2.02012-05-31 13:48:16 -06002015-06-03 15:53:52 -0600ECMDB01252M2MDB000309Betaine aldehydeBetaine aldehyde is an intermediate in the metabolism of glycine, serine and threonine. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase facilitates the conversion of betaine aldehyde to betaine. (PMID: 12467448, 7646513)(formylmethyl)trimethyl-Ammonium(Formylmethyl)trimethylammonium<i>N,N,N</i>-trimethyl-2-oxoethylammoniumBetaine aldehydeBTLGlycine betaine aldehydeN,N,N-Trimethyl-2-oxo EthanaminiumN,N,N-Trimethyl-2-oxo-EthanaminiumN,N,N-Trimethyl-2-oxoethylammoniumTrimethyl(formylmethyl)ammoniumC5H12NO102.1549102.091889011trimethyl(2-oxoethyl)azaniumbetaine aldehyde7418-61-3C[N+](C)(C)CC=OInChI=1S/C5H12NO/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7/h5H,4H2,1-3H3/q+1SXKNCCSPZDCRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-NSolidCytosollogp-2.69logs-2.17solubility9.32e-01 g/llogp-4.7pka_strongest_basic-8.2iupactrimethyl(2-oxoethyl)azaniumaverage_mass102.1549mono_mass102.091889011smilesC[N+](C)(C)CC=OformulaC5H12NOinchiInChI=1S/C5H12NO/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7/h5H,4H2,1-3H3/q+1inchikeySXKNCCSPZDCRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-Npolar_surface_area17.07refractivity41.06polarizability11.64rotatable_bond_count2acceptor_count1donor_count0physiological_charge1formal_charge1Glycine, serine and threonine metabolismec00260Metabolic pathwayseco01100sulfur metabolism (butanesulfonate)The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case 1-butanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. 1-butanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and betaine aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described.PW000923Metabolicsulfur metabolism (ethanesulfonate)The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case ethanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. Ethanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and betaine aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described.PW000925Metabolicsulfur metabolism (isethionate)The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case isethionate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. Isethionate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and betaine aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described.PW000926Metabolicsulfur metabolism (methanesulfonate)The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case methanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. Methanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and an aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described.PW000927Metabolicsulfur metabolism (propanesulfonate)The sulfur metabolism pathway starts in three possible ways. The first is the uptake of sulfate through an active transport reaction via a sulfate transport system containing an ATP-binding protein which hydrolyses ATP. Sulfate is converted by the sulfate adenylyltransferase enzymatic complex to adenosine phosphosulfate through the addition of adenine from a molecule of ATP, along with one phosphate group. Adenosine phosphosulfate is further converted to phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate through an ATP hydrolysis and dehydrogenation reaction by the adenylyl-sulfate kinase. Phoaphoadenosine phosphosulfate is finally dehydrogenated and converted to sulfite by phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase. This reaction requires magnesium, and adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate is the bi-product. A thioredoxin is also oxidized. Sulfite can also be produced from the dehydrogenation of cyanide along with the conversion of thiosulfate to thiocyanate by the thiosulfate sulfurtransferase enzymatic complex. Sulfite next undergoes a series of reactions that lead to the production of pyruvic acid, which is a precursor for pathways such as gluconeogenesis. The first reaction in this series is the conversion of sulfite to hydrogen sulfide through hygrogenation and the deoxygenation of sulfite to form a water molecule. The reaction is catalyzed by the sulfite reductase [NADPH] flavoprotein alpha and beta components. Siroheme, 4Fe-4S, flavin mononucleotide, and FAD function as cofactors or prosthetic groups. Hydrogen sulfide next undergoes dehydrogenation in a reversible reaction to form L-Cysteine and acetic acid, via the cysteine synthase complex and the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. L-Cysteine is dehydrogenated and converted to 2-aminoacrylic acid (a bronsted acid) and hydrogen sulfide(which may be reused) by a larger enzymatic complex composed of cysteine synthase A/B, protein malY, cystathionine-β-lyase, and tryptophanase, along with the coenzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. 2-aminoacrylic acid isomerizes to 2-iminopropanoate, which along with a water molecule and a hydrogen ion is lastly converted to pyruvic acid and ammonium in a spontaneous fashion. The second possible initial starting point for sulfur metabolism is the import of taurine(an alternate sulfur source) into the cytoplasm via the taurine ABC transporter complex. Taurine, oxoglutaric acid, and oxygen are converted to sulfite by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. Carbon dioxide, succinic acid, and aminoacetaldehyde are bi-products of this reaction. Sulfite next enters pyruvic acid synthesis as already described. The third variant of sulfur metabolism starts with the import of an alkyl sulfate, in this case 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate, into the cytoplasm via an aliphatic sulfonate ABC transporter complex which hydrolyses ATP. 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate is dehydrogenated and along with oxygen is converted to sulfite and betaine aldehyde by the FMNH2-dependent alkanesulfonate monooxygenase enzyme. Water and flavin mononucleotide(which is used in a subsequent reaction as a prosthetic group) are also produced. Sulfite is next converted to pyruvic acid by the process already described.PW000924Metabolicglycine betaine biosynthesis I (Gram-negative bacteria)BETSYN-PWYSpecdb::CMs8010Specdb::CMs167356Specdb::NmrOneD146950Specdb::NmrOneD146951Specdb::NmrOneD146952Specdb::NmrOneD146953Specdb::NmrOneD146954Specdb::NmrOneD146955Specdb::NmrOneD146956Specdb::NmrOneD146957Specdb::NmrOneD146958Specdb::NmrOneD146959Specdb::NmrOneD146960Specdb::NmrOneD146961Specdb::NmrOneD146962Specdb::NmrOneD146963Specdb::NmrOneD146964Specdb::NmrOneD146965Specdb::NmrOneD146966Specdb::NmrOneD146967Specdb::NmrOneD146968Specdb::NmrOneD146969Specdb::MsMs317896Specdb::MsMs317897Specdb::MsMs317898Specdb::MsMs445342Specdb::MsMs445343Specdb::MsMs445826Specdb::MsMs445827Specdb::MsMs445828Specdb::MsMs445829Specdb::MsMs1473432Specdb::MsMs1473963Specdb::MsMs1473964Specdb::MsMs1473965Specdb::MsMs1473966Specdb::MsMs1473967Specdb::MsMs1473968Specdb::MsMs1473969Specdb::MsMs1473970Specdb::MsMs1473971Specdb::MsMs1473972Specdb::MsMs1473973Specdb::MsMs1473974Specdb::MsMs1473975Specdb::MsMs1473976Specdb::MsMs1473977HMDB01252249244C0057615710BETAINE_ALDEHYDEBTLBTLKeseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590.21097882Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114.22080510van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25.17765195Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948.18331064Yilmaz, J. L., Bulow, L. (2002). "Enhanced stress tolerance in Escherichia coli and Nicotiana tabacum expressing a betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase/choline dehydrogenase fusion protein." Biotechnol Prog 18:1176-1182.12467448Nalecz KA, Miecz D, Berezowski V, Cecchelli R: Carnitine: transport and physiological functions in the brain. Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Oct-Dec;25(5-6):551-67.15363641Peterson CG, Eklund E, Taha Y, Raab Y, Carlson M: A new method for the quantification of neutrophil and eosinophil cationic proteins in feces: establishment of normal levels and clinical application in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Jul;97(7):1755-62.12135031Wang L, Dean DA, Macdonald RC: Effect of vinblastine on transfection: influence of cell types, cationic lipids and promoters. Curr Drug Deliv. 2005 Jan;2(1):93-6.16305411Prester L, Simeon V: Kinetics of the inhibition of human serum cholinesterase phenotypes with the dimethylcarbamate of (2-hydroxy-5-phenylbenzyl)-trimethylammonium bromide (Ro 02-0683). Biochem Pharmacol. 1991 Nov 27;42(12):2313-6.1764116Chesnoy S, Durand D, Doucet J, Couarraze G: Structural parameters involved in the permeation of propranolol HCl by iontophoresis and enhancers. J Control Release. 1999 Mar 29;58(2):163-75.10053189Scott JE, Newton DJ: The recovery and characterization of acid glycosaminoglycans in normal human urine. Influence of a circadian rhythm. Connect Tissue Res. 1975;3(2):157-64.126843Desfosses B, Cittanova N, Urbach W, Waks M: Ligand binding at membrane mimetic interfaces. Human serum albumin in reverse micelles. Eur J Biochem. 1991 Jul 1;199(1):79-87.1712302Chern MK, Pietruszko R: Human aldehyde dehydrogenase E3 isozyme is a betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Aug 15;213(2):561-8.7646513Cromwell, B. T.; Rennie, S. D. Biosynthesis and metabolism of betaines in plants. II. Biosynthesis of glycinebetaine(betaine) in higher plants. Biochemical Journal (1954), 58 318-22.Choline dehydrogenaseP17444BETA_ECOLIbetAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P17444.xmlBetaine aldehyde dehydrogenaseP17445BETB_ECOLIbetBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P17445.xmlAlkanesulfonate monooxygenaseP80645SSUD_ECOLIssuDhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P80645.xmlCholine + NAD > Betaine aldehyde + Hydrogen ion + NADHBetaine aldehyde + Water + NADP > Betaine +2 Hydrogen ion + NADPHR02566Betaine aldehyde + Water + NAD <> Betaine +2 Hydrogen ion + NADHR02565BADH-RXNCholine + Acceptor + Acceptor <> Betaine aldehyde + Reduced acceptor + Reduced acceptorR01025Betaine aldehyde + NADP + Water <> Betaine + NADPH +2 Hydrogen ionR02566Betaine aldehyde + NAD + Water > Hydrogen ion + Betaine + NADHR02565BADH-RXNCholine + an oxidized electron acceptor > Betaine aldehyde + a reduced electron acceptorCHD-RXNCholine + acceptor > Betaine aldehyde + reduced acceptorBetaine aldehyde + NAD + Water > Betaine + NADHalkylsulfonate + FMNH2 + Oxygen > Betaine aldehyde + Sulfite + Flavin Mononucleotide + Water +2 Hydrogen ion + SulfitePW_R003462Butanesulfonate + Oxygen + FMNH2 > Hydrogen ion + Water + Sulfite + Flavin Mononucleotide + Betaine aldehyde + SulfitePW_R003467Oxygen + FMNH2 + 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonate > Sulfite + Water + Hydrogen ion + Flavin Mononucleotide + Betaine aldehyde + SulfitePW_R003468 ethanesulfonate + Oxygen + FMNH2 > Hydrogen ion + Water + Flavin Mononucleotide + Sulfite + Betaine aldehyde + SulfitePW_R003469 isethionate + Oxygen + FMNH2 > Betaine aldehyde + Flavin Mononucleotide + Hydrogen ion + Water + Sulfite + SulfitePW_R003470Oxygen + methanesulfonate + FMNH2 + Methanesulfonate > Hydrogen ion + Water + Flavin Mononucleotide + Sulfite + Betaine aldehyde + SulfitePW_R003471Choline + Acceptor <> Betaine aldehyde + Reduced acceptorBetaine aldehyde + Water + NADP > Betaine +2 Hydrogen ion + NADPHCholine + Acceptor <> Betaine aldehyde + Reduced acceptorBetaine aldehyde + Water + NADP > Betaine +2 Hydrogen ion + NADPH