2.02012-05-31 10:24:07 -06002015-06-03 15:53:24 -0600ECMDB00223M2MDB000092Oxalacetic acidOxaloacetic acid, also known as oxosuccinic acid or oxalacetic acid, is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid appearing as an intermediate of the citric acid cycle. In vivo, oxaloacetate (the ionized form of oxaloacetic acid) is formed by the oxidation of L-malate, catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase, and reacts with Acetyl-CoA to form citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase.(wikipedia) A class of ketodicarboxylic acids derived from oxalic acid. Oxaloacetic acid is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle and is converted to aspartic acidD by a transamination reaction.2-Ketosuccinate2-Ketosuccinic acid2-Oxobutanedioate2-Oxobutanedioic acid2-Oxosuccinate2-Oxosuccinic acidA-KetosuccinateA-Ketosuccinic acidAlpha-KetosuccinateAlpha-Ketosuccinic acidKeto-oxaloacetateKeto-oxaloacetic acidKetosuccinateKetosuccinic acidOAAOxalacetateOxalacetic acidOxaloacetateOxaloacetic acidOxaloethanoateOxaloethanoic acidOxosuccinateOxosuccinic acidα-Ketosuccinateα-Ketosuccinic acidC4H4O5132.0716132.0058732382-oxobutanedioic acidoxalacetate328-42-7OC(=O)CC(=O)C(O)=OInChI=1S/C4H4O5/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)KHPXUQMNIQBQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-NSolidCytosollogp-0.68logs-0.36solubility5.71e+01 g/lmelting_point161 oClogp-0.042pka_strongest_acidic2.41pka_strongest_basic-9.9iupac2-oxobutanedioic acidaverage_mass132.0716mono_mass132.005873238smilesOC(=O)CC(=O)C(O)=OformulaC4H4O5inchiInChI=1S/C4H4O5/c5-2(4(8)9)1-3(6)7/h1H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)inchikeyKHPXUQMNIQBQEV-UHFFFAOYSA-Npolar_surface_area91.67refractivity24.33polarizability10.06rotatable_bond_count3acceptor_count5donor_count2physiological_charge-2formal_charge0Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)ec00020Reductive carboxylate cycle (CO2 fixation)ec00720Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolismec00250Arginine and proline metabolismec00330Cysteine and methionine metabolismec00270Tyrosine metabolismec00350Phenylalanine metabolismThe pathways of the metabolism of phenylalaline begins with the conversion of chorismate to prephenate through a P-protein (chorismate mutase:pheA). Prephenate then interacts with a hydrogen ion through the same previous enzyme resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, water and a phenolpyruvic acid. Three enzymes those enconde by tyrB, aspC and ilvE are involved in catalyzing the third step of these pathways, all three can contribute to the synthesis of phenylalanine: only tyrB and aspC contribute to biosynthesis of tyrosine.
Phenolpyruvic acid can also be obtained from a reversivle reaction with ammonia, a reduced acceptor and a D-amino acid dehydrogenase, resulting in a water, an acceptor and a D-phenylalanine, which can be then transported into the periplasmic space by aromatic amino acid exporter.
L-phenylalanine also interacts in two reversible reactions, one involved with oxygen through a catalase peroxidase resulting in a carbon dioxide and 2-phenylacetamide. The other reaction involved an interaction with oxygen through a phenylalanine aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and phenylpyruvic acid.
L-phenylalanine can be imported into the cytoplasm through an aromatic amino acid:H+ symporter AroP.
The compound can also be imported into the periplasmic space through a transporter: L-amino acid efflux transporter.PW000921ec00360MetabolicPhenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesisec00400Novobiocin biosynthesisec00401Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organismsec00710Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesisec00950Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesisec00960Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesisec00010Pyruvate metabolismec00620Methane metabolismec00680Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolismec00630Propanoate metabolism
Starting from L-threonine, this compound is deaminated through a threonine deaminase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a water molecule and a (2z)-2-aminobut-2-enoate. The latter compound then isomerizes to a 2-iminobutanoate, This compound then reacts spontaneously with hydrogen ion and a water molecule resulting in a ammonium and a 2-Ketobutyric acid. The latter compound interacts with CoA through a pyruvate formate-lyase / 2-ketobutyrate formate-lyase resulting in a formic acid and a propionyl-CoA.
Propionyl-CoA can then be processed either into a 2-methylcitric acid or into a propanoyl phosphate.
Propionyl-CoA interacts with oxalacetic acid and a water molecule through a 2-methylcitrate synthase resulting in a hydrogen ion, a CoA and a 2-Methylcitric acid.The latter compound is dehydrated through a 2-methylcitrate dehydratase resulting in a water molecule and cis-2-methylaconitate. The latter compound is then dehydrated by a
bifunctional aconitate hydratase 2 and 2-methylisocitrate dehydratase resulting in a water molecule and methylisocitric acid. The latter compound is then processed by 2-methylisocitrate lyase resulting in a release of succinic acid and pyruvic acid.
Succinic acid can then interact with a propionyl-CoA through a propionyl-CoA:succinate CoA transferase resulting in a propionic acid and a succinyl CoA. Succinyl-CoA is then isomerized through a methylmalonyl-CoA mutase resulting in a methylmalonyl-CoA. This compound is then decarboxylated through a methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase resulting in a release of Carbon dioxide and Propionyl-CoA.
ropionyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate through a phosphate acetyltransferase / phosphate propionyltransferase resulting in a CoA and a propanoyl phosphate.
Propionyl-CoA can react with a phosphate through a phosphate acetyltransferase / phosphate propionyltransferase resulting in a CoA and a propanoyl phosphate. The latter compound is then dephosphorylated through a ADP driven acetate kinase/propionate kinase protein complex resulting in an ATP and Propionic acid.
Propionic acid can be processed by a reaction with CoA through a ATP-driven propionyl-CoA synthetase resulting in a pyrophosphate, an AMP and a propionyl-CoA.PW000940ec00640MetabolicBenzoate degradation via hydroxylationec00362Microbial metabolism in diverse environmentsec01120Two-component systemec02020Metabolic pathwayseco01100Asparagine biosynthesisL-asparagine is synthesized in E. coli from L-aspartate by either of two reactions, utilizing either L-glutamine or ammonia as the amino group donor. Both reactions are ATP driven and yield AMP and pyrophosphate.
The first reaction is catalyzed only by asparagine synthetase B, while the second reaction is catalyzed by both asparagine synthetase A and asparagine synthetase B,
The only known role of asparagine in the metabolism of E. coli is as a constituent of protein. PW000813MetabolicAspartate metabolismAspartate (seen in the center) is synthesized from and degraded to oxaloacetate , an intermediate of the TCA cycle, by a reversible transamination reaction with glutamate. As shown here, AspC is the principal transaminase that catalyzes this reaction, but TyrB also catalyzes it. Null mutations in aspC do not confer aspartate auxotrophy; null mutations in both aspC and tyrB do.
Aspartate is a constituent of proteins and participates in several other biosyntheses as shown here( NAD biosynthesis and Beta-Alanine Metabolism . Approximately 27 percent of the cell's nitrogen flows through aspartate
Aspartate can be synthesized from fumaric acid through a aspartate ammonia lyase. Aspartate also participates in the synthesis of L-asparagine through two different methods, either through aspartate ammonia ligase or asparagine synthetase B.
Aspartate is also a precursor of fumaric acid. Again it has two possible ways of synthesizing it. First set of reactions follows an adenylo succinate synthetase that yields adenylsuccinic acid and then adenylosuccinate lyase in turns leads to fumaric acid. The second way is through argininosuccinate synthase that yields argininosuccinic acid and then argininosuccinate lyase in turns leads to fumaric acid
PW000787MetabolicGluconeogenesis from L-malic acidGluconeogenesis from L-malic acid starts from the introduction of L-malic acid into cytoplasm either through a C4 dicarboxylate / orotate:H+ symporter or a dicarboxylate transporter (succinic acid antiporter). L-malic acid is then metabolized through 3 possible ways: NAD driven malate dehydrogenase resulting in oxalacetic acid, NADP driven malate dehydrogenase B resulting pyruvic acid or malate dehydrogenase, NAD-requiring resulting in pyruvic acid.
Oxalacetic acid is processed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP driven) while pyruvic acid is processed by phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase resulting in phosphoenolpyruvic acid. This compound is dehydrated by enolase resulting in an 2-phosphoglyceric acid. This compound is then isomerized by 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid which is phosphorylated by an ATP driven phosphoglycerate kinase resulting in an glyceric acid 1,3-biphosphate. This compound undergoes an NADH driven glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction resulting in a D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which is first isomerized into dihydroxyacetone phosphate through an triosephosphate isomerase. D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate react through a fructose biphosphate aldolase protein complex resulting in a fructose 1,6-biphosphate. This compound is metabolized by a fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase resulting in a Beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate which is then isomerized into a Beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate through a glucose-6-phosphate isomerase.
PW000819MetabolicL-glutamate metabolism
There are various ways by which glutamate enters the cytoplasm in E.coli. through a glutamate:sodium symporter, glutamate / aspartate : H+ symporter GltP or a
glutamate / aspartate ABC transporter.
There are various ways by which E. coli synthesizes glutamate from L-glutamine or oxoglutaric acid.
L-glutamine, introduced into the cytoplasm by glutamine ABC transporter, can either interact with glutaminase resulting in ammonia and L-glutamic acid, or react with oxoglutaric acid, and hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven glutamate synthase resulting in L-glutamic acid.
L-glutamic acid is metabolized into L-glutamine by reacting with ammonium through a ATP driven glutamine synthase. L-glutamic acid can also be metabolized into L-aspartic acid by reacting with oxalacetic acid through an aspartate transaminase resulting in n oxoglutaric acid and L-aspartic acid. L-aspartic acid is metabolized into fumaric acid through an
aspartate ammonia-lyase. Fumaric acid can be introduced into the cytoplasm through 3 methods:
dicarboxylate transporter , C4 dicarboxylate / C4 monocarboxylate transporter DauA, and C4 dicarboxylate / orotate:H+ symporter
PW000789MetabolicSecondary Metabolites: Glyoxylate cycleThe glyoxylate cycle starts with the interaction of Acetyl-Coa with a water molecule and Oxalacetic acid interact through a Citrate synthase resulting in a release of a coenzyme a and citric acid. The citric acid gets dehydrated through a citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of a water molecule and cis-Aconitic acid. The cis-Aconitic acid is then hydrated in an reversible reaction through an aconitate hydratase resulting in an Isocitric acid. The isocitric acid then interacts in a reversible reaction through isocitrate lyase resulting in the release of a succinic acid and a glyoxylic acid. The glyoxylic acid then reacts in a reversible reaction with an acetyl-coa, and a water molecule in a reversible reaction, resulting in a release of a coenzyme A, a hydrogen ion and an L-malic acid. The L-malic acid interacts in a reversible reaction through a NAD driven malate dehydrogenase resulting in the release of NADH, a hydrogen ion and an Oxalacetic acid.PW000967MetabolicTCA cycle
The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase.
The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid.
The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid.PW000779MetabolicTCA cycle (ubiquinol-10)The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase.
The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid.
The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid.PW001010MetabolicTCA cycle (ubiquinol-2)The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase.
The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 2 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-2 and a fumaric acid.
The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid.PW001002MetabolicTCA cycle (ubiquinol-3)The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase.
The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone-3 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-3 and a fumaric acid.
The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid.PW001003MetabolicTCA cycle (ubiquinol-4)The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase.
The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid.
The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid.PW001004MetabolicTCA cycle (ubiquinol-5)The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase.
The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid.
The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid.PW001005MetabolicTCA cycle (ubiquinol-6)The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase.
The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid.
The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid.PW001006MetabolicTCA cycle (ubiquinol-7)The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase.
The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid.
The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid.PW001007MetabolicTCA cycle (ubiquinol-8)The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase.
The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid.
The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid.PW001008MetabolicTCA cycle (ubiquinol-9)The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase.
The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid.
The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid.PW001009Metabolicthreonine biosynthesisThe biosynthesis of threonine starts with oxalacetic acid interacting with an L-glutamic acid through an aspartate aminotransferase resulting in a oxoglutaric acid and an L-aspartic acid. The latter compound is then phosphorylated by an ATP driven Aspartate kinase resulting in an a release of an ADP and an L-aspartyl-4-phosphate. This compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through an NADPH driven aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase resulting in the release of a phosphate, an NADP and a L-aspartate-semialdehyde.The latter compound interacts with a hydrogen ion through a NADPH driven aspartate kinase / homoserine dehydrogenase resulting in the release of an NADP and a L-homoserine. L-homoserine is phosphorylated through an ATP driven homoserine kinase resulting in the release of an ADP, a hydrogen ion and a O-phosphohomoserine. The latter compound then interacts with a water molecule threonine synthase resulting in the release of a phosphate and an L-threonine. PW000817MetabolicTCA cycle (ubiquinol-0)The TCA pathway is a catabolic pathway of aerobic respiration. It generates energy and reducing power. It is the first step in generating precursors for biosynthesis. When acetate is the carbon source, citrate synthase is rate-limiting for the TCA cycle. Respiration is an ATP-generating process in which compounds act as electron donors through a chain of electron transfer to electron acceptors. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final acceptor. Anaerobic respiration uses several organic compounds as acceptors such as fumarate, nitrate and hydrogen. During the chain of electron transfer, protons (H+) are transported outside the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a proton motive force. Upon passage of protons back into the cytoplasm, the PMF energy is captured as ATP, catalyzed by a multisubunit ATPase. The cycle can start from Acetyl-CoA interacting with Oxalacetic acid and water through a citrate synthase monomer resulting in a hydrogen ion, CoA and a Citric Acid. The latter compound is dehydrated by a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in the release of water and a cis-Aconitic acid. This compound is then hydrated through a Citrate hydro-lyase resulting in a D-threo-Isocitric acid. This compound is decarboxylated by an NADP dependent Citrate dehydrogenase, resulting in a release of carbon dioxide and NADPH and Oxoglutaric acid. The oxoglutaric acid interacts with a Coenzyme A through a NAD driven 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a release of carbon dioxide, an NADH and succinyl-CoA. The succinyl-CoA interacts with a phosphate and an ADP through a 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase resulting in a CoA, an ATP and Succinic Acid. Succinic acid interacts with a ubiquinone, in this case a ubiquinone 1 through a succinate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in an ubiquinol, in this case a ubiquinol-1 and a fumaric acid. The fumaric acid interacts with water through a fumarase hydratase resulting in a L-Malic acid.This compound can either interact with quinone through a malate:quinone oxidoreductase resulting in a release of hydroquinone and oxalacetic acid, or it can react with an NAD through a malate dehydrogenase resulting in a hydrogen ion, NADH and Oxalacetic acid.PW002023Metabolicglycolate and glyoxylate degradation IIOxaloglycolate (2-Hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate) interacts with a tartrate dehydrogenase resulting in a L-tartrate. L-tartrate then interacts with tartrate dehydrogenase resulting in a Oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate and acetyl-coa interact to result in a citrate which is processed by a aconitate hydratase resulting in a cis-Aconitate and further more into a isocitrate which will eventually be procressed into a glyoxylic acid. Glyoxylic acid can either be metabolized into L-malic acid by a reaction with acetyl-CoA and Water through a malate synthase G which also releases hydrogen ion and Coenzyme A. L-malic acid is then incorporated into the TCA cycle. Glyoxylic acid can also be metabolized by glyoxylate carboligase, releasing a carbon dioxide and tartronate semialdehyde. The latter compound is then reduced by an NADH driven tartronate semialdehyde reductase 2 resulting in glyceric acid. Glyceric acid is phosphorylated by a glycerate kinase 2 resulting in a 3-phosphoglyceric acid. This compound is then integrated into various other pathways: cysteine biosynthesis, serine biosynthesis and glycolysis and pyruvate dehydrogenase.PW002021Metabolicmixed acid fermentationFERMENTATION-PWYgluconeogenesis IGLUCONEO-PWY2-methylcitrate cycle IPWY0-42glutamate degradation IIGLUTDEG-PWYrespiration (anaerobic)ANARESP1-PWYglyoxylate cycleGLYOXYLATE-BYPASSTCA cycle I (prokaryotic)TCAaspartate biosynthesisASPARTATESYN-PWYSpecdb::CMs477Specdb::CMs1110Specdb::CMs1159Specdb::CMs1336Specdb::CMs2526Specdb::CMs31085Specdb::CMs31086Specdb::CMs31087Specdb::CMs32054Specdb::CMs37368Specdb::CMs132276Specdb::CMs140010Specdb::CMs1055064Specdb::CMs1055066Specdb::CMs1055067Specdb::CMs1055069Specdb::CMs1055070Specdb::CMs1055072Specdb::CMs1055074Specdb::CMs1055076Specdb::CMs1055078Specdb::CMs1055079Specdb::CMs1055081Specdb::EiMs1930Specdb::NmrOneD1223Specdb::NmrOneD5226Specdb::NmrOneD143030Specdb::NmrOneD143031Specdb::NmrOneD143032Specdb::NmrOneD143033Specdb::NmrOneD143034Specdb::NmrOneD143035Specdb::NmrOneD143036Specdb::NmrOneD143037Specdb::NmrOneD143038Specdb::NmrOneD143039Specdb::NmrOneD143040Specdb::NmrOneD143041Specdb::NmrOneD143042Specdb::NmrOneD143043Specdb::NmrOneD143044Specdb::NmrOneD143045Specdb::NmrOneD143046Specdb::NmrOneD143047Specdb::NmrOneD143048Specdb::NmrOneD143049Specdb::MsMs367Specdb::MsMs368Specdb::MsMs369Specdb::MsMs8300Specdb::MsMs8301Specdb::MsMs8302Specdb::MsMs14972Specdb::MsMs14973Specdb::MsMs14974Specdb::MsMs440137Specdb::MsMs1473445Specdb::MsMs1473446Specdb::MsMs1473447Specdb::MsMs1473448Specdb::MsMs1473449Specdb::MsMs1473450Specdb::MsMs1473451Specdb::MsMs1473452Specdb::MsMs1473453Specdb::MsMs1473454Specdb::MsMs1473455Specdb::MsMs1473456Specdb::MsMs1473457Specdb::MsMs1473458Specdb::MsMs1473459Specdb::NmrTwoD1218Specdb::NmrTwoD2049HMDB00223970945C0003616452OXALACETIC_ACIDOAAOxalacetic acidKeseler, I. M., Collado-Vides, J., Santos-Zavaleta, A., Peralta-Gil, M., Gama-Castro, S., Muniz-Rascado, L., Bonavides-Martinez, C., Paley, S., Krummenacker, M., Altman, T., Kaipa, P., Spaulding, A., Pacheco, J., Latendresse, M., Fulcher, C., Sarker, M., Shearer, A. G., Mackie, A., Paulsen, I., Gunsalus, R. P., Karp, P. D. (2011). "EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D583-D590.21097882Kanehisa, M., Goto, S., Sato, Y., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. (2012). "KEGG for integration and interpretation of large-scale molecular data sets." Nucleic Acids Res 40:D109-D114.22080510van der Werf, M. J., Overkamp, K. M., Muilwijk, B., Coulier, L., Hankemeier, T. (2007). "Microbial metabolomics: toward a platform with full metabolome coverage." Anal Biochem 370:17-25.17765195Winder, C. L., Dunn, W. B., Schuler, S., Broadhurst, D., Jarvis, R., Stephens, G. M., Goodacre, R. (2008). "Global metabolic profiling of Escherichia coli cultures: an evaluation of methods for quenching and extraction of intracellular metabolites." Anal Chem 80:2939-2948.18331064Peng, L., Arauzo-Bravo, M. J., Shimizu, K. (2004). "Metabolic flux analysis for a ppc mutant Escherichia coli based on 13C-labelling experiments together with enzyme activity assays and intracellular metabolite measurements." FEMS Microbiol Lett 235:17-23.15158257Zupke C, Sinskey AJ, Stephanopoulos G: Intracellular flux analysis applied to the effect of dissolved oxygen on hybridomas. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995 Dec;44(1-2):27-36.8579834Sweatman BC, Farrant RD, Holmes E, Ghauri FY, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC: 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy of human cerebrospinal fluid: effects of sample manipulation and assignment of resonances. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1993 Aug;11(8):651-64.8257730Efimov AS, Gulyi MF, Shcherbak AV, Dzvonkevich ND: [Levels of Krebs cycle metabolites in the blood and urine of patients with diabetes mellitus] Probl Endokrinol (Mosk). 1983 Mar-Apr;29(2):10-4.6856592el-Sharabasy MM: Observations on calcium oxalate stone formers. Br J Urol. 1992 Nov;70(5):474-7.1361403Dworzak E, Grunicke H, Berger H, Jarosch E, Haas H, Hopfel I: [Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency in a child with persistent lactic acidosis] J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1985 Jun;23(6):323-9.3926941Koike K, Koike M: Fluorescent analysis of alpha-keto acids in serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Biochem. 1984 Sep;141(2):481-7.6437276Esenmo E, Chandramouli V, Schumann WC, Kumaran K, Wahren J, Landau BR: Use of 14CO2 in estimating rates of hepatic gluconeogenesis. Am J Physiol. 1992 Jul;263(1 Pt 1):E36-41.1322046Petrarulo M, Facchini P, Cerelli E, Marangella M, Linari F: Citrate in urine determined with a new citrate lyase method. Clin Chem. 1995 Oct;41(10):1518-21.7586527Sperl W, Maurer H, Dworschak E, Hopfel I, Hammerer I: [Lactic acid acidosis with mitochondrial myopathy due to a pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency] Padiatr Padol. 1985;20(1):55-67.3919358Olubuyide IO, Festing MF, Chapman C, Higginson J, Whicher JT: Discriminant analysis of biochemical parameters in liver disease. Trop Gastroenterol. 1997 Jan-Mar;18(1):15-9.9197166Rabinovich PD, Miliushkin PV: [Content of biological oxidation metabolites in the blood and urine of peptic ulcer patients] Vopr Med Khim. 1979 Nov-Dec;25(6):755-8.516538Schauenstein E, Kronberger L, Schaur RJ, Fink E, Georgiopulos E: [Malate and oxaloacetate levels in whole blood of patients with and without malignant tumor diseases] Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1973 Jun 29;85(26):478-82.4717666Allen RH, Stabler SP, Savage DG, Lindenbaum J: Elevation of 2-methylcitric acid I and II levels in serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cobalamin deficiency. Metabolism. 1993 Aug;42(8):978-88.8345822Wong LT, Davidson AG, Applegarth DA, Dimmick JE, Norman MG, Toone JR, Pirie G, Wong J: Biochemical and histologic pathology in an infant with cross-reacting material (negative) pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. Pediatr Res. 1986 Mar;20(3):274-9.3085060Heidelberger, Charles; Hurlbert, Robert B. The synthesis of oxalacetic acid-I-C14 and orotic acid-6-C14. Journal of the American Chemical Society (1950), 72 4704-6.Aspartate aminotransferaseP00509AAT_ECOLIaspChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00509.xmlPhosphoenolpyruvate carboxylaseP00864CAPP_ECOLIppchttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P00864.xmlAromatic-amino-acid aminotransferaseP04693TYRB_ECOLItyrBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P04693.xmlL(+)-tartrate dehydratase subunit alphaP05847TTDA_ECOLIttdAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P05847.xmlKHG/KDPG aldolaseP0A955ALKH_ECOLIedahttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A955.xmlCitrate lyase subunit betaP0A9I1CITE_ECOLIcitEhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A9I1.xmlCitrate synthaseP0ABH7CISY_ECOLIgltAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0ABH7.xmlL(+)-tartrate dehydratase subunit betaP0AC35TTDB_ECOLIttdBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0AC35.xmlL-aspartate oxidaseP10902NADB_ECOLInadBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P10902.xmlFumarate hydratase class I, anaerobicP14407FUMB_ECOLIfumBhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P14407.xmlPhosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [ATP]P22259PCKA_ECOLIpckAhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P22259.xml2-methylcitrate synthaseP31660PRPC_ECOLIprpChttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P31660.xmlMalate:quinone oxidoreductaseP33940MQO_ECOLImqohttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P33940.xmlMalate dehydrogenaseP61889MDH_ECOLImdhhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P61889.xmlCitrate lyase acyl carrier proteinP69330CITD_ECOLIcitDhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P69330.xmlCitrate lyase alpha chainP75726CILA_ECOLIcitFhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P75726.xmlApo-citrate lyase phosphoribosyl-dephospho-CoA transferaseP0A6G5CITX_ECOLIcitXhttp://ecmdb.ca/proteins/P0A6G5.xmlCitric acid <> Acetic acid + Oxalacetic acidR00362CITLY-RXNTartaric acid <> Water + Oxalacetic acidR00339LTARTDEHYDRA-RXNWater + Oxalacetic acid + Propionyl-CoA <> Methylcitric acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + (2S,3S)-2-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylateR009312-METHYLCITRATE-SYNTHASE-RXNAcetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid <> Citric acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ionR00351CITSYN-RXNalpha-Ketoglutarate + L-Aspartic acid <> L-Glutamate + Oxalacetic acidR00355Hydrogen ion + Oxalacetic acid > Carbon dioxide + Pyruvic acidOXALODECARB-RXNL-Malic acid + Ubiquinone-8 > Oxalacetic acid + Ubiquinol-8L-Malic acid + Menaquinone 8 > Menaquinol 8 + Oxalacetic acidL-Malic acid + NAD <> Hydrogen ion + NADH + Oxalacetic acidR00342MALATE-DEH-RXNAdenosine triphosphate + Oxalacetic acid <> ADP + Carbon dioxide + Phosphoenolpyruvic acidR00341PEPCARBOXYKIN-RXNCarbon dioxide + Water + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid <> Hydrogen ion + Oxalacetic acid + Phosphate + Hydrogen carbonateR00345D-tartrate > Water + Oxalacetic acidD--TARTRATE-DEHYDRATASE-RXNPhosphate + Oxalacetic acid <> Water + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Carbon dioxideR00345Citric acid + Coenzyme A <> Acetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acidR00351L-Aspartic acid + Water + Oxygen <> Oxalacetic acid + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxideR00357Methylcitric acid + Coenzyme A <> Propionyl-CoA + Oxalacetic acid + WaterR00931L-Malic acid + FAD <> FADH2 + Oxalacetic acidR01257Oxalacetic acid + L-Arogenate <> L-Aspartic acid + PrephenateR01731Oxalacetic acid + Water + Propionyl-CoA <> Hydrogen ion + Methylcitric acid + Coenzyme A2-METHYLCITRATE-SYNTHASE-RXNL-Aspartic acid + Oxoglutaric acid <> Oxalacetic acid + L-GlutamateASPAMINOTRANS-RXNCitric acid > Acetic acid + Oxalacetic acidCITLY-RXND-tartrate Water + Oxalacetic acidD--TARTRATE-DEHYDRATASE-RXNL-Malic acid + a quinone > Oxalacetic acid + a quinolMALATE-DEHYDROGENASE-ACCEPTOR-RXNL-Malic acid + Oxygen <> Oxalacetic acid + Hydrogen peroxideMALOX-RXNOxalacetic acid enol-oxaloacetateOXALOACETATE-TAUTOMERASE-RXNPhosphate + Oxalacetic acid <> Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Hydrogen carbonatePEPCARBOX-RXNOxalacetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate > Carbon dioxide + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + ADPPEPCARBOXYKIN-RXNPyridoxamine + Oxalacetic acid <> Pyridoxal + L-Aspartic acidPYROXALTRANSAM-RXNL-Aspartic acid + Oxoglutaric acid > Oxalacetic acid + L-GlutamateInorganic phosphate + Oxalacetic acid > Water + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + Carbonic acidAcetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid > Citric acid + CoA(3S)-Citryl-CoA > Acetyl-CoA + Oxalacetic acidL-Malic acid + NAD > Oxalacetic acid + NADHL-Malic acid + a quinone > Oxalacetic acid + reduced quinonePropionyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid > (2R,3S)-2-Hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate + CoATartaric acid > Oxalacetic acid + Water(3S)-Citryl-CoA <> Acetyl-CoA + Oxalacetic acidR00354 L-Malic acid + NAD + Oxalacetic acid <> Pyruvic acid + Carbon dioxide + NADHR00214 L-Malic acid + Quinone <> Oxalacetic acid + HydroquinoneR00361 L-Malic acid + NADP + Oxalacetic acid <> Pyruvic acid + Carbon dioxide + NADPHR00216 Acetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid > Citric acid + Coenzyme APW_R002575L-Malic acid + NAD + L-Malic acid <> Oxalacetic acid + NADH + Hydrogen ionPW_R002580Adenosine triphosphate + Pyruvic acid + Hydrogen carbonate > Adenosine diphosphate + Phosphate + Oxalacetic acid + ADPPW_R002581Oxalacetic acid + Water + Acetyl-CoA > Citric acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ionPW_R002588L-Malic acid + NAD + L-Malic acid > Oxalacetic acid + NADH + Hydrogen ionPW_R002625L-Malic acid + Quinone + L-Malic acid > Oxalacetic acid + HydroquinonePW_R002630L-Aspartic acid + Oxoglutaric acid + L-Aspartic acid > Oxalacetic acid + L-Glutamic acid + L-GlutamatePW_R002644L-Glutamic acid + Oxalacetic acid + L-Glutamate > L-Aspartic acid + Oxoglutaric acid + L-Aspartic acidPW_R002667L-Aspartic acid + Water + Oxygen + L-Aspartic acid > Oxalacetic acid + Ammonia + Hydrogen peroxidePW_R002645Oxalacetic acid + Adenosine triphosphate > Adenosine diphosphate + Carbon dioxide + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid + ADPPW_R002929Propionyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid + Propionyl-CoA > Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + 2-Methylcitric acid + Methylcitric acidPW_R003497Water + Oxalacetic acid + Propionyl-CoA <> Methylcitric acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ion + (2S,3S)-2-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylateAcetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid <> Citric acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ionL-Malic acid + FAD <> FADH2 + Oxalacetic acidL-Malic acid + Quinone <> Oxalacetic acid + HydroquinoneCarbon dioxide + Water + Phosphoenolpyruvic acid <> Hydrogen ion + Oxalacetic acid + Phosphate + Hydrogen carbonateAdenosine triphosphate + Oxalacetic acid <> ADP + Carbon dioxide + Phosphoenolpyruvic acidAcetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid <> Citric acid + Coenzyme A + Hydrogen ionL-Malic acid + FAD <> FADH2 + Oxalacetic acidM9 Minimal Media, 4 g/L GlucoseBioreactor, pH controlled, O2 controlled, dilution rate: 0.2/h30.0uM1.037 oCBW25113Mid-Log Phase1200004000Peng, L., Arauzo-Bravo, M. J., Shimizu, K. (2004). "Metabolic flux analysis for a ppc mutant Escherichia coli based on 13C-labelling experiments together with enzyme activity assays and intracellular metabolite measurements." FEMS Microbiol Lett 235:17-23.15158257