broschat KO, Gorka C, Page JD, Martin-Berger CL, Davies MS, Huang Hc HC, Gulve EA, Salsgiver WJ, Kasten TP: Kinetic characterization of human glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase I: potent feedback inhibition by glucosamine 6-phosphate. J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 26;277(17):14764-70. Epub 2002 Feb 12.11842094Cacioppo, F.; Pandolfo, L.; Arena, E. Synthesis of glucosamine 6-phosphate in tissues of rachitic rats. Giorn. Biochim. (1964), 13(4), 249-55. http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/001/123/original/HMDB01254.pdf?1358461285Phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphotransferaseP08839PT1_ECOLIptsIhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P08839.xmlGlucosamine-6-phosphate deaminaseP0A759NAGB_ECOLInagBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A759.xmlN-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylaseP0AF18NAGA_ECOLInagAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AF18.xmlGlucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing]P17169GLMS_ECOLIglmShttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P17169.xmlPhosphoglucosamine mutaseP31120GLMM_ECOLIglmMhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31120.xmlGlucose-specific phosphotransferase enzyme IIA componentP69783PTGA_ECOLIcrrhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69783.xmlPTS system glucose-specific EIICB componentP69786PTGCB_ECOLIptsGhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69786.xmlPTS system mannose-specific EIIAB componentP69797PTNAB_ECOLImanXhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69797.xmlMannose permease IIC componentP69801PTNC_ECOLImanYhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69801.xmlMannose permease IID componentP69805PTND_ECOLImanZhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69805.xmlPhosphocarrier protein HPrP0AA04PTHP_ECOLIptsHhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AA04.xmldeacetylase of acs and cheY, regulates chemotaxisP75960cobBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75960.xmlPTS system glucose-specific EIICB componentP69786PTGCB_ECOLIptsGhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69786.xmlMannose permease IIC componentP69801PTNC_ECOLImanYhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69801.xmlMannose permease IID componentP69805PTND_ECOLImanZhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69805.xmlOuter membrane protein NP77747OMPN_ECOLIompNhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P77747.xmlOuter membrane pore protein EP02932PHOE_ECOLIphoEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02932.xmlHexose phosphate transport proteinP0AGC0UHPT_ECOLIuhpThttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AGC0.xmlOuter membrane protein FP02931OMPF_ECOLIompFhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02931.xmlOuter membrane protein CP06996OMPC_ECOLIompChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P06996.xmlPhosphoenolpyruvic acid + Glucosamine > Glucosamine 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acidTRANS-RXN-167AN-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-Phosphate + Water <> Acetic acid + Glucosamine 6-phosphateR02059NAG6PDEACET-RXNGlucosamine 6-phosphate + Water > Fructose 6-phosphate + AmmoniumN-Acetyl-glucosamine 1-phosphate <> Glucosamine 6-phosphateFructose 6-phosphate + L-Glutamine <> Glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-GlutamateR00768L-GLN-FRUCT-6-P-AMINOTRANS-RXNGlucosamine 6-phosphate + Water <> Fructose 6-phosphate + AmmoniaR00765GLUCOSAMINE-6-P-DEAMIN-RXNalpha-D-Glucosamine 1-phosphate + alpha-D-Glucosamine 1-phosphate <> Glucosamine 6-phosphateR02060Glucosamine-1P <> Glucosamine 6-phosphate5.4.2.10-RXNGlucosamine 6-phosphate + Water <> Hydrogen ion + Fructose 6-phosphate + AmmoniaGLUCOSAMINE-6-P-DEAMIN-RXNFructose 6-phosphate + L-Glutamine > Glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-GlutamateL-GLN-FRUCT-6-P-AMINOTRANS-RXNWater + N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-Phosphate > Glucosamine 6-phosphate + Acetic acidNAG6PDEACET-RXNGlucosamine + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid > Glucosamine 6-phosphate + Pyruvic acidTRANS-RXN-167AN-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-Phosphate + Water + N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-Phosphate > Acetic acid + Glucosamine 6-phosphatePW_R003304Glucosamine 6-phosphate + Water > Ammonium + D-tagatofuranose 6-phosphatePW_R003305D-tagatofuranose 6-phosphate + L-Glutamine <> Glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-Glutamic acid + L-GlutamatePW_R003307Fructose 6-phosphate + L-Glutamine + Fructose 6-phosphate > L-Glutamic acid + Glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-GlutamatePW_R003565Glucosamine 6-phosphate <> Glucosamine-1P + Glucosamine-1PPW_R003312Glucosamine + HPr - phosphorylated > Glucosamine 6-phosphate + HPrPW_RCT000131Glucosamine 6-phosphate + Water <> Fructose 6-phosphate + Ammoniaalpha-D-Glucosamine 1-phosphate <> Glucosamine 6-phosphateFructose 6-phosphate + L-Glutamine <> Glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-GlutamateGlucosamine 6-phosphate + Water <> Fructose 6-phosphate + AmmoniaFructose 6-phosphate + L-Glutamine <> Glucosamine 6-phosphate + L-Glutamate48 mM Na2HPO4, 22 mM KH2PO4, 10 mM NaCl, 45 mM (NH4)2SO4, supplemented with 1 mM MgSO4, 1 mg/l thiamine·HCl, 5.6 mg/l CaCl2, 8 mg/l FeCl3, 1 mg/l MnCl2·4H2O, 1.7 mg/l ZnCl2, 0.43 mg/l CuCl2·2H2O, 0.6 mg/l CoCl2·2H2O and 0.6 mg/l Na2MoO4·2H2O. 4 g/L GlucoBioreactor, pH controlled, O2 and CO2 controlled, dilution rate: 0.2/h340.0uM0.037 oCBW25113Stationary Phase, glucose limited13600000Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P. Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., Tomita, M. (2007). "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations." Science 316:593-597.17379776Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glucoseShake flask and filter culture1150.0uM0.037 oCK12 NCM3722Mid-Log Phase46000000Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599.19561621Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L glycerolShake flask and filter culture378.0uM0.037 oCK12 NCM3722Mid-Log Phase15120000Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599.19561621Gutnick minimal complete medium (4.7 g/L KH2PO4; 13.5 g/L K2HPO4; 1 g/L K2SO4; 0.1 g/L MgSO4-7H2O; 10 mM NH4Cl) with 4 g/L acetateShake flask and filter culture316.0uM0.037 oCK12 NCM3722Mid-Log Phase12640000Bennett, B. D., Kimball, E. H., Gao, M., Osterhout, R., Van Dien, S. J., Rabinowitz, J. D. (2009). "Absolute metabolite concentrations and implied enzyme active site occupancy in Escherichia coli." Nat Chem Biol 5:593-599.19561621