2.02012-07-30 14:55:42 -06002015-09-13 12:56:15 -0600ECMDB21393M2MDB001788LithiumLithium (Li) is an alkali metal with atomic number 3. Trace amounts of lithium are present in all organisms, though the element serves no apparent vital biological function. (Wikipedia) Scientific research has suggested that lithium is an inhibitor of several E. coli enzymes, such as L-rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase. (EcoCyc)LiLi(+)Li(+) cationLi(+) ionLithium atomLithium cationLithium elementLITHIUM IONLithium(+)Lithium, ionLithium, ion (Li1+)Li6.9417.016004049lithium(1+) ionlithium(1+) ion7439-93-2[Li+]InChI=1S/Li/q+1HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-NSolidmelting_point190 oClogp0iupaclithium(1+) ionaverage_mass6.941mono_mass7.016004049smiles[Li+]formulaLiinchiInChI=1S/Li/q+1inchikeyHBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-Npolar_surface_area0refractivity0polarizability1.78rotatable_bond_count0acceptor_count0donor_count0physiological_charge1formal_charge1Galactose metabolismGalactose can be synthesized through two pathways: melibiose degradation involving an alpha galactosidase and lactose degradation involving a beta galactosidase. Melibiose is first transported inside the cell through the melibiose:Li+/Na+/H+ symporter. Once inside the cell, melibiose is degraded through alpha galactosidase into an alpha-D-galactose and a beta-D-glucose. The beta-D-glucose is phosphorylated by a glucokinase to produce a beta-D-glucose-6-phosphate which can spontaneously be turned into a alpha D glucose 6 phosphate. This alpha D-glucose-6-phosphate is metabolized into a glucose -1-phosphate through a phosphoglucomutase-1. The glucose -1-phosphate is transformed into a uridine diphosphate glucose through UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The product, uridine diphosphate glucose, can undergo a reversible reaction in which it can be turned into uridine diphosphategalactose through an UDP-glucose 4-epimerase.
Galactose can also be produced by lactose degradation involving a lactose permease to uptake lactose from the environment and a beta-galactosidase to turn lactose into Beta-D-galactose.
Beta-D-galactose can also be uptaken from the environment through a galactose proton symporter.
Galactose is degraded through the following process:
Beta-D-galactose is introduced into the cytoplasm through a galactose proton symporter, or it can be synthesized from an alpha lactose that is introduced into the cytoplasm through a lactose permease. Alpha lactose interacts with water through a beta-galactosidase resulting in a beta-D-glucose and beta-D-galactose. Beta-D-galactose is isomerized into D-galactose. D-Galactose undergoes phosphorylation through a galactokinase, hence producing galactose 1 phosphate. On the other side of the pathway, a gluose-1-phosphate (product of the interaction of alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate with a phosphoglucomutase resulting in a alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate, an isomer of Glucose 1-phosphate, or an isomer of Beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate) interacts with UTP and a hydrogen ion in order to produce a uridine diphosphate glucose. This is followed by the interaction of galactose-1-phosphate with an established amount of uridine diphosphate glucose through a galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, which in turn output a glucose-1-phosphate and a uridine diphosphate galactose. The glucose -1-phosphate is transformed into a uridine diphosphate glucose through UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. The product, uridine diphosphate glucose, can undergo a reversible reaction in which it can be turned into uridine diphosphategalactose through an UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, and so the cycle can keep going as long as more lactose or galactose is imported into the cell
PW000821ec00052Metabolicinner membrane transportlist of inner membrane transport complexes, transporting compounds from the periplasmic space to the cytosol
This pathway should be updated regularly with the new inner membrae transports addedPW000786MetabolicSpecdb::MsMs24740Specdb::MsMs24741Specdb::MsMs24742Specdb::MsMs31298Specdb::MsMs31299Specdb::MsMs31300Specdb::MsMs2968767Specdb::MsMs2968768Specdb::MsMs2968769HMDB059492848626502C1547330145LI%2bLILithiumZhong J, Lee WH: Lithium: a novel treatment for Alzheimer's disease? Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2007 Jul;6(4):375-83.17688381Aghdam SY, Barger SW: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection: lessons from lithium. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2007 Feb;4(1):21-31.17316163Kofman O, Belmaker RH: Ziskind-Somerfeld Research Award 1993. Biochemical, behavioral, and clinical studies of the role of inositol in lithium treatment and depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1993 Dec 15;34(12):839-52.8110911Waring WS: Management of lithium toxicity. Toxicol Rev. 2006;25(4):221-30.17288494Quiroz JA, Machado-Vieira R, Zarate CA Jr, Manji HK: Novel insights into lithium's mechanism of action: neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Neuropsychobiology. 2010;62(1):50-60. doi: 10.1159/000314310. Epub 2010 May 7.20453535http://hmdb.ca/system/metabolites/msds/000/005/154/original/HMDB05949.pdf?1358894747Melibiose carrier proteinP02921MELB_ECOLImelBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P02921.xmlSodium/proline symporterP07117PUTP_ECOLIputPhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P07117.xml